1043 Santhosh Aruna M. et al. / International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research. 2013; 4(12): 1043-1049.

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ASHYUKA: A HUB OF MEDICINAL VALUES

Santhosh Aruna M*, Rama Rao N, Deepthi B, Lakshmi Prasanna J*, Surya Prabha M

Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

ABSTRACT Ashyuka, well known as noni is an ancient traditional medicinal plant. Noni scientifically Morinda citrifolia belongs to the family Rubiaceae is known for its medicinal value and as dietary supplement for over 2000 years. Now it became a researcher’s plant because of its potential therapeutic effects such as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-tumor, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory and immune enhancing effects. The review mainly focuses on phytochemical, ethnobotanical and pharmacological uses of ashyuka.

Key Words: Noni, Noni fruit juice, Anti-oxidant, Anti-ischemic, Anti-cancer.

INTRODUCTION numerous hard triangular reddish-brown pits are found, Noni also known as Indian mulberry with the each containing four seeds. botanical name Morinda citrifolia has been used as Products derived from Noni fruit have been nutritional food supplement and as medicinal plant commercialized in the USA since the 1990s and are worldwide for centuries.(Potterat O, 2007) In Ancient increasingly distributed all over the world. A large number Aayurveda is cited as Ashyuka, which in Sanskrit means of beneficial effects have been claimed for Noni. Fruit ‘longevity’(Niveditha baiju-health sciences). The genus juice of Noni has been approved as a Novel Food by the name Morinda is derived from the word morus meaning European Commission in 2003 (McClatchy, 2002) .In mulberry, and indicus meaning Indian. This name is traditional medicine it is used to heal cuts, wounds, mouth indicating that the plants fruit is similar to a true mulberry. sores, gingivitis, toothaches, abscesses to treat some The species name citrifolia indicates that the plant’s internal elements like diabetes, hypertension, stimulates foliage is similar to that of a citrus species, such as immune system, fights against cancer etc. Morinda oranges. (Noni history –noni website) The genus Morinda citrifolia has been reported to have so many effects. The under the kingdom of Rubiaceae is made up of around 80 current review is carried out to give detailed information species. (Krauss BH, 1981). about its phytochemical and pharmacological activities and Morinda citrifolia is a bush or small tree, 3-10 m importance of active compounds present in this plant. tall, The Noni fruit is oval and fleshy with an embossed appearance. It is slightly wrinkled, semi translucent and Habitat ranges in colour from green to yellow to almost white at Noni grows in a very hot, dry, and windy the time of picking. The ripe fruit exhales a strong butyric environment, and it can also survive and thriving in this acid like rancid smell. The pulp is juicy and bitter, light crack of a lava rock. Noni is native to south East Asia and dull yellow or whitish gelatinous, when the fruit is ripe, Australia and is cultivated in Polynesia, India, the Caribbean, Central and northern South America. Thought Corresponding Author it is native to Indonesia, Australia and is found throughout the tropics in a wide variety of environments. Noni can M. Santhosh Aruna tolerate very acidic, infertile, alkaline soil, and is a very Email: [email protected] 1044 Santhosh Aruna M. et al. / International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research. 2013; 4(12): 1043-1049. persistent, hard to kill plant that has a high tolerance for methoxy-1,3,6-trihydroxyanthraquinone, and beta- wind, fire, flooding and salt. (Kepler AK, 1983). sitosterol 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside.

Taxonomical classification (Wagner WL, 2003) Nutritional Analysis of Noni Fruit Powder (Will Domain Eukarya Mcclatchey, 2002) Kingdom Planteae Per 1200 milligrams (mg) Phylum Magnoliophyta Protein 69.6 mg Class Magnoliopsida(dicot) Fat 15.5 mg Order Rubiales Carbohydrate 843 mg Family Rubiaceae TotalDietaryFiber 419 mg Genus Morinda Calories 3.00 Species Morinda citrifolia VitaminA 2.26 IU VitaminC 9.81 mg Synonyms / Vernacular names (Porcher, 1995) Niacin 0.06 mg  Hindi: atchy,bartundi Iron 0.02 mg  Malayalam: cada pilva,bangkudu,munnapavatta Calcium 0.88 mg  Tamil: munja pavattay,nuna Sodium 2.63 mg  Sanskrit: ashyuka Potassium 32.0 mg  Telugu: maddi chettu,mogali  Marathi: nagakunda Uses  English : Indian mulberry , great morinda Indian mulberry is one of the earliest medicinal  Kannada: tagase maddi plants cultivated and used traditionally in treating various  Gujarati: surangi ailments. Polynesia traditional healers used noni for  Oriya: pindre treating cuts, bruises and wounds. For topical application on wounds, poultice of noni leaves is commonly used.  Bengali: hrudi Fruits of this plant are used both externally and internally  Konkini : bartondi because of the nutrients it possesses. Unripe fruit is used  China: baji tia for mouth sores, gingivitis, toothaches and abscesses.  Australia: cheese fruit, canary wood Indian mulberry fruit is used in the treatment of various health problems such as high blood pressure, arthritis, Chemical Constituents of Noni (Morinda citrifolia) ulcers, depression, sprains, menstrual cramps, pain relief, Various components have been identified in the inflammation, burns, fever, food poisoning, intestinal noni plant, such as scopoletin, octanoic acid, potassium, worms and joint problems (Yanine C, 2006). vitamin C, terpenoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones (such as nordamnacanthal, morindone, rubiadin, rubiadin-1-methyl Selected Claims for Modern Noni Products (Will ether, anthraquinone glycoside), ß-sitosterol, carotene, Mcclatchey, 2002) vitamin A, flavone glycosides, linoleic acid, alizarin, Claims apparently based upon Polynesian traditional uses amino acids, L-asperuloside, caproic acid, caprylic acid,  Inflammation (possibly extended to lupus) ursolic acid, rutin, and a putative proxeronine. Several  Headache flavonol glycosides have also been identified, including an  Fever iridoid glycoside from the noni leaves, a trisaccharide fatty acid ester, rutin, two novel glycosides, citrifolinoside, and  Arthritis an asperulosidic acid from the fruit. Six anthraquinones,  Sore gums, gingivitis, toothache, abscess including 5, 15-O-dimethylmorindol, and three iridoids,  Respiratory disorders including morindacin, have also been isolated  Sore throat with cough from Morinda citrifolia fruits (Will Mcclatchey, 2002)  Infections (bacterial/fungal/viral/helminthic) The methanol extract of Morinda citrifolia fruits  Tuberculosis contains 6alpha-hydroxyadoxoside, 6beta,7beta-epoxy-8-  Diarrhea epi-splendoside, americanin A, narcissoside, asperuloside,  Gastric ulcer asperulosidic acid, borreriagenin, citrifolinin B epimers a  Indigestion and b,cytidine, deacetylasperuloside,  Diabetes dehydromethoxygaertneroside, epi-dihydrocornin, d-  High blood pressure glucose,d-mannitol, methyl alpha-d-fructofuranoside,  Dermatological effects methyl beta-d-fructofuranoside, nicotifloroside, 2-  Childbirth  Menstrual cramps 1045 Santhosh Aruna M. et al. / International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research. 2013; 4(12): 1043-1049.

Claims apparently based upon Heinicke Mandukhail et al., (2010) studied antidyslipidimic  Xeronine and proxeronine are active ingredients. effect of noni fruit, leaves and root using their ethanolic  Production of xeronine is promoted by noni juice. extracts. The data indicated that the three extracts caused  Xeronine can regenerate cells, cause cellular repair, reduction in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and the (anti-aging). effect was mediated through the inhibition of biosynthesis,  Mental depression absorption and secretion of lipids.  Atherosclerosis, blood vessel problems  Drug addiction Immunostimulant activity Nayak S et al., (2010) reported immunostimulant  Senility activity of noni fruit on T and B lymphocytes confirming  Analgesia its cellular andhumoral immunostimulant properties.

Claims presumably of more recent origin Anti-helminthes activity  Immune system stimulant Brito DR et al., (2009) evaluated the anti-  Menstrual cycle regulation/pregnancy helminthic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of  AIDS noni fruit in chicken which were naturally infected by  Prevents activation of Epstein-Barr virus. Ascardiagalli and obtained satisfactory results in vitro.  Antitumor/anticancer activity, specifically, breast cancer Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity  Internal disorders Basu et al., studied analgesic and anti-  Kidney problems inflammatory activity of fruit using 10% solution of freeze  Lupus concentrated fruit and suggested that the fruit is effective  Blood purifier/cleanser in reducing pain and joint destruction caused by arthritis.  Weight loss  Cleansing Anti-ischemic stress effect  Nervous system Haradas et al., (2009) examined the effect of noni fruit juice on the brain damage caused by ischemic stress in Polio mice. The study suggests that noni fruit may have a PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS preventive effect against cerebral ischemic stress. Antipsychotic activity Junko muto et al., (2010) investigated effect of Pandy V et al., (2012) evaluated antipsychotic noni fruit juice on stress induced impairment of cognitive activity of methanolic extract of noni in mice. Results function. These findings suggested that administration of demonstrated the anti-dopaminergic effect of noni is dose noni juice protects brain from stress induced impact of dependent suggesting that noni has antipsychotic like cognitive function and this effect may be related to activity. improvement in stress induced decrease in blood vessel density in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Antilipidimic activity Pazos DC et al., (2011) investigated the effect of Antioxidant activity noni seed oil on serum lipid levels in normal lipidemic and Chang hang et al., (2007) characterized anti- hyper lipidemic induced mice and found a reduction in oxidant effect of ethanol petroleum ether and N-butanol total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in both models. extracts of fermented noni juice. They observed that ethanol extract exhibited significantly higher antioxidant Antiemetic activity activity and petroleum ether and N-butanol extracts have Prapaitrakool S et al., (2010) evaluated the lower activity when compared to mannitol and vitamin C. efficacy of noni fruit for the prevention of post-operative they suggestec phenolic compounds with several other nausea and vomiting .they proved that noni has antiemetic compounds separately or synergistically responsible for activity anti- oxidant activity. Duduku krishnaiah et al., (2012) formulated Wound healing activity microcapsules of morindacitrifolia fruit extract by spray Palu A et al., (2010) reported wound healing drying technique using various proportions of K effect of noni leaf juice in mice and probable mechanism carragenan amd maltodextrin as binding materials. The underlying this effect as PDGF/A2Areceptor binding and results showed spray dried fruit extract exhibited higher promotion of wound closure. anti-oxidant activity and may be useful as food additive. Mohd.zin et al., (2002) evaluated anti-oxidant Antidyslipidimic effect activity of methanol and ethyl acetate extract of Morinda citrifolia fruit, leaf and root. Results indicated that 1046 Santhosh Aruna M. et al. / International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research. 2013; 4(12): 1043-1049. methanol extract of root exhibited high anti-oxidant habit via regulations of anti-oxidative and anti- activity while leaf and fruit extracts showed negligible inflammatory responses. activity. Ethyl acetate extract of all parts exhibited significant antioxidant activity. Anxiolytic and sedative effect Deng S et al., (2007) investigated the effects of Effect on GIT noni fruit on anxiety symptoms. Results indicates the Sirima mahattanadun et al., (2011) studied the presence of ligands which may bind to the GABAA effect of noni aqueous extract in rat on gastro esophageal receptor as an agonist are responsible for inducing inflammatory models, gastric biochemical parameters and anxiolytic and sedative effect by noni. gastro intestinal motility. Results indicated that the extract Anti cancer activity significantly prevented the formation of acid reflux Wang MY, et al., (2001) reported cancer oesophagitis, decreased the formation of ethanol induced preventive effect of noni in male mice. The results suggest acute gastric lesions, suppressed the development of gastric that prevention of carcinogen –DNA adduct formation and lesions in response to serotonin and accelerated the healing the anti oxidant activity of noni may contribute to the of acetic acid induced chronic gastric ulcer in rats with cancer preventive effect of noni. equal propulsive to those obtained by standard anti Thararat nualsnit et al., (2012) reported anti secretary agents. Extract also increased GI transit of tumorigenic activity in colorectal cancer cells by charcoal meal with high potency than cisapride. damacanthal, an anthroquinone isolated from the roots of

noni. Dammacanthal exhibits cell growth arrest as well as Immunomodulatory effect caspase activity induction in colorectal cancer cells. Afak. Palu et al., (2008) investigated the mechanism involved in immunomodulatory effects of Delayed ossification activity Morinda citrifolia linn invitro in mice and suggested that Nelson et al., evaluate the possible developmental noni modulates the immune system by actuating CB2 toxicity of the noni fruit aqueous extract and commercial receptors and suppressing Il-4 but increased the production product of noni juice in rats exposed during pregnancy. of IFN-gamma cytokines. They reported the Exposure with extract and juice of Morinda citrifolia did not induce maternal toxicity at the Larvicidal and pupicidal activity tested doses, but induced delayed ossification in fetuses. Kovendan K et al., (2012) evaluated mosquito Biomarker activity larvicidal and pupicidal activity of noni leaf methanol Sirima mahattanadul et al., (2011) carried out extract against anopheles, aedes and culex mosquito studies to evaluate the effect of dried mature unripe vectors. They reported that extract has promising larvicidal Morinda fruit, its biomarker scopoletin on gastro- and pupicidal activity against mosquito vectors and is a esophageal inflammatory models that are related to the new eco friendly approach for the control of vectors. claimed pharmacological properties of AFE and/or

resembled the human esophagitis or gastric ulcer. Noni Endodontic Irrigant activity significantly prevented the formation of acid reflux Peter E Murrey et al., (2008) compared the esophagitis, and possessed antiulcer and antisecretory effectiveness of noni juice with sodium hypochloride properties. (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX) to remove the smear layer from the conal walls of endodontically instrumental Antiviral activity teeth. Results showed noni fruit juice efficacy as intracanal Umezawa and coworkers (1992) found a irrigant was similar to NaOCl and more effective than compound isolated from Noni roots named 1-methoxy-2- CHX. formyl-3-hydroxyanthraquinone suppressed the cytopathic

effect of HIV infected MT-4 cells, without inhibiting cell Anti-fungal activity growth . Aree Jain Kittivong et al., (2009) investigated antifungal activity of noni fruit juice extract on candida HIV Integrase Inhibitory Activity albicans and concluded that the extract had an antifungal Wang et al., (2001) was observed the antiviral effect on candida and the effect is varied with activity of mengkudu when a compound isolated from concentration and contact time. Mengkudu roots named 1-methoxy-2-formyl-3-

hydroxyanthraquinone suppressed the cytopathic effect of Liver protective effect HIV infected MT-4 cells, without inhibiting cell growth. Yi-ling lin et al., (2013) studied effect of noni Periyasamy Selvam et al., (2010) reported as juice on liver of high fat dietary hamsters and reported Morinda citrifolia is used in the Indian system of medicine liver protective effect of noni juice against high fat dietary for the treatment of variety of diseases including 1047 Santhosh Aruna M. et al. / International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research. 2013; 4(12): 1043-1049.

HIV/AIDS. Anthroquinone and glycosideanthroquine, Spasmolytic activity flavinoid and alkaloids are the principle active constituents Cimanga RK et al., (2010) evaluate the in vitro of M. citrifolia, which may responsible for HSV inhibitory antispasmodic activity on acetylcholine (ACh) and the activity. This is the first report showing the anti-HSV depolarized KCl solution induced contractions on guinea- activity of M. citrifolia. pig isolated ileum suspended in Tyrode's solution. The results shows that noni leaves possess spasmogenic and Bone protective effect spasmolytic properties that can at least explain and support Leilei Bao et al., ((2011) studied the root of its traditional use against constipation and diarrhoea Morinda officinalis has been claimed to have a protective respectively. effect against bone loss in sciatic neurectomized and Gilani AH et al., plan to explore the possible ovariectomized osteoporotic rats, and this protective effect mode(s) of action for its antispasmodic, vasodilator and is supposed to be attributed to anthraquinone compounds in cardio-suppressant effects to rationalize its medicinal use the plant. The results indicate that the anthraquinone in gut and cardiovascular disorders. These results suggest compounds from M. officinalis are potential inhibitors of that the spasmolytic and vasodilator effects of noni root bone resorption, and may also serve as evidence to explain extract are mediated possibly through blockade of voltage- the mechanism of the inhibitory effects of some other dependent calcium channels and release of intracellular reported anthraquinones on bone loss. calcium, which may explain the medicinal use of Morinda citrifolia in diarrhea and hypertension. Anti microbial activity Wei Xiang (2008) done Investigation on Morinda Anti tubercular activity angustifolia resulted in the isolation of a new Saludes et al. reported that Noni has been found anthraquinone and reported the significant antimicrobial to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A concentration of activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, extracts from Noni leaves killed 89 percent of the bacteria Micrococcus luteus, Sarcina lutea, Candida albicans and in a test tube, almost as effective as a leading anti-TB drug, Saccharomyces sake. Rifampcin, which has an inhibition rate of 97 percent at the same concentration. Anti diabetic activity Lee SY et al., (2012) studied anti-diabetic effects CONCLUSION of Morinda citrifolia (aka Noni) fermented by The review reveals that noni has a long history Cheonggukjang (fast-fermented soybean paste) were with a wide array of therapeutic applications. The various evaluated using a T2DM (type 2 diabetes mellitus) murine phytochemical constituents present in it are responsible for model. Fermented noni supplementation reduced its nest of medicinal activities. Although most of the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, enhanced insulin biological activities attributes to the plant are from the sensitivity, and significantly decreased serum triglycerides fruits, almost all parts of the plant have great medicinal and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and shows values and are used both internally as well as externally. anti diabetic effect. With an expanding efficacy in treating wide variety of ailments noni seems to be a miracle medicinal herb and is a Antiosteoporotic activity pioneer in phytotherapy. Wu YB et al., (2009) done successful isolation of anti-osteoporotic components and studied isolated ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS compounds inhibited osteoclast TRAP activity and bone The authors are thankful to Chalapathi resorption, and the inhibitory effects on osteoclastic bone educational societies for providing the necessary facilities resorption of compounds. They reported antio steoporotic in bringing out this work. activity of noni and its anthraquinones suggest therapeutic potential against osteoporosis.

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