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Go-Ahead Men: Yankee Westerners Test Masculine Bonds in the Early American Republic

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Go-Ahead Men: Yankee Westerners Test Masculine Bonds in the Early American Republic Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2011 Go-ahead men: Yankee Westerners test masculine bonds in the early American republic Charlotte Cathy Rodabaugh West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Rodabaugh, Charlotte Cathy, "Go-ahead men: Yankee Westerners test masculine bonds in the early American republic" (2011). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 4774. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/4774 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GO-AHEAD MEN: YANKEE WESTERNERS TEST MASCULINE BONDS IN THE EARLY AMERICAN REPUBLIC Charlotte (Cathy) Rodabaugh Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Approved by Kenneth Fones-Wolf, Committee Chairperson Brian Luskey Michal McMahon Katherine Aaslestad James Brewer Stewart Department of History Morgantown, West Virginia 2011 Keywords: Symmes, Giddings, abolition, Bleeding Kansas, manhood, self-made man Copyright 2011 Charlotte (Cathy) Rodabaugh Abstract GO-AHEAD MEN: YANKEE WESTERNERS TEST MASCULINE BONDS IN THE EARLY AMERICAN REPUBLIC by Charlotte (Cathy) Rodabaugh Colonial New England fathers normally launched sons’ careers, often aided by other male relatives. However, economic developments in the early American republic rendered sons’ expectations less sure even as Americans began celebrating the concept of the self-made man and pressured young men to distinguish themselves. Even worse, they asserted that success or failure signaled more about the man than about his particular circumstances. This study delves into some close male relationships through which were negotiated these tensions between cultural expectations and reality. Scholars describe the rise of a distinctly Northern, middle-class manhood, but this project isolates how the relationships that undergirded it functioned for individual men propelled toward imagined opportunities in the emerging West, where the fabled “Yankee go-ahead” might achieve its purest expression. It corrects an overemphasis on Eastern urban centers and also challenges a prevailing view that a cultural celebration of individualism reflecting broad changes underway was exemplified by hordes of ambitious, competitive young men eager to try their hands at self-fashioning. If this research is indicative, often a circle of close male associates surrounded and protected aspiring men from suffering the full potential brunt of the competitive marketplace. Three chapters examine case studies involving Northwest Territory Judge John Cleves Symmes, Western Reserve abolitionist Joshua Giddings, and Bleeding Kansas participant Oscar Learnard. All three had New England backgrounds and ideas about what roles close male associates might play in the lives of young men hoping for a launch into adulthood. They also had a boundless supply of ambition and viewed the developing West as the place to unleash it: they were go-ahead men. DEDICATION The author dedicates this work to her husband, Stephen Rodabaugh, for his boundless support, and to the memory of her father, Bert Earls. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe thanks to numerous individuals or institutions without whose assistance this work would have never seen completion. Foremost, my husband Stephen Rodabaugh’s enthusiasm and patience never flagged for a moment, even when it meant my prolonged absence from home—and from reliable income production. My sister Patricia Earls Lucy selflessly oversaw the care of our elderly parents in a distant state so conscientiously that I could stay on task during times when I knew I should have been in Kansas with her. The history faculty at Youngstown State University was engaged and encouraging, especially Diane Barnes, in whose graduate class this project began. On her prodding, an academic neophyte introduced herself at a conference to Jim Stewart, who quickly became the Giddings study’s unofficial shepherd, and a source of priceless advice and encouragement. Raymond Krohn is a graduate program office-mate turned son-in- law who is also patience personified, and has spent hours reading or discussing parts of this project. Stacey Robertson sent me her unpublished book manuscript and Rachel Doddato of the Sutliff Museum allowed me to read the un-accessioned Sutliff papers. James Hilston’s invaluable technical assistance rescued me at just the right time. Numerous institutions opened their archives to me and their staffs provided on site support or copying, for which I am grateful. Those include the Western Reserve Historical Society (Cleveland), Sutliff Museum (Warren, Ohio), Maag Library of Youngstown State University (Youngstown, Ohio), West Virginia University/Special Collections (Morgantown, West Virginia), Spencer Research Library of Kansas State University (Lawrence, Kansas), Antiquarian Society (Worcester, Massachusetts), Firestone Library of Princeton University (Princeton, New Jersey), Library Company (Philadelphia), Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library (Springfield, Illinois), Indiana Historical Society (Indianapolis), Indiana State Library (Indianapolis), Kansas Historical Society (Topeka, Kansas), Clements iv Research Library (Ann Arbor, Michigan), Library of Congress (Washington D.C.), Newberry Library (Chicago), Vermont Historical Society (Barre, Vermont), Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History (New York City), Filson Historical Society (Louisville), Winterthur Estate and Research Library (Wilmington, Delaware), and Kreitzberg Library of Norwich University (Northfield, Vermont). Several of those institutions funded my visits by way of research fellowships: Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, Vermont Historical Society, Winterthur Estate, and Filson Historical Society. Additional funding came through awards from Colonial Dames of America, the Stuart and Joyce Robbins Fellowship, the Wesley M. Bagby Award, WVU Department of History, WVU Graduate Office, WVU Graduate Education and Life, and the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences. In addition, the WVU Department of History helped fund numerous trips for conferences or research through departmental grants. All three case studies evolved over time and were presented in various forms at numerous conferences. The feedback of commentators and attendees has improved each one. Carol Lasser opened a fresh vista for the Giddings study when she suggested I look into the circumstances surrounding Giddings’s marriage and the birth of his first child. It is impossible to overstate the value of a supportive department. The Department of History at West Virginia University repeatedly exceeded my expectations in encouragement, provision, hospitality, and collegiality. Graduate director/Chairperson Steve Zdatny and Chairperson Elizabeth Fones-Wolf each seemed magically to make potential obstacles disappear. Two of my case studies originated in seminar classes of Mary Lou Lustig and Kenneth Fones-Wolf. I appreciate tremendously the input and patience of my exam and defense committees: Kenneth Fones-Wolf, Mary Lou Lustig, Michal McMahon, Brian Luskey, Katherine Aaslestad, James Brewer Stewart, and Diane Barnes. Somehow, Martha May solves our innumerable problems with her incomparable v patience and good nature. Finally, it would be hard to overstate what an outstanding advisor Ken Fones–Wolf has been. He helped me envision separate studies as a coherent dissertation topic and was an unending source of valuable guidance on research or funding strategies. He normally set me loose to do my own thinking, but reined me in when my preoccupation for solving every last question threatened to derail every deadline we set—and re-set. For the generous guidance, patience, friendship, and example of Ken (and Liz), I will always be grateful. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. ii Dedication ......................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................. iv Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................. vii INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1: THE WISTFUL PATRIARCH: JOHN CLEVES SYMMES AND HIS GRANDSONS ..................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 2: JOSHUA GIDDINGS: AMBITION, MENTORSHIP, AND
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