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Historic Mining Resources of San Juan County, Colorado______Name of Multiple Property Listing State ______ Historic Mining Resources of San Juan County, Colorado_________________ Name of Multiple Property Listing State _____________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents for Written Narrative Provide the following information on continuation sheets. Cite the letter and title before each section of the narrative. Assign page numbers according to the instructions for continuation sheet in How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (National Register Bulletin 16B). Fill in page numbers for each section in the space below. PAGE NUMBERS SUBJECT TO CHANGE E 1 Statement of Historic Contexts………………………………………………………...….1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….….…..1 The Physical Environment of San Juan County………………………………….….….…....2 San Juan County’s Mining Districts………………..………………………...………...…….5 Las Animas Mining District…………………………………………………..……...5 Eureka Mining District…………………………………………….….…………..…6 Cement Creek Sub-District……………………………………...………….………6 Mineral Creek Mining District………………………………………...…………….7 Ice Lake Mining District……………………………………………………...……..7 Mineral Point Mining District…………………………….………………...……….7 Poughkeepsie Mining District………………………………………………...…….7 Bear Creek Mining District…………………………………………….………...…8 E 1 The History of Mining in San Juan County………………………………………...….…8 The Gold Rush, 1860 – 1861……………………………………………..……….8 Return to the San Juans, 1870-1874 ……………………………………………12 Settlement and Establishment of Industry, 1875-1881 ………………………….29 The Early 1880s Boom, 1882-1885 ..…………………………………………...53 The Late 1880s Slump, 1886-1889……………..……………………………….68 The Value of Silver is Restored, 1890-1893 ……………………………………72 The Silver Crash, 1894-1897 …...……………………….…….…………….…..81 The Great Mining Revival, 1898-1910 .………………………………....………92 World War I Revival, 1915-1921…………………………….......……………126 Major Decline, 1922-1932………………………..……………………………147 Great Depression Era Revival, 1933-1939 …………………………….……...155 World War II, 1941-1945……………………………………………………..163 Post World War II Recovery, 1946-1954 ………………………………..……164 An End to Mining………………………………………………………………..169 E 2 Mining and Milling Methods, Technology, and Equipment…………………………..172 Placer Mining……………………………………………………………....……172 The Nature of Placer Deposits…………………………………………..172 Prospecting for Placer Gold…………………………………………….173 Placer Mining Methods………………………………………………….173 Hardrock Mining………………………………………………………………...175 The Nature of Hardrock Ore Deposits………………………………….175 Prospecting for Hardrock Ore…………………………………………..176 Deep Exploration and the Development of Ore Bodies………………...177 The Mine Surface Plant…………………………………………………179 Surface Plants for Tunnels………………………………………………180 Historic Mining Resources of San Juan County, Colorado_________________ Name of Multiple Property Listing State _____________________________________________________________________________ Surface Plants for Shafts………………………………………………..186 Additional Surface Plant Components……………………………….….201 Ore Beneficiation: Smelting, Ore Concentration, and Amalgamation……….….214 Smelters…………………………………………………………………214 Concentration Mills…………………………………………………...…216 Amalgamation Stamp Mills……………………………………………...219 Arrastras………………………………………………………………...219 F. Property Types and Registration Requirements……………………………………....221 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...…221 Overview of Periods of Significance and Areas of Significance………………………..222 Property Types and Registration Requirements………………………………………....241 Property Type: Placer Mine…………………………………………………………….241 Property Type: Hardrock Prospect……………………………………………………...246 Property Type: Hardrock Mine…………………………………………………………253 Property Type: Aerial Tramway………………………………………………………..264 Property Type: Ore Concentration Facility………………………………….………..…271 Property Type: Smelter…………………………………………………………………284 Property Type: Mining Settlement and Residence………………….…………………...288 Property Type: Rural Historic Mining Landscape………………………………………..304 G. Geographic Data…………………………………………………………………….…309 H. Summary of Identification and Evaluation Methods…………………………………309 I. Major Bibliographic References………………………………………………….……311 J. Illustrations…………………….………………………………………………….……325 Section E: The Geography of San Juan County’s Mining Districts……………...……….325 Section E: The History of Mining in San Juan County…………………………………...334 Section E: Mining and Milling Methods, Technology, and Equipment…………………...353 Section F: Property Types and Registration Requirements……………………………..386 NPS Form 10-900-b OMB No.1024-0018 (Revised March 1992) United States Department of the Interior Historic Mining Resources National Park Service of San Juan County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form This form is used for documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (National Register Bulletin 10-900-a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer to complete all items. _X_ New Submission _ _ Amended Submission ______________________________________________________________________ SECTION A: NAME OF MULTIPLE PROPERTY LISTING Historic Mining Resources of San Juan County, Colorado ______________________________________________________________________ SECTION B: ASSOCIATED HISTORIC CONTEXTS (name each associated historic context, identifying theme, geographical area, and chronological period) The Gold Rush, 1860-1861 Return to the San Juans, 1870-1874 Settlement and Establishment of Industry, 1875-1881 The Early 1880s Boom, 1882-1885 The Value of Silver is Restored, 1890-1893 The Silver Crash, 1894-1897 The Great Mining Revival, 1898-1910 World War I Revival, 1915-1921 Great Depression Era Revival, 1933-1939 Post World War II Recovery, 1946-1954 ______________________________________________________________________ SECTION C: FORM PREPARED BY name/title_____Eric Twitty, historian, M.A._________________________________________ organization___Mountain States Historical (303) 499-4334__ date____September 27, 2010___ street & number 1011 Glenwood Drive_________________ telephone_(303) 499-4334____ city or town___Lafayette__________ state_CO________zip code__80026______________ ______________________________________________________________________ SECTION D: CERTIFICATION As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, I hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in CFR Part 60 and the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology and Historic Preservation. (see continuation sheet for additional comments [ ] ) ___________________________________State Historic Preservation Officer________________ Signature and title of certifying official date Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Colorado Historical Society_____________________ State or Federal agency and bureau______________________________________________ NPS Form 10-900-b OMB No.1024-0018 (Revised March 1992) United States Department of the Interior Historic Mining Resources National Park Service of San Juan County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form This form is used for documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (National Register Bulletin 10-900-a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer to complete all items. _X_ New Submission _ _ Amended Submission I hereby certify that this multiple property documentation form has been approved as a basis for evaluating related properties for listing in the National Register. ______________________________________________________________________ Signature of the Keeper date of action NPS Form 10-900-b OMB No.1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior Historic Mining Resources National Park Service of San Juan County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number _E_ Page 1 Section E 1: History of Mining in San Juan County INTRODUCTION In terms of mining history, San Juan County is among the most important regions in the Rocky Mountain states. The county hosted a local mining industry that was significant for its longevity, productivity, role in key industry events, and association with important people. For example, in 1860, the Animas River drainage was the scene of the first popular gold rush in southwestern Colorado. This initial event led to the exploration and popularization of the San Juan Mountains. During the late 1870s, hardrock mining took hold and became important enough to convince the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad to grade a narrow-gauge line to the San Juans and then up to Silverton. The railroad is still in service today as one of Colorado’s premiere tourist attractions, designated a National Historic Landmark in July 1961. Following the Silver Crash of 1893, the owners of the two largest mines in the county instituted the practice of producing and milling low-grade ore in unprecedented volumes to offset the meager returns per ton of material. When these two individuals demonstrated that the strategy was effective, the rest of Colorado’s hardrock mining industry followed and pulled the state out of the mid-1890s depression. An outstanding assemblage
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