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Klima Kao Turistički Resurs KLIMA KAO TURISTIČKI RESURS dr Nikica Radović, docent • Klima ... ... prosečna vrednost klimatskih elemenata iznad nekog područja, praćena u dužem vremenskom intervalu, min 30 godina. Klimatski elementi Sunčeva radijacija Pravac i brzina insolacija vetra Vlažnost Temperatura vazduha vazduha-tla Vazdušni Snežni pritisak pokrivač Padavine Faktori klime o Geografska širina i dužina o Nadmorska visina o Udaljenost od mora o Reljef o Vegetacija o Uticaj čoveka • Klima je moderator turističkih aktivnosti - uslovljava vrstu turističkih aktivnosti - načine realizacije - formiranje imidža • Direktan i indirektan uticaj na razvoj turizma i turističke ponude u prostoru • Klimatski tipovi žarkog toplotnog pojasa - Ekvatorska klima - Tropska klima - Monsunska klima - Pustinjska klima • Klimatski tipovi umerenih toplotnih pojaseva - Sredozemna (suptropska) klima - Atlantska klima - Umereno-kontinentalna klima - Kontinentalna klima - Planinska klima • Кlimatski tipovi hladnih toplotnih pojaseva - Subpolarna klima - Polarna klima • Klima kao turistički resurs Najpogodniji elementi klime za psihofizičko zdravlje čoveka su: Temperatura vazduha 22°C Relativna vlažnost 60% • Najoptimalniji klimatski tipovi za razvoj turističkih aktivnosti su: Sredozemna klima -žarka, suva leta, -blage zime Planinska klima -sveža leta, hladne zime -obilan sneg • Promene klime i vremenskih prilika sneg-snežni nanosi, led, kiša, klizav kolovoz, smanjena vidljivost, magla,sneg na pistama, zaleđeni avioni, brzina i jačina vetra, grmljavine i oluje,poplave, klizišta, bujice, odroni, visoki talasi, ledene sante, bura Usporavanje i ugrožavanje saobraćaja Estetski, fizički i termalni uticaj na turiste Vetar & turizam Različite vrste vetrova imaju veliki uticaj na razvoj turizma na određenim prostorima Vrste vetrova: - Stalni (pasati, zapadni, istočni) - Periodični (monsuni) - Lokalni (košava, bura, jugo, tajfun,uragan) Vetar & turizam Prijatni vetrovi (poletarac, južni) povoljno dejstvo Neprijatno dejstvo severnog vetra, košave, tornado, cunami, bura,... Povoljno – vetrogeneratori, vetroparkovi tj. akumulacija i primena eolske energije u hotelima Prilagođavanje arhitekture vrstama i udarima vetra Turistički klimatski indeks TCI • Sedam objedinjenih klimatskih parametara koji se odnose na osobine turizma, tur.tokove na obalama mora i okeana • Zasnovan na toplotnom komforu • Biometereološki parametri • Psihološki faktori – očekivana udobnost i percepcija termičkih uslova Klimatoprofilaksa • Medicinska klimatoterapija • Uticaj na realizaciju i razvoj medicinskog i spa&wellness turizma • Morska klima - uticaj Sunca, slane vode i vazduha • Vreme je trenutno stanje klimatskih elemenata iznad nekog područja Temperatura Svetlost Vlažnost vazduha Padavine • Vremenske prilike utiču na planiranje putovanja • Dnevni, nedeljni, mesečni metereološki podaci i prognoze • Zabeležene najviše temperature na Zemlji: 56.7°C Dolina Smrti, Kalifornija 10.07.1913. 57.8°C Al Aziziyah, Libija 13.09.1922. 53.9°C Tirat Tsvi, Izrael 21.06.1942. 48.0°C Atina, Grčka 10.07.1977. 14.6°C Vanda station, Antarktik, 05.01.1974. • Zabeležene najniže temperature na Zemlji: -89.2°C Istraživačka stanica Vostok, Antarktik 21.07.1983. -58.1°C Ust Shchugor, Rusija 31.12.1978. -69.8°C Verhojansk, Rusija 07.02.1892. -23.9°C Ifran, Maroko 11.02.1935. -66.0°C North Ice, Grenland 09.01.1954. -39.0°C Valle de Los Patos Superior, Argentina 17.07.1972. -23.0°C Charlotte Pass, Novi Južni Vels 29.06.1994. Infrastruktura kao turistički resurs • VODENI SAOBRAĆAJ SAOBRAĆAJNA • VAZDUŠNI SAOBRAĆAJ INFRASTRUKTURA • KOPNENI SAOBRAĆAJ • OBJEKTI ZA INFORMISANJE • OBJEKTI ZA REKREACIJU TURISTIČKA • OBJEKTI ZA ZABAVU INFRASTRUKTURA • OBJEKTI ZA PREDAH • .... Saobraćajna infrastruktura • U 2016. godini vazdušni saobraćaj je bio dominantan (55%), dok je ostatak putnika u svetu putovao površinskim transportom(45%) - drumskim (39%), šinama (2%) ili vodenim putem (4%). • Udeo vazdušnog saobraćaja postepeno raste. Vidovi saobraćaja u 2017.g. Source: World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) © 2018.g. POVEZANOST SAOBRAĆAJA I TURIZMA • kvalitet turističkog proizvoda i aktivnosti zavise od modernizacije, obima i kvaliteta transportnih sredstava • brzina, bezbednost, udobnost i cena prevoza - glavni faktori u izboru odredišta za turistička putovanja • održavanje postojećih puteva i izgradnja novih puteva • intenzivan razvoj pomorskog i vazdušnog saobraćaja • izgradnja lokalnih aerodroma i unapređenje lokalne kontrole i operacija letenja Saobraćajna infrastruktura (mreža) • Prekookeanski i pomorski Vodeni saobraćaj • Rečni, jezerski, kanalski Kopneni • Drumski saobraćaj • Železnički Vazdušni • Tradicionalne aviokompanije • Lowcost kompanije saobraćaj • Hibridne kompanije Kosmički saobraćaj Saobraćajna infrastruktura VODENI SAOBRAĆAJ • Luke, marine, pristaništa • Prekookeanska, morska, rečna krstarenja https://krstarenja.rs/ • Vodeni saobraćaj savremeni ekskluzivni turizam (krstarenja) - putovanje okeanima, morima i rekama, odmor u nekoliko zemalja • Najveći kruzer na svetu kompanije Royal Caribbean International - Symphony of the Seas (6.680 putnika, 2.200 članova posade, dužine 362 m) https://www.msckrstarenja.com/hr-hr/Cruise- Destinations/Mediterranean.aspx Saobraćajna infrastruktura KOPNENI SAOBRAĆAJ Drumska i železnička mreža puteva Autobuske, železničke, metro, TAXI stanice Saobraćajna mreža MOSKVA • uvodjenje železnice kao prve transportne revolucije doprinelo je razvoju privrede, porastu životnog standarda, posebno turizma. • železnički saobradaj: ekonomičan, pogodan za povezivanje prigradskih delova sa urbanim centrima • brzi vozovi: francuski TGV 250-350 km/h, nemački ICE 232 km/h U kineskim avio-kompanijama „Čajna sautern“,„Čajna istern“ i državnoj kompaniji „Er Čajna“ strahuju od konkurencije superbrzih vozova jer je kapacitet dva voza 1200 putnika, a brzina je oko 350 km/h. (Tanjug) Železnički saobraćaj i turizam • Orient ekspres, 1883.g. • Transsibirska železnica 9288km Moskva- Vladivostok • Indijska luksuzna tura • Rhaetian Railway, RailTour – turoperator specijalizovan za železnički prevoz u švajcarskim Alpima http://www.the-maharajas.com/ ORIENT EKSPRES, 1883.g. Železnički saobraćaj i turizam • Šarganska osmica Turističko-muzejska železnica „Ćira“ 1922-1974.g. http://www.sarganskaosmica.rs/ Saobraćajna infrastruktura VAZDUŠNI SAOBRAĆAJ • Legenda Ikar&Dedal • 15. vek Leonardo Da Vinči • Početak 19.veka – baloni • 1903.g. braća Rajt prvi let avionom • 1927.g. Lindberg preleteo Atlantski okean (Njujork-Pariz, 5800km, 33 sata) Saobraćajna infrastruktura VAZDUŠNI SAOBRAĆAJ • Avioni, helikopteri, kanaderi • Aerodromi, heliodromi, kontrola leta, avioprevoznici • Tradicionalne aviokompanije • Lowcost kompanije • Hibridne kompanije LOWCOST AVIOKOMPANIJE • Koriste samo jedan tip letelice kako bi smanjili troškove održavanja aviona • Lete do manjih/sporednih aerodroma koji predstavljaju znatno jeftiniju alternativu glavnim aerodromima-niske takse • Imaju minimalnu administraciju • Prodaju karte isključivo putem interneta ili call centra • Nemaju kancelarije širom sveta, niti koriste usluge agencija • Veliki dnevni nalet aviona (minimalna zadržavanja na aerodromima) LOWCOST AVIOKOMPANIJE • Menadžment je sveden na minimum • Jednoobrazna putnička kabina bez više različitih klasa (nemaju biznis klasu) • Usluga obuhvata samo prevoz bez drugih pratećih usluga • Sve dodatne usluge (prtljag, hrana i piće, izbor sedišta) se posebno se naplaćuju • Ne prodaju putovanja sa konekcijom, time smanjuju troškove rerutiranja putnika i plaćanja penala. LOWCOST AVIOKOMPANIJE • Southwest Airlines je trenutno najveća niskotarifna avio kompanija u svetu. • Najpoznatiji niskotarifni prevoznici su: Ryanair i Easyjet, koji se smatraju pionirima ovog koncepta u Evropi. • Tu se ubrajaju još i Norwegian Air Shutlle, Wizz Air, Vueling, Air Asia, Air Arabia, Southwest Airlines i dr. • Zbog promena na avio tržištu stvorena je mešavina lowcost i tradicionalnih aviokompanija bez jasne podele. Pojavile su se nove aviokompanije koje se u startu teško mogu svrstati u jedan ili u drugi model poslovanja, pa se onda nazivaju hibridnim kompanijama, jer primenjuju ponešto od oba poslovna modela. • U hibridne lowcost aviokompanije spadaju Norwegian, Air Baltic, Aer Lingus, Germawings, a ka ovoj opciji naginje u poslednje vreme i Adria Airways. • Pojedine lowcost aviokompanije su promenile način poslovanja i sada se smataju hibridnim ili tradicionalnim prevoznicima (Air Berlin, Flydubai). • Velike tradicionalne aviokompanije u poslednje vreme osnivaju svoje sopstvene niskobudžetne avioprevoznike kako bi uštedeli na troškovima • Air France - HOP!, • Lufthansa - Germanwings, • Emirates - Flydubai, • Iberia - Vueling. Niskobudžetne - low cost avio kompanije u Srbiji • Wizz air • Ryanair • Easyjet • Pegasus Airlines • Norwegian Air • Vueling Airlines • Fly Dubai • Aegean Broj linija u regiji prema prevoznicima (2016) Aerodromi u Srbiji Aerodrom Nikola Tesla, Beograd, Surčin (koncesija) Aerodrom Konstantin Veliki, Niš upravlja JP Aerodrom Morava, Kraljevo “Aerodromi Srbije” Aerodrom Ponikve, Užice (JP, grad Užice) KOSMIČKI SAOBRAĆAJ • Let u svemir • Rakete, svemirske letelice, ... • Kosmički ili Svemirski turizam je novi oblik turizma. Javlja se kao ideja u poslednjim godinama 20. veka. • Svemirskim turizmom se bave „NASA“, „European Space Agency“, ruska kosmička agencija „Roskosmos“, američka firma „Space Adventurs“,... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6J7FteaW2Q Svemirski turizam • Denis Tito (1940, SAD), 2001.g. prvi turista u svemiru • NASA ga je odbila, pa je prošao test
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