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Dag Wiese Schartum Og Anne Gunn B. Bekken (Red.) YULEX 2011

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Dag Wiese Schartum Og Anne Gunn B. Bekken (Red.) YULEX 2011 Yulex 2011 Dag Wiese Schartum og Anne Gunn B. Bekken (red.) YULEX 2011 Senter for rettsinformatikk / Avdeling for forvaltningsinformatikk Postboks 6706 St Olavs plass 0130 Oslo Henvendelser om denne bok kan gjøres til: Senter for rettsinformatikk Postboks 6706 St. Olavs plass 0130 Oslo Tlf. 22 85 01 01 www. jus.uio.no/iri/ ISBN 978-82-7226-139-8 ISSN 0806-1912 Utgitt i samarbeid med Unipub Trykk: AIT e-dit AS Omslagsdesign Kitty Ensby FORORD Hvert år oppfordrer vi våre forskere til å gi bort en artikkel til jul. Vi pakker bidragene inn og sender dem som Yulex og julehilsen til SERIs mange samar- beidspartnere og kontakter. Som i tidligere har årets bok blitt en forundrings- pakke med et innhold vi håper du får glede av. Når vi nå nærmer oss 2012 består kjernemiljøet ved Senter for rettsinfor- matikk av i alt 24 personer, blant dem seksten forskere. I tillegg er tolv for- skere ved andre deler av Det juridiske fakultetet i Oslo og andre akademiske institusjoner knyttet til senteret. Vi er glade over å kunne se tilbake på et år med forskningsaktiviteter og undervisning over bred front. I Yulex viser vi fram noe av mangfoldet i fors- kningen vår. Det kan derfor være på sin plass også å minne om at Senter for rettsinformatikk med Avdeling for forvaltningsinformatikk (AFIN) er ansvar- lige for et bachelorprogram og to masterprogrammer innen vårt fagområde, med rundt regnet 200 eksamenskandidater per år. I tillegg kommer eksamener på flere enkeltemner. Undervisningen på masternivå er langt på vei forskningsbasert, og målet er selvsagt at dyktige studenter selv får lyst og anledning til å forske og videreut- vikle retts- og forvaltningsinformatikken. Det er derfor en glede å kunne kon- statere at flere av våre forskere er rekruttert fra undervisningsprogrammene vi tilbyr. Noen av dem bidrar til dette årets utgave av Yulex. God jul og godt nytt år! PREFACE Every year, we ask our researchers to contribute with an article as Christmas present. Articles they give are wrapped up by the Norwegian Research Center for Computers and Law (NRCCL) as Yulex, and sent to friends and partners of the Center. Like previous years, Yulex 2011 has turned out to be a surpri- sing academic mix which we hope you will enjoy. On the threshold of the year 2012, the NRCCL is housing 24 people and among them, at the heart of the Centre, sixteen researchers. In addition twelve members of the Centre with primary association to other parts of The Law Faculty of Oslo and institutions outside our university are affiliated with the NRCCL. We are happy to look back on a year with broad and challenging research and educational activities. Yulex demonstrates some of the diversity of our re- search. Therefore, it may be appropriate to remind the reader that the NRCCL, with its Section for eGovernment Studies, offers three study programmes; one bachelor’s programme and two master’s programmes within our special field. Every year more than two hundred individual exams are submitted within our study programmes and other courses we offer. Our lectures on master’s level are to a large extent research based, and our aim is of course that competent students will have motivation and chance to develop their own research projects and contribute to our research field. Therefore, I am happy to note that several of our researchers have been re- cruited from our master´s programmes. Some of them are even contributing to this year’s edition of Yulex. Have a merry Christmas and a happy New Year! CONTENTS Jon Bing Personvernanekdoter ...................................................................................9 Emily M. Weitzenboeck Dynamic Networks: A brief review of literature with legal relevance ........31 Tobias Mahler Governance Models for Interoperable eIDs ...............................................43 Helge Sønneland En forkastet Google-avtale, et upopulært EU-direktiv, en nordisk løsning - samt noen opphavsrettslige utfordringer på EUs digitale agenda ..............63 Dag Wiese Schartum Developing eGovernment Systems – legal, technological and organizational aspects .......................................69 Tommy Tranvik Hvordan manipulere risikovurderinger? Erfaringer og observasjoner fra skolesektoren ...........................................95 Synnøve Thomassen Andersen, Arild Jansen Innovation in ICT-based health care provision ........................................107 Kevin McGillivray Igov2: Expansion of gTLD names – an evaluation of the objection-based dispute resolution system provided for in Module 3 of the Applicant Guidebook. ..........................129 PERSONVERNANEKDOTER Jon Bing 1 Prince Albert v Strange Dommen Prince Albert v Strange (High Court of Chancery 1849) fremheves ofte som den første dommen som anerkjente personvern i engelsk rett. Dronning Victoria og Prince Albert Eos, Belgravia Gallery I 1848 fikk prins Albert en midlertidig beføyelse for å hindre en forlegger, William Strange, å utgi en katalog med beskrivelser av raderinger som han og dronning Victoria hadde skapt – blant disse var portretter av dem selv, prin- sen av Wales, prinsessen og andre medlemmer av den kongelige familie. Det var scener fra barneværelset, og bilder av favoritthundene deres. Det var også reproduksjoner av gamle og sjeldne graveringer i dronningens eie. Flere av bildene var tegnet av dronningen etter levende modeller, og var senere overført til kobber av henne og prinsen. Opprinnelig ble raderingene reprodusert ved hjelp av en privat presse som de kongelige hadde anskaffet til dette bruket, og dronningen oppbevarte platene nedlåst. Enkelte av trykkene hang i dronnin- gens egne værelser på Windsor. Noen av raderingene ble sent til Middleton, en trykker i Windsor, for re- produksjon, slik at de kunne brukes som gaver til personlige venner. En av de ansatte hos trykkeren, Judge, laget noen kopier ekstra, og solgte disse til Strange, som ville vise dem offentlig i Egyptian Hall eller et annet galleri med like høyt renommé. Judge hadde skrevet en katalog for denne utstillingen – A Descriptive Catalogue of the Royal Victoria and Albert Gallery of Etchings. Kjøpere av katalogen ville også få en kopi av dronningens eller prinsens sig- natur, kopiert fra raderingene. Katalogen omfatter 63 raderinger. Katalogen ble innledet med en betraktning over den offentlige interesse som knyttet seg 10 Yulex 2011 til arbeidene. Det ble fremhevet at utstilling katalogen viste til, ville gjøre at enhver kunne danne seg en mening om dronningens og prinsens evner, der var, som katalogen vedgikk, vanskelig å briljere som billedkunstner, til og med vanskelig å heve seg over det middelmådige. Det ble trykket 51 eksemplar av katalogen, deretter ble blysatsen brutt opp. Strange klaget til visekansleren, Knight Bruce, for å få den midlertidige be- føyelsen opphevet. Han sa at etter at han var blitt kjent med prinsens innven- dinger, så ville han ikke utgi katalogen. Men siden han hadde full rett til å gjøre det, burde beføyelsen oppheves. Visekansleren avslo begjæringen, og Strange henvendte seg til Lord Chancellor, Cottenham. Han avslo klagen med den be- grunnelse at opplysningene i katalogen måtte være ulovlig innhentet «in breach of trust, confidence or contract». Lord Cottenham sa at «privacy is the right invaded», og konkluderte med at ettersom dronningen og prinsen hadde laget raderingene for sin egen personlige bruk, var de berettiget til å hindre offentlig- gjøring og bestemme hvorvidt og eventuelt hvem som skulle få tilgang til dem. Til tross for at avgjørelsen viser til et knippe prejudikater, bl a Wyatt v Wilson (1820) som angikk en gravering av kong George III på dødsleiet, an- ses den som den første avgjørelsen som fastslår at det i engelsk rett finnes et personvern. 2 «Hvo, som krænker Privatlivets Fred …» Hovedbestemmelsen om vern av privatlivets fred i norsk rett er straffeloven § 390: «Med bøter eller fengsel inntil 3 måneder straffes den som krenker privat- lovets fred ved å gi offentlig meddelelse om personlige eller huslige forhold.» Bakgrunnen for denne hovedbestemmelsen er uklar. I arbeidet med å lage en alminnelig straffelov, ble den daværende «Lov angaande Forbrytelser af 20de August 1842» revidert ved en omfattende en- dringslov av 29.6.1889. Ved denne endringen ble det inntatt en bestemmelse som er forløperen til straffeloven § 390: «Hvo, som krænker Privatlivets Fred ved uden paavislig agtverdig Grund at give offentlig Meddelse om personlige eller huslige Forhold, straffes med Bøder eller Fængsel.» Som Ole Tokvam har vist i Personvern og straffeansvar – straffeloven § 390 (CompLex 4/95, Tano, Oslo 1995) var denne endringen ikke medtatt i det opprinnelige forslaget. Det dukket først opp i utkastet til ny straffelov, «Straffelovkommisisionens Udkast til forskjellige kapitler i Straffelovens spe- cielle del». I den opprinnelige forslag av 15.5.1888 mangler bestemmelsen, og Personvernanekdoter 11 den er klemt inn mellom §§ 4 og 5 i kapittel 14 om ærekrenkelser med beteg- nelsen § 4a, den eneste bestemmelsen som har en slik «bokstavbenevnelse». I innstillingen til Odelstinget (Indst O VI for 1889 s 25) er det en svært knapp begrunnelse på ett avsnitt, hvor det henvises til «den danske Strafelov af 10de Februar 1866 dens § 220 og flere fremmede straffelove». Hvilke fremmede lover det gjelder, fremgår ikke av motivene, og det har ikke lykkes å finne frem til hvilke det siktes til. Forarbeidene fremhever dessuten at bestemmelsen er ønskelig «Under Forholdenes Udvikling ogsaa hos os». Hvilke forhold det siktes til, blir altså ikke presisert. I Lov&Data 89/2007:18-19
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