Fractionating Ciphers As Based Upon the Polybius Square
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COS433/Math 473: Cryptography Mark Zhandry Princeton University Spring 2017 Cryptography Is Everywhere a Long & Rich History
COS433/Math 473: Cryptography Mark Zhandry Princeton University Spring 2017 Cryptography Is Everywhere A Long & Rich History Examples: • ~50 B.C. – Caesar Cipher • 1587 – Babington Plot • WWI – Zimmermann Telegram • WWII – Enigma • 1976/77 – Public Key Cryptography • 1990’s – Widespread adoption on the Internet Increasingly Important COS 433 Practice Theory Inherent to the study of crypto • Working knowledge of fundamentals is crucial • Cannot discern security by experimentation • Proofs, reductions, probability are necessary COS 433 What you should expect to learn: • Foundations and principles of modern cryptography • Core building blocks • Applications Bonus: • Debunking some Hollywood crypto • Better understanding of crypto news COS 433 What you will not learn: • Hacking • Crypto implementations • How to design secure systems • Viruses, worms, buffer overflows, etc Administrivia Course Information Instructor: Mark Zhandry (mzhandry@p) TA: Fermi Ma (fermima1@g) Lectures: MW 1:30-2:50pm Webpage: cs.princeton.edu/~mzhandry/2017-Spring-COS433/ Office Hours: please fill out Doodle poll Piazza piaZZa.com/princeton/spring2017/cos433mat473_s2017 Main channel of communication • Course announcements • Discuss homework problems with other students • Find study groups • Ask content questions to instructors, other students Prerequisites • Ability to read and write mathematical proofs • Familiarity with algorithms, analyZing running time, proving correctness, O notation • Basic probability (random variables, expectation) Helpful: • Familiarity with NP-Completeness, reductions • Basic number theory (modular arithmetic, etc) Reading No required text Computer Science/Mathematics Chapman & Hall/CRC If you want a text to follow along with: Second CRYPTOGRAPHY AND NETWORK SECURITY Cryptography is ubiquitous and plays a key role in ensuring data secrecy and Edition integrity as well as in securing computer systems more broadly. -
A Covert Encryption Method for Applications in Electronic Data Interchange
Technological University Dublin ARROW@TU Dublin Articles School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2009-01-01 A Covert Encryption Method for Applications in Electronic Data Interchange Jonathan Blackledge Technological University Dublin, [email protected] Dmitry Dubovitskiy Oxford Recognition Limited, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/engscheleart2 Part of the Digital Communications and Networking Commons, Numerical Analysis and Computation Commons, and the Software Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Blackledge, J., Dubovitskiy, D.: A Covert Encryption Method for Applications in Electronic Data Interchange. ISAST Journal on Electronics and Signal Processing, vol: 4, issue: 1, pages: 107 -128, 2009. doi:10.21427/D7RS67 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License A Covert Encryption Method for Applications in Electronic Data Interchange Jonathan M Blackledge, Fellow, IET, Fellow, BCS and Dmitry A Dubovitskiy, Member IET Abstract— A principal weakness of all encryption systems is to make sure that the ciphertext is relatively strong (but not that the output data can be ‘seen’ to be encrypted. In other too strong!) and that the information extracted is of good words, encrypted data provides a ‘flag’ on the potential value quality in terms of providing the attacker with ‘intelligence’ of the information that has been encrypted. -
Improved Cryptosystem Using SDES Algorithm with Substitution Ciphers G.Suman * , Ch
Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2013 ISSN: 2277 128X International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering Research Paper Available online at: www.ijarcsse.com Improved Cryptosystem Using SDES Algorithm with Substitution Ciphers G.Suman * , Ch. Krishna M. Tech (SE) & SNIST. India Abstract— Security is playing a very important and crucial role in the field of network communication system and Internet. Simplified Data encryption standard (SDES) is a private key cryptography system that provides the security in communication system but now a days the advancement in the computational power the SDES seems to be weak against the brute force attacks. To improve the security of SDES algorithm the substitution techniques are added before the SDES algorithm to perform its process. By using an Improved Cryptosystem the security has been improved which is very crucial in the communication and field of Internet. If the substitution techniques are used before the original SDES algorithm then the intruder required first to break the original SDES algorithm and then substitution techniques. So the security is more as compared to a SDES algorithm. Keywords— Cipher text, Decryption, SDES, Encryption, Plain text, OPBFT,OPBTS ,Substitution. I. Introduction The process of encoding the plaintext into cipher text is called Encryption and the process of decoding ciphers text to plaintext is called Decryption. This can be done by two techniques symmetric-key cryptography and asymmetric key cryptography. Symmetric key cryptography involves the usage of the same key for encryption and decryption. But the Asymmetric key cryptography involves the usage of one key for encryption and another different key for decryption. -
A Cipher Based on the Random Sequence of Digits in Irrational Numbers
https://doi.org/10.48009/1_iis_2016_14-25 Issues in Information Systems Volume 17, Issue I, pp. 14-25, 2016 A CIPHER BASED ON THE RANDOM SEQUENCE OF DIGITS IN IRRATIONAL NUMBERS J. L. González-Santander, [email protected], Universidad Católica de Valencia “san Vicente mártir” G. Martín González. [email protected], Universidad Católica de Valencia “san Vicente mártir” ABSTRACT An encryption method combining a transposition cipher with one-time pad cipher is proposed. The transposition cipher prevents the malleability of the messages and the randomness of one-time pad cipher is based on the normality of "almost" all irrational numbers. Further, authentication and perfect forward secrecy are implemented. This method is quite suitable for communication within groups of people who know one each other in advance, such as mobile chat groups. Keywords: One-time Pad Cipher, Transposition Ciphers, Chat Mobile Groups Privacy, Forward Secrecy INTRODUCTION In cryptography, a cipher is a procedure for encoding and decoding a message in such a way that only authorized parties can write and read information about the message. Generally speaking, there are two main different cipher methods, transposition, and substitution ciphers, both methods being known from Antiquity. For instance, Caesar cipher consists in substitute each letter of the plaintext some fixed number of positions further down the alphabet. The name of this cipher came from Julius Caesar because he used this method taking a shift of three to communicate to his generals (Suetonius, c. 69-122 AD). In ancient Sparta, the transposition cipher entailed the use of a simple device, the scytale (skytálē) to encrypt and decrypt messages (Plutarch, c. -
The Mathemathics of Secrets.Pdf
THE MATHEMATICS OF SECRETS THE MATHEMATICS OF SECRETS CRYPTOGRAPHY FROM CAESAR CIPHERS TO DIGITAL ENCRYPTION JOSHUA HOLDEN PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD Copyright c 2017 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR press.princeton.edu Jacket image courtesy of Shutterstock; design by Lorraine Betz Doneker All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Holden, Joshua, 1970– author. Title: The mathematics of secrets : cryptography from Caesar ciphers to digital encryption / Joshua Holden. Description: Princeton : Princeton University Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016014840 | ISBN 9780691141756 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Cryptography—Mathematics. | Ciphers. | Computer security. Classification: LCC Z103 .H664 2017 | DDC 005.8/2—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016014840 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Linux Libertine Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ Printed in the United States of America 13579108642 To Lana and Richard for their love and support CONTENTS Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction to Ciphers and Substitution 1 1.1 Alice and Bob and Carl and Julius: Terminology and Caesar Cipher 1 1.2 The Key to the Matter: Generalizing the Caesar Cipher 4 1.3 Multiplicative Ciphers 6 -
Cryptography Using Steganography: New Algorithms and Applications
Technological University Dublin ARROW@TU Dublin Articles School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2011 Cryptography Using Steganography: New Algorithms and Applications Jonathan Blackledge Technological University Dublin, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/engscheleart2 Part of the Dynamic Systems Commons, and the Theory and Algorithms Commons Recommended Citation Blackledge, J. (2011) Cryptography and Steganography: New Algorithms and Applications. Lecture Notes, Centre for Advanced Studies, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, 2011. doi:10.21427/D7ZS63 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License Cryptography and Steganography: New Algorithms and Applications Prof. Dr. Jonathan Blackledge Science Foundation Ireland Stokes Professor School of Electrical Engineering Systems Dublin Institute of Technology Distinguished Professor Centre for Advanced Studies Warsaw University of Technology http://eleceng.dit.ie/blackledge http://jmblackledge.web.officelive.com [email protected] [email protected] Editor: Stanislaw Janeczko Technical editors: Malgorzata Zielinska, Anna Zubrowska General layout and cover design: Emilia Bojanczyk c Centre for Advanced Studies, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw 2011 For additional information on this series, visit the CAS Publications Website at http://www.csz.pw.edu.pl/index.php/en/publications ISBN: 978-83-61993-01-83 Pinted in Poland Preface Developing methods for ensuring the secure exchange of information is one of the oldest occupations in history. -
Rhyming Dictionary
Merriam-Webster's Rhyming Dictionary Merriam-Webster, Incorporated Springfield, Massachusetts A GENUINE MERRIAM-WEBSTER The name Webster alone is no guarantee of excellence. It is used by a number of publishers and may serve mainly to mislead an unwary buyer. Merriam-Webster™ is the name you should look for when you consider the purchase of dictionaries or other fine reference books. It carries the reputation of a company that has been publishing since 1831 and is your assurance of quality and authority. Copyright © 2002 by Merriam-Webster, Incorporated Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Merriam-Webster's rhyming dictionary, p. cm. ISBN 0-87779-632-7 1. English language-Rhyme-Dictionaries. I. Title: Rhyming dictionary. II. Merriam-Webster, Inc. PE1519 .M47 2002 423'.l-dc21 2001052192 All rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the copyrights hereon may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems—without written permission of the publisher. Printed and bound in the United States of America 234RRD/H05040302 Explanatory Notes MERRIAM-WEBSTER's RHYMING DICTIONARY is a listing of words grouped according to the way they rhyme. The words are drawn from Merriam- Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. Though many uncommon words can be found here, many highly technical or obscure words have been omitted, as have words whose only meanings are vulgar or offensive. Rhyming sound Words in this book are gathered into entries on the basis of their rhyming sound. The rhyming sound is the last part of the word, from the vowel sound in the last stressed syllable to the end of the word. -
General Solution for the Adfgvx Cipher System
10 Feb 61 FILE OR From File of Special Consultant (Friedman) SERIAL neral Solution for the ADFGVX Cipher System NUMBER Register No. 129 AND Serial No. 1010 SUBJECT NAME AND EXTENSION OF PERSON REQUESTING FILE ORGANIZATION, B TO Mr. William Friedman LI 6-8520 10 2nd. Str., SE, Wash., D. C. DATE RET'ND. INITIAL HERE RETURN To Mrs. Christian, AG-24, HSA, Ft. Geo. G. Meade Mdo WHEN TRANSFERRING FILE TO ANOTHER PERSON, COMPLET'""1ELF·ADDRESSED TRANSFER COUPON BELOW, DETACH, STITCH TO BLANK INSTRUCTIONS LETTER·SIZE PAPER AND PLACE IN OUT·GOING MAIL SERVIC -· 2ND TRANSFER COUPON Declassified and approved for release by NSA on 05-06-2014 pursuant to E.O. 1352a Co1alidential Register No. 1 2 9 WAR DEPARTMENT OFFICE THE cmEI' SIGNAL OFVICD 1·',' or W .lSBINGTQll I GENERAL SOLUTION FOR THB I ADFGVX CIPHER SYSTEM I. *!~ ,. : i~ ' ·!, ------------~--==....;..'"-=='.,,.;'*: 30 April 1959 ftl• 4oc,_at 18 :re~4 •a<mrIDnUAL•·typ ot JMI> ~tive 52()0.l 4&~ 8 J~.1957, u4 117 "thant1 qr: the Jtirectar, laticllal a.nmv·: AceDt:J' • . ' ... ' 4JJ!fl/~ .; ~':j_ S. W1J.lt.r4 . ! ColCMl, .AOC • ! AclJutut GeMnl. --·-··-··--- --· Classification chanr,ed to R68!1'1G6'Pli8 By Authority ot · HAP.CL:J G4 HAY"-:S, Col<! , Siena! Corps Actin~ Chief, Arm.y Sepurity A~cncy B y :·iA:.JCN G. CA "'PR:::tL1 1st Lt,., Si~ 1 April 1946• . NO ACCOUNTltll t!MCESSARJ Rt:GlSTRAnON CAJJCELED, b7 . Authority Hqs. ASA ltr dated 27 Feb 46 2d Ind 11 l~r 46, signed: - HAROLD G .. HAYES, Col.Ji Sir.mtl Corps Aetin.1; Ch!Pf t Ar?!W S~1:1:ri~y Afen·:y ~::t::ii. -
Transposition Cipher in Cryptography, a Transposition Cipher Is a Method of Encryption by Which the Positions Held by Units of P
Transposition cipher In cryptography, a transposition cipher is a method of encryption by which the positions held by units of plaintext (which are commonly characters or groups of characters) are shifted according to a regular system, so that the ciphertext constitutes a permutation of the plaintext. That is, the order of the units is changed. Mathematically a bijective function is used on the characters' positions to encrypt and an inverse function to decrypt. Following are some implementations. Contents • 1 Rail Fence cipher • 2 Route cipher • 3 Columnar transposition • 4 Double transposition • 5 Myszkowski transposition • 6 Disrupted transposition • 7 Grilles • 8 Detection and cryptanalysis • 9 Combinations • 10 Fractionation Rail Fence cipher The Rail Fence cipher is a form of transposition cipher that gets its name from the way in which it is encoded. In the rail fence cipher, the plaintext is written downwards on successive "rails" of an imaginary fence, then moving up when we get to the bottom. The message is then read off in rows. For example, using three "rails" and a message of 'WE ARE DISCOVERED. FLEE AT ONCE', the cipherer writes out: W . E . C . R . L . T . E . E . R . D . S . O . E . E . F . E . A . O . C . A . I . V . D . E . N . Then reads off: WECRL TEERD SOEEF EAOCA IVDEN (The cipherer has broken this ciphertext up into blocks of five to help avoid errors.) Route cipher In a route cipher, the plaintext is first written out in a grid of given dimensions, then read off in a pattern given in the key. -
An Introduction to Cryptography, Second Edition Richard A
DISCRETE MATHEMATICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS Series Editor KENNETH H. ROSEN An INTRODUCTION to CRYPTOGRAPHY Second Edition © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC DISCRETE MATHEMATICS and ITS APPLICATIONS Series Editor Kenneth H. Rosen, Ph.D. Juergen Bierbrauer, Introduction to Coding Theory Kun-Mao Chao and Bang Ye Wu, Spanning Trees and Optimization Problems Charalambos A. Charalambides, Enumerative Combinatorics Henri Cohen, Gerhard Frey, et al., Handbook of Elliptic and Hyperelliptic Curve Cryptography Charles J. Colbourn and Jeffrey H. Dinitz, The CRC Handbook of Combinatorial Designs Steven Furino, Ying Miao, and Jianxing Yin, Frames and Resolvable Designs: Uses, Constructions, and Existence Randy Goldberg and Lance Riek, A Practical Handbook of Speech Coders Jacob E. Goodman and Joseph O’Rourke, Handbook of Discrete and Computational Geometry, Second Edition Jonathan L. Gross and Jay Yellen, Graph Theory and Its Applications, Second Edition Jonathan L. Gross and Jay Yellen, Handbook of Graph Theory Darrel R. Hankerson, Greg A. Harris, and Peter D. Johnson, Introduction to Information Theory and Data Compression, Second Edition Daryl D. Harms, Miroslav Kraetzl, Charles J. Colbourn, and John S. Devitt, Network Reliability: Experiments with a Symbolic Algebra Environment Leslie Hogben, Handbook of Linear Algebra Derek F. Holt with Bettina Eick and Eamonn A. O’Brien, Handbook of Computational Group Theory David M. Jackson and Terry I. Visentin, An Atlas of Smaller Maps in Orientable and Nonorientable Surfaces Richard E. Klima, Neil P. Sigmon, and Ernest L. Stitzinger, Applications of Abstract Algebra with Maple™ and MATLAB®, Second Edition Patrick Knupp and Kambiz Salari, Verification of Computer Codes in Computational Science and Engineering William Kocay and Donald L. -
History of Cryptography an EASY to UNDERSTAND HISTORY of CRYPTOGRAPHY Contents
History of Cryptography AN EASY TO UNDERSTAND HISTORY OF CRYPTOGRAPHY Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Classical Encryptions (Ancient Times) 4 3. Classical Encryptions (Middle Ages) 6 The Cipher of Mary Queen of Scots 6 Vigenère Ciphers 6 Uesugi Cipher 7 4. Modern Ciphers: Ciphers during World War I and the Emergence of Encryption Machines 8 German Communication Cables Disconnected by the United Kingdom 8 Zimmermann Telegram 8 ADFGVX Cipher 8 The Birth of Enigma 9 5. Modern Ciphers: Encryptions in the Computer and Internet Era 10 DES Cipher 10 Public-Key Cryptosystem 10 RSA Cipher 11 Decrypting the DES Cipher 12 Responsive Action of Cipher Enhancements for SSL 12 6. The Future of Encryption 13 7. Conclusion: Enhancing the Effectiveness of Encryptions used for SSL 14 References 14 © 2013 Thawte, Inc. All rights reserved. Thawte, the thawte logo, and other trademarks, service marks, and designs are registered or unregistered trademarks of Thawte, 2 Inc. and its subsidiaries and affi liates in the United States and in foreign countries. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners. 1. Introduction ncryption and related technologies are widely and frequently Eused as a means of ensuring that information is secure, and their importance has been growing with the increasingly wide- spread utilization of the Internet. The use of encryption can be traced to as far back as about 3000 B.C., during the Babylonian Era. Encryption technologies evolved as they were used in military and political settings, but as a result of the recent widespread use of the Internet and the dramatic increase in the amount of information people come into contact in their daily lives, the settings in which encryption technologies are applied and implemented have increased, and they are now used all around us in our daily lives. -
Ecommunicator - Summer 2019
eCommunicator - Summer 2019 Journal of 32 Signal Regiment eCommunicator Volume 19, Number 1 http://www.torontosignals.ca/ In this issue of the eCommunicator Change of RCCS Beret Pg 17 Commanding Officer’s Parade Pg 16 New Unit Crest Pg 19 Junior Ranks Formal Pg 13 Table of Content About the eCommunicator 3 CO’s Message This is a limited domestic publication produced with 4 RSM’s Message the permission of the Commanding Officer for the purpose of recording the activities within the 5 Honouraries Message Regiment and the Regimental family. It is intended 7 Padre to provide a wide variety of material relating to military communications and military affairs, both Features at home and abroad. 8 Awards and Promotions The views and opinions expressed in this periodical 10 DWD — Warrant Officer Lee Whalen, CD are those of the contributors and not those of the 12 Associates Dinner Department of National Defence, its Units or 13 Junior Ranks Formal Officers, including the Commanding Officer of 32 15 CAF National Women’s Volleyball Championship Signal Regiment. 16 CO’s Parade The editor and publisher are responsible for the 17 Change of Beret Parade production of the eCommunicator but not for the 18 Garrison Ball accuracy, timeliness or description of written and 19 New Unit Crest graphical material published therein. 19 Royal Canadian Logistics Service Branch and RCEME Corps The editor reserves the right to modify or re-format 20 Technology Topic: Software-Defined Radio (SDR) material received, within reason, in order to make 22 709 Signals Army Cadet Corps best use of available space, appearance and layout.