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Chapter 17: The Eighteenth Century: An ; Spielvogel,

The Enlightenment: 31 points

ID: Bernard de Fontenelle, , James Cook, , Paul d'Holbach, Marie-Jean de Condorcet, Émile, Mary Astell (8 points)

1. Identify four "paths" to the Enlightenment. 2. How and why did publish the way they did? 3. What roots of the United States can be found in the work of ? 4. What institution was best known for criticizing? 5. What is ? 6. What did the Encyclopedia attack? 7. What did it advocate? 8. Who were the physiocrats? 9. What was their laissez-faire ? 10. According to , what are the three functions to which government should be limited? 11. With whom would Smith most likely agree, Hobbes or Locke? Why? 12. How were individual and Rousseau's "" linked? 13. How did differ from Rousseau? 14. What role did women play in salons? 15. What were some other places Enlightenment ideas were discussed?

The following questions are worth two points each:

1. Explain how and why Voltaire's attack on Christian intolerance proved so effective. How might an orthodox Christian have defended his faith against such attacks? 2. Demonstrate with Diderot's Voyage the way the philosophes considered their thinking both highly sophisticated and "naturally" simple. 3. Compare the Montesquieu document (p. 518) with the Rosseau document (p. 524). Which one seems the most liberal? Give evidence to support your conclusion. 4. Show how Mary Wollstonecraft appealed both to men and to women in her call for the of women. What kinds of people (men and women) would have responded favorably, and what kinds would have responded unfavorably, to her arguments?

Culture and Society in the Enlightenment: 21 points

ID: Rococo, , George Frederick Handel, Franz , , the (6 points)

1. What is meant by the phrase "Keeping up with the Bourbons"? (Extra credit if you know why this is a witty phrase.) 2. What were the four genres of ? 3. According to the selection from Decline and Fall of the , what were there for optimism about the future of the human race? Chapter 17: The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment; Spielvogel,

4. What evidence do you find in Gibbon's writings that he considered the center of ? 5. What were three important forms of print media? 6. Who went to secondary school? 7. What was studied? 8. How did courts obtain confessions? 9. What was the difference between punishment of nobles and of lower class people? 10. What were the functions of barber-surgeons? 11. Defend, as an eighteenth-century judge might have done, the punishment inflicted on criminals, as recorded by Restif de la Bertonne(533). 12. What were some ways people had fun at Carnival? Have five examples. 13. How did drinking habits or rich and poor differ? 14. What were the subjects of ? 15. What happened to male, female literacy rates in . Use numbers in your answer.

Religion and the Churches: 8 points

1. Write a 4-6 sentence paragraph that evaluates the impact the Enlightenment had on institutional churches and popular religion. Use examples from the . (6 points) 2. Use the document to describe the services conducted by John Wesley and his Methodists. Explain why the Church of did not welcome this movement. (2 points)