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The World Council of Churches and Its Programme to Combat Racism: the Evolution and Development of Their Fight Against Apartheid, 1969–1994

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The World Council of Churches and Its Programme to Combat Racism: the Evolution and Development of Their Fight Against Apartheid, 1969–1994 The World Council of Churches and its Programme to Combat Racism: The Evolution and Development of their Fight against Apartheid, 1969–1994 by Thembeka Doris Mufamadi Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject of HISTORY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: Professor G.C.CUTHBERTSON Date: February 2011 ABSTRACT This historical study explores the development of the World Council of Churches’ (WCC) Programme to Combat Racism (PCR), 1969–1994, and its campaign against apartheid in South Africa. It demonstrates how church-state relations can be understood as ‘resistance’, but takes the analysis further by arguing that the PCR, as an external transnational, ecumenical lobby with intimate links to South African political radicalism, as well as exiled militant formations among the liberation movements, sanctified revolutionary action in dealing with white supremacy. It succeeded in marshalling a broad range of international opinion by creating an agency dedicated to the eradication of racism within the structures of the WCC. Increasingly diverse membership enabled it to act decisively outside the constraints of pre-eminent Western interests, theology and diplomacy, drawing more directly on strands of Liberation Theology and the politics of non-alignment. The thesis, based on extensive archival research in Geneva and South Africa, covers the growing activism of the PCR in the 1970s and 1980s, tracing its aims, projects and achievements under the various WCC general Assemblies at Uppsala, Nairobi, Vancouver and Canberra between 1968 and 1991. The PCR applied multiple strategies to attack apartheid, including special funding to the African National Congress, Pan Africanist Congress and South African Congress of Trade Unions, action research and anti-racism programmes to inform and influence churches in different parts of the world to join the anti- apartheid struggle. The WCC and PCR provided a space for debate across a range of ideological contestation. This was a function of its location in Geneva, its broad ecumenism and its openness to representing the interests of oppressed communities. Its attraction to political action, civil society lobbies and philanthropic enterprises contributed to its effectiveness as a ‘think tank’ for liberation, distinct from defined party-political forums or secular international human rights agencies. It therefore represented a ‘clearing house’ for ideas about democratic transformation and social change. Even though the PCR drew fire for its support of armed struggle, it succeeded in fostering dialogue among liberals and radicals, opposing political factions and competing international interests in rethinking South Africa’s future between 1969 and 1994. Key words: World Council of Churches; Programme to Combat Racism; liberation movements; apartheid; African National Congress; Pan Africanist Congress; South African Congress of Trade Unions; religious radicalism; white supremacy; South African history. ii DECLARATION I declare that ‘The World Council of Churches and its Programme to Combat Racism: The Evolution and Development of their Fight against Apartheid, 1969–1994’, is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. Signed: ------------------------ T. D. Mufamadi Date: iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have been involved with me and this work in various ways and at various stages. I mean no offence in omitting to mention each and every one of you. I am truly grateful to you all – regrettably, space and time do not allow for full acknowledgements. My supervisor, Professor Greg Cuthbertson provided me with indispensable guidance and support in the compilation of this study. Dr Bridget Theron, an experienced editor and published historian, worked magic on the manuscript with her proverbial red pen – chapter by chapter. I am sincerely grateful for her around-the-clock support. Prof. Barney Pityana who is a former director of the PCR, provided invaluable perspective and accuracy to my work. The genesis of my deep interest in the work of the PCR began in the archives of the World Council of Churches in Geneva. The tireless archivists and librarians – Claire Medri, Gisele Bourrel and Raphael Matthey – opened up a veritable well of data on my subject. In South Africa, Mary-Lynn Suttie and Meisie Mabaso at the Unisa library proved invaluable librarians whose assistance I could never have done without. My encounter with Malgorzata and Peter Moerkerk, in Zurich was tantamount to divine intervention. They drew my attention to the electronic format of the PCR archives, which they had helped to create for the WCC and Yale University. We have remained close family friends. My thanks are also due to UNISA Financial Aid, Ford Foundation and CODESRIA, who provided financial support for my tuition fees, editing and travelling costs. My own family was a pillar of strength throughout the time it took to get here. There were, of course, many moments of frustration: my early teen daughter, Thidzi, often switched off when I brought up the subject of my PhD yet again; my five-year-old son, Ndamu just wanted his mama to ‘finish’ and take him to school or play with him. The older siblings, Lufuno and Mangu also wanted their pre-occupied mama back even as they helped to find references for various texts. My husband Vhonani’s unstinting support, especially during many moments of doubt and fatigue, has been the second heart that kept me going. I also owe a special thanks to my siblings – whose unconditional love and support sustained me during my struggle to complete this thesis. My family and my friends alike will be overjoyed that this study has finally come to an end after many years of my being distant and unavailable to them. I wish to acknowledge their constant reminder when I felt disheartened, that ‘giving up was not an option’. I undertook this study to preserve the memory of the ‘holy warriors’ of the WCC and its PCR. The thought of people like Baldwin Sjollema taking on the responsibility to fight against apartheid in 1968 and finally witnessing the birth of a new South Africa in 1994 in their later years, inspired me to reach the finish line. This work is dedicated to all those warriors – wherever they are around the world. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page .…………………………………………………………..……………… i Abstract .……………………………………………………………………………. ii Declaration ………………………………………………………………………… iii Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………. Iv List of acronyms ……………………………………………………………………vi Chapter 1: Introduction ……………………………………………………………1 Chapter 2: The origins and development of the WCC’s struggle against apartheid: From Amsterdam to New Dehli ..…………………………. 20 Chapter 3: The creation of the Programme to Combat Racism, c. 1968–1969 ……………………………………………… 67 Chapter 4: The PCR struggle against apartheid under the Uppsala mandate, 1970–1975 ……………………………………… 98 Chapter 5: The PCR struggle against apartheid under the Nairobi mandate, 1975–1982 …………………………………….. 144 Chapter 6: The PCR struggle against apartheid under the Vancouver mandate, 1983–1990 ………………………………… 188 Chapter 7: The PCR struggle against apartheid under the Canberra mandate, 1991–1994 ………………………………….. 233 Chapter 8: Conclusion ……………………………………………………….. 250 List of Sources ……………………………………………………………...... 263 v List of acronyms African Ministers Federation (AMF) African National Congress (ANC) All Africa Conference of Churches (AACC) American Committee on Africa (ACOA Amsterdam Rotterdam Bank (AMRO) Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action Against Apartheid (AWEPAA) Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) British Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) Christian Council of South Africa (CCSA) Christian Institute (CI) Commission on the Churches in International Affairs (CCIA) Credit Suisse (CS) Division of International Church Aid Refugees and World Service (DICARWS) Division of World Mission and Evangelism (DWME) Dutch Reformed Church (DRC) Ecumenical Development Cooperative Society (EDCS) Ecumenical Eminent Persons Group (EEPG) Ecumenical Monitoring Programme in South Africa (EMPSA). Eminent Church Persons’ Group (ECPG) End Loans to Southern Africa (ELTSA) European–American Banking Corporation (EABC) German Evangelical Church (EKD) Interfaith Centre on Corporate Responsibility (ICCR) International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF) International Missionary Council (IMC) National Party (NP) Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) Programme to Combat Racism (PRC) Roman Catholic Church (RCC) Shipping Research Bureau (SRB) South African Bureau of Race Affairs (SABRA) South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU) South African Council of Churches (SACC) Southern African Catholic Bishops’ Conference (SACBC). Staff Coordinating Committee on Racism (SCCR) Staff Executive Group (SEG) Swiss Bank Corporation (SBC) Taskforce on the Churches and Corporate Responsibility (TCCR) Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS) United Nations (UN) Washington Office on Africa (WOA) World Council of Churches (WCC) vi Chapter One Introduction Background The world faced a challenge when the National Party government in South Africa legally sanctioned a policy of racial segregation known as apartheid. This policy, justified by its planners on biblical grounds, was implemented remorselessly from 1948 until 1993. The apartheid government denied the majority of black citizens their basic human rights and access to wealth in the country. For decades, the subject of racial injustice
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