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Water Resources Management Plan, Sleeping Bear Dunes National

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Water Resources Management Plan, Sleeping Bear Dunes National WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN SLEEPING BEAR DUNES NATIONAL LAKESHORE, MICHIGAN NOVEMBER 2002 David L. Vana-Miller Water Resources Division National Park Service Fort Collins, CO Prepared by: ____________________________________________________ Date Reviewed by: ____________________________________________________ Date Approved by: ____________________________________________________ Superintendent Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Date Photographic Credit: The cover photographs and all other photographs in this document are courtesy of Paul Murphy, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore. ii CONTENTS FIGURES / vi TABLES / vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY / xi SLEEPING BEAR DUNES NATIONAL LAKESHORE’S WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN AND NEPA / xviii INTRODUCTION / 1 PARK LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION / 3 PARK PURPOSE AND SIGNIFICANCE / 5 WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES / 6 LEGISLATIVE CONSTRAINTS / 7 Federal / 7 State of Michigan Statues / 18 REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING / 19 LAND USE / 22 Historical Perspective / 22 Present Day / 23 PARK VISITATION / 25 EXISTING RESOURCE CONDITIONS / 27 GLACIAL AND POST-GLACIAL HISTORY OF THE SLEEPING BEAR DUNES AREA / 29 Overview / 29 Formation of Hydrological Features at Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore / 31 CLIMATE / 34 AIR QUALITY / 35 GEOLOGY / 38 SOILS / 38 VEGETATION / 40 GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY AND QUALITY / 41 STREAM HYDROLOGY / 45 Stream Ecology / 51 LIMNOLOGY / 53 Lake Ecology / 60 SURFACE WATER QUALITY / 63 Retrospective Analysis of Past Water Quality Studies / 63 iii The Evolution of the Water Quality Monitoring Program At Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore / 69 Lake Michigan Waters in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Park Lakeshore / 71 WETLANDS / 76 RIPARIAN AREAS / 79 AQUATIC MACROPHYTES / 80 FISH AND FISHERIES / 90 AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES / 106 AQUATIC MACROINVERTEBRATES / 107 Lake Plankton / 110 AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES (EXOTIC SPECIES) / 111 Species Present in the Lakeshore / 115 Species with Potential for Invasion of the Lakeshore / 118 THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES / 120 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE / 121 PARK OPERATIONS / 123 WATER RESOURCE PLANNING ISSUES AND RECOMMENDATIONS / 125 HIGH PRIORITY ISSUES / 127 Need for a Permanent, Full-time Water Resource Professional / 127 Lack of an Adequate Inventory and Characterization of the National Lakeshore’s Wetlands / 129 Revise Current Water Quality Monitoring Program via Development of a Comprehensive Water Quality Monitoring Plan / 130 Are National Lakeshore Waters Affected by Bacteriological Contamination? / 138 Crystal River Flow below Glen Lake Association Dam under Drought Conditions / 143 Recreational Use of National Lakeshore Streams / 146 Need for an Adequate Baseline of Information on Amphibians and Reptiles in the National Lakeshore / 148 MEDIUM PRIORITY ISSUES / 149 Are High Nitrogen Values in Otter Creek Natural or Anthropogenic? / 149 Potential Effects of Phosphorus Loadings on National Lakeshore Waters from Platte River Anadromous Fish Hatchery / 149 Restoration of Waterwheel Site on Platte River / 154 Platte River Dredging / 155 LOW PRIORITY ISSUES / 157 Tucker Lake Hazardous Waste Site / 157 Condition of Day Mill Pond / 159 Beaver Colonization of National Lakeshore Watersheds / 160 FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS / 163 iv The Lake Michigan Lake-wide Management Plan and Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore / 163 Participate in Local Land Use Decisions / 165 LITERATURE CITED / 167 APPENDIX / 183 PROJECT STATEMENT SLBE-N-002.006 -- Wetland Inventory, Characterization and Mapping of Sleeping Bear Dune National Lakeshore / 185 PROJECT STATEMENT SLBE-N-002.007 -- Revise Existing Water Quality Monitoring Program through the Development of a Water Quality Monitoring Plan / 191 PROJECT STATEMENT SLBE-N-002.008 -- Bacterial Water Quality Monitoring of Recreational Waters within Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore / 201 PROJECT STATEMENT SLBE-N-002.009 – Assess Proper Functioning Condition of Riparian Areas of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore / 205 PROJECT STATEMENT SLBE-N-002.010 -- Use of Burrowing Mayflies (Hexagenia) as Indicators of Aquatic Ecosystem Health in the Platte River System / 211 PROJECT STATEMENT SLBE-N-002.011 -- Evaluation of the Impact of Increasing Multiple-use on the Water Quality and Habitat of the Crystal River / 217 v FIGURES Figure 1. Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore and vicinity / 4 Figure 2. Boundary of the Great Lakes watershed / 20 Figure 3. Relative position of the Manistee Moraine / 30 Figure 4. Platte Embayment as portrayed by Calver (1946) / 34 Figure 5. Distribution of recent and glacial deposits in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore / 39 Figure 6. The potentiometric surface of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore / 43 Figure 7. Areas of specific capacity of wells in glacial deposits in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore / 44 Figure 8. Chemical constituents of the Silurian-Devonian aquifer in Michigan / 46 Figure 9. Daily flow hydrograph for the Platte River at Honor, MI / 50 Figure 10. Annual hydrograph for the Platte River at Honor, MI / 50 Figure 11. Lakes of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore / 56 Figure 12. Locations of water quality monitoring stations in and adjacent to Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore / 65 Figure 13. Plot of lake area versus fish species richness for 17 lakes of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore / 107 Figure 14. Mean abundance of major zooplankton groups for each study lake / 112 Figure 15. Mean abundance of major zooplankton groups by sample date for several lakes / 113 Figure 16. Annual phosphorus loadings to Platte Lake from 1981 to 1995 / 151 Figure 17. Description of the Tucker Lake hazardous waste site / 158 vi TABLES Table 1. Limnological features of lakes within or adjacent to Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore / 55 Table 2. A summary of water quality data from important lake water quality monitoring stations in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1990-1995 / 66 Table 3. A summary of water quality data from important stream water quality monitoring stations in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1990-1995 / 67 Table 4. Carlson’s TSI values and associated trophic status as calculated from Secchi disk transparency (1992 and 1999), chlorophyll a concentraion (1992 and 1999), and total phosphorus (1992) for selected lakes in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore / 68 Table 5. Aquatic macrophyte distribution within Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore / 82 Table 6. Fishes of the Platte River watershed in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore / 92 Table 7. Fishes of the Shalda Creek watershed in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore / 95 Table 8. Fishes of the Crystal River watershed in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore / 98 Table 9. Fishes of the Otter Creek watershed in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore / 101 Table 10. Fishes of small watersheds in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore / 103 Table 11. Fishes of the Lake Michigan shoreline in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore / 105 Table 12. Zooplankton genera richness and total individuals for each lake averaged over all sampling dates / 111 Table 13. A sample of properties of different aquatic ecosystems that are particularly sensitive to climate change possibly altering aquatic ecosystem functioning and health / 123 vii Table 14. Typical effects of environmental degradation on biotic assemblages / 137 Table 15. E. coli counts (# colonies/100 ml) for all sites studied by Whitman (1997) / 140 Table 16. Local or downstream changes caused by beaver dams / 162 viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This water resources management plan would not have been possible without close collaboration from the following staff of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore: Steve Yancho, Roger Moder, and Paul Murphy. All three were most helpful and forthcoming with needed information during my visits to the park or via email and telephone conversations. A special note of thanks to Paul for providing photographs of the lakeshore’s water resources, limnological data, and water quality data from the park’s database. Kim Struthers, the park GIS specialist, kindly provided several maps that are used as figures in the plan. Tom Van Zoeren of the park provided information about his work in the park on the Michigan Frog and Toad Survey. Joel Wagner and Bill Jackson, Jeff Albright and Mike Martin, all of the Water Resources Division, provided assistance on wetland assessments and the Crystal River issue, respectively. Tom Edsall of the U.S. Geological Survey developed Project Statement SLBE-N- 002.010 (Appendix) and Denis Healy (and others) also of the U.S. Geological Survey developed Project Statement SLBE-N-002.011 (Appendix). The following individuals provided excellent comments that greatly improved the document: Steve Yancho, Roger Moder, Max Holden, and Paul Murphy of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore; Mark Flora, Don Weeks, Joel Wagner and Roy Irwin of the Water Resource Division of the National Park Service; and, Daren Carlisle of the Midwest Office of the National Park Service. ix x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 71,189 acres in size, is located in the northwest part of Michigan’s Lower Peninsula in Benzie and Leelanau counties and borders Lake Michigan. Two nearby islands, South Manitou and North Manitou, are in the park. The park contains 64 miles of Lake Michigan shoreline – 31 on the mainland, 13 miles on South Manitou Island and 20 miles on North Manitou Island. It also contains numerous lakes that are primarily
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