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Home , Rhamnaceae, Rhamnus (plant), Ziziphus abyssinica, Ziziphus mauritiana, Ziziphus mucronata

Ziziphus jujuba Mill. mauritiana Lam. Willd.

Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, Grace N. Njoroge, Maroof Ali Turi, and Hammand Ahmad Jan

Synonyms

Ziziphus jujuba Mill.: Ziziphus sativa Gaertn; Ziziphus vulgaris Lam, zizyphus L. Lam.: mairei H. Lév.; Rhamnus jujuba L.; Hochst.; Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Gaertn.; Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Lam.; Ziziphus mairei (H. Lév.) Browicz & Lauerer; Ziziphus muratiana Maire; Ziziphus orthacantha DC.; Ziziphus rotundata DC.; Ziziphus tomentosa Poir. Ziziphus mucronata Willd.: Ziziphus adelensis Delile; Ziziphus baclei DC.; Ziziphus bubalina Licht. ex Schult.; Ziziphus madecassus H. Perrier; Ziziphus mitis A. Rich.

R. W. Bussmann (*) Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Saving Knowledge, La Paz, Bolivia e-mail: [email protected] N. Y. Paniagua-Zambrana Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Herbario Nacionál de Bolivia, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia G. N. Njoroge Department of Botany, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agricultura and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya M. A. Turi College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China H. A. Jan Islamia College Peshawar Jamrod Road, University Campus Peshawar, Peshawar,

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 1 R. W. Bussmann (ed.), Ethnobotany of the Mountain Regions of , Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77086-4_174-1 2 R. W. Bussmann et al.

Local Names

Ziziphus abyssinica: Kamba: Kiae, Muae; Lugbara: Lu; Hehe: Mutanula; Acholi: Olango (Kokwaro 2009). Ziziphus mauritiana: Amharic: Kurkura; Borana: Qurgura; Marakwet: Tilomwa, Yilomwa; Pokot: Tlomwo, Tlomwa; Rendile: Qasa; Somali: Geb, Gub; Tugut: Tilolwo; Turkana: Enkalale; Swahili: Mkunazi; Acholi: Lango; Hehe: Mtyanula; English: Dunks, , Indian cherry, Indian jujube, Indian plum, Chinese date, Chinese apple, Bear , Desert apple (Beentje 1994; Gachati 1989; Kokwaro 2009). Ziziphus mucronata: Digo: Mungugune; Girama: Mguguna; Kipsigit: Mimanbiliot; Luo: Lang’o, Longo; Maa: Ol-Oilailke; Marakwet: Nonoiywa; Pokot: Tirokwo; Samburu: Loilalei; Tugut: Ninoiwa; Noiwa; Turkana: Esilang, Amaleri; Sukuma: Ilegero; Swahili: Mkunazi; Sandawi: Tsindimak’o; English: Buffalo thorn, Cape thorn. (Beentje 1994; Gachati 1989; Kokwaro 2009).

Botany and Ecology

Ziziphus jujuba: or mall tree, 3–8 m tall. Spreading-branching spinose , branches angularly flexuose, glabrous, red-brown, with paired large acute prickles up to 3 cm long, and with thin erect greenish biseriately, leafy shoots (1–3 on each) like a compound ; coriaceous, glabrous, dark green above, shiny, obliquely oblong- ovate to broadly lanceolate usually obtuse, rounded or slightly cordate at base, obtusely and finely dentate, short -petiolate or subsessile, with small stipules at base. stellate, 3–4 mm in diameter, in dense glomerules on very short peduncles, peduncles, sepals 5, ovate-triangular; petals 5, greenish-yellow, obovate, clawed at base. globulose, 1–1.5 cm long (in cultivated forms up to 3 cm long, often oblong-oval), to dark cinnamon, reddish-orange to red-purple shiny. Flowering from. June–July, fruiting from August. Caucasus, Middle Asia, on dry, gravelly, stony slopes, in open forests, up to 1500 m. Uncommon, occurs in small populations and as solitary individuals (Shishkin and Boborov 1949) (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7). Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.: Spiny, shrub or small tree up to 3–15 m tall, with trunk 40 cm or more in diameter. Crown spreading; branches with stipular spines, drooping. Bark dark grey or dull black, irregularly fissured. Leaves variable, alternate, in 2 rows, oblong-elliptic, 2.5–6 Â 1.5–5 cm, with tip rounded or slightly notched base; finely wavy-toothed on edges, shiny green and hairless above; dense, whitish, soft hairs underneath. Inflorescence axillary cymes, 1–2 cm long, with 7–20 flowers; peduncles 2–3 mm long; flowers 2–3 mm across, greenish-yellow, faintly fragrant; pedicels 3–8 mm long; calyx with 5 deltoid lobes, hairy outside, glabrous within; petals 5, sub-spathulate, concave, reflexed. Fruit a drupe, globose to ovoid, up to 6 Â 4 cm in cultivation, usually much smaller when wild; skin smooth or rough, glossy, thin but tough, yellowish to reddish or blackish; flesh white, crisp, juicy, acidic to sweet, becoming mealy in fully ripe . Seed a tuberculate and Ziziphus jujuba Mill. ... 3

Fig. 1 Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae), Lagodekhi, Georgia. (Photo R. W. Bussmann and N. Y. Paniagua-Zambrana)

irregularly furrowed stone, containing 1–2 elliptic brown kernels each 6 mm long (Johnston 1972) (Fig. 8). Ziziphus mucronata Willd.: or small to 15(–30) m tall, armed with spinous stipules. Bark of bole dark grey, smooth to rough to corrugated; slash- crimson, soft. Branches often zig-zag. Leaf-blades ovate, (2–)3–6(–8) cm long, (1.3–)2–3.5(–4.7) cm wide, at base often markedly asymmetrical, rounded or rarely very shallowly cordate, acute, often acuminate or rarely obtuse, serrulate, 3-nerved from base, the nerves of the dull upper surface only slightly if at all impressed; petioles 2–7 mm long. Cymes (5–)10–15 mm long, and about as thick, (3–)7–25 flowered; peduncles 1–3 mm. long; pedicels 1–3 mm. long in flower, 3–5 mm long in fruit. Sepals 1.5–2 mm. long, spreading in flower. Petals 1–1.5 mm long, spread- ing in flower. 2-celled, stigmas 2. Fruit globose, 12–20 mm thick, reddish or reddish brown at maturity (Johnston 1972).

Local Medicinal Uses

Ziziphus abyssinica: Root decoction used as abortificant. Dried and powdered root rubbed in chest incision to treat pneumonia. Root decoction also to treat asthma, venereal diseases, stomachache, and snake bites. Burnt leaves for tonsilitis (Kokwaro 2009). 4 R. W. Bussmann et al.

Fig. 2 Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae), Lagodekhi, Georgia. (Photo R. W. Bussmann and N. Y. Paniagua-Zambrana)

Ziziohys jujuba: Up to the end of the nineteenth century it was highly valued in in medicine where the fruits (Baccae jujubae, jujube, Brustbeere, breast berry) and preparations made from them were used as emollients in the treatment of throat and catarrhal infections (Sokolov 1988). In Middle Asia used as a laxative, sudorific, and anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, expectorant, emollient, anti- asthmatic, as hemostatic, and cystitis. Topically the extract is used for stomatitis. The fruits are used as sedative. The fruits are used for catarrh of the upper airways, fevers, and to treat intestinal infections. The root bark is used as a stimulant and the fruits have antibacterial action. In Middle Asia, a decoction of the fruit is used for anemia, chest pains, asthma, coughs, smallpox, diarrhea, and as an analgesic for diseases of the liver, kidneys, and intestines and also as hypotensive (Sokolov 1988). Has antibacterial properties (Ahmad Jan et al. 2019). Ziziphus mauritiana: Leaves, fruits, and bark are used medicinally. Pounded roots are added to drinking water and given to poultry suffering from diarrhea and to humans for indigestion. The root decoction is used as abortificant, the infusion for dysentery, tuberculosis, and indigestion. Dried and powdered root rubbed in chest incision to treat pneumonia. Root decoction also as prophylactioc to avoid swollen legs in menstruating women (Kokwaro 2009). Serves to treat chicken pox, ulcers, diarrhea, asthma, toothaches, and jaundice (Umair et al. 2019). In India, the is used to remedy blood purifier, cholera, colic, diarrhea, digestion, dysentery, eye diseases (conjunctivitis), hair loss, fever, headache, edema, rheumatism, scorpion Ziziphus jujuba Mill. ... 5

Fig. 3 Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae), Lagodekhi, Georgia. (Photo R. W. Bussmann and N. Y. Paniagua-Zambrana)

Fig. 4 Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae), Lagodekhi, Georgia. (Photo R. W. Bussmann and N. Y. Paniagua-Zambrana)

sting, sores, spleen complaints, stomach ache, ulcer, wound, and whooping cough (Verma et al. 2007). In Nepal it is used as Root extract is antimycobacterial, anticonceptive, analgesic, and antidiabetic (Kunwar et al. 2009). Ziziphus mucronata Roots are used as a remedy for pain and to treat snakebite. Boils and other skin infections are treated with leaf paste, and this, together with an infusion of the roots, is a treatment for tubercular gland swellings, measles, 6 R. W. Bussmann et al.

Fig. 5 Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae), market, Tbilisi, Georgia. (Photo R. W. Bussmann and N. Y. Paniagua-Zambrana)

Fig. 6 Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae), flowering branch. (Photo Maroof Ali Turi)

Fig. 7 Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae), flowers, Pakistan. (Photo Maroof Ali Turi) Ziziphus jujuba Mill. ... 7

Fig. 8 Ziziphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae), Pakistan. (Photo Hamand Ahmad Jan)

dysentery, lumbago and chest complaints. The bark is used as an emetic; bark decoction is used for rheumatism and stomach troubles, bark infusion is used to treat coughs, and bark is used in a steam bath to purify the complexion. The bark decoction is used for snakebites, rheumatism, and stomach problems. Pounded leaves and roots are applied as poultice to cure boils and skin infections (Kokwaro 2009). is used in Pakistan as tonic, for hyperglycemia, constipation, throat problems, colds, and scabies (Umair et al. 2019), and in India, the species is used to remedy boils, colds, diarrhea, gum inflammation, and tonsilitis (Verma et al. 2007).

Local Food Uses

Ziziphus jujuba: The fruits are eaten, mostly dried. The fruits contain that is both nutritious and tasty. Since ancient times the has been cultivated in gardens throughout its entire distribution area, especially in the East where there are several cultivated strains (Bussmann et al. 2016, 2018; Sokolov 1988). Ziziphus mauritiana: Fruit is eaten fresh or dried and can be made into a floury meal, butter, or a cheeselike paste, used as a condiment. Also used for candy making and pickling. The fruit is a good source of carotene, A and C, and fatty oils. A refreshing drink is prepared by macerating fruits in water. In Indonesia, young leaves are cooked as a vegetable. Ziziphus mucronata: The fruit is eaten fresh or dried, in meal or porridge. The young leaves can be cooked and eaten as . Seeds are roasted, crushed, and used as a coffee substitute. 8 R. W. Bussmann et al.

Local Handicraft and Other Uses

Ziziphus abyssinica: Root decoction given to livestock as anthelminthic (Kokwaro 2009). Ziziphus jujuba: Used to tan leather and to wool and silk yellow. The wood is used for tool handles. The leaves can be used to feed silkworms. Planted as ornamental (Sokolov 1988). Ziziphus mauritiana: In parts of North Africa, the leaves are used as fodder for sheep and goats. Ziziphus mauritiana produces excellent firewood and good char- coal. When in bloom it is occasionally a source of pollen. Ziziphus mauritiana yields a medium-weight to heavy hardwood. The wood is used for general construction, furniture and cabinet work, tool handles, agricultural implements, tent pegs, golf clubs, gun stocks, sandals, yokes, harrows, toys, turnery, household utensils, bowl- ing pins, baseball bats, chisels and packaging. It is also suitable for the production of veneer and plywood. The bark, including the root bark, is used for tanning; it also yields brown and grey or reddish . Ziziphus mauritiana is also used to stupefy fish in Ethiopia. A suitable species to aid in fixation of coastal dune sand. The tree is planted for shade and windbreaks and is well suited gardens. In Pakistan, the species is used to treat chicken-pox, jaundice, asthma, ulcers, diarrhea and toothache (Umair et al. 2019). Ponded roots given to poultry against dysentery (Kokwaro 2009). Ziziphus mucronata Both leaves and fruits are browsed and used as fodder. The flowers are a source of honey. The wood is hard and makes good firewood and charcoal. The bark contains 12–15% tannin. It is planted as a living fence.

References

Ahmad Jan H, Jan S, Bussmann RW, Wali S, Sisto F, Ahmad L. Complementary and alternative medicine research, prospects and limitations in Pakistan: a literature review. Acta Ecol Sin. 2019; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2019.12.005. Beentje H. Kenya trees and shrubs. Nairobi: National Museums of Kenya; 1994. Bussmann RW, Paniagua Zambrana NY, Sikharulidze S, Kikvidze Z, Kikodze D, Tchelidze D, Khutsishvili M, Batsatsashvili K, Hart RE. A comparative ethnobotany of Khevsureti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Tusheti, Svaneti, and Racha-Lechkhumi, Republic of Georgia Sakartvelo, Caucasus. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2016;12:43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0110-2. Bussmann RW, Paniagua Zambrana NY, Sikharulidze S, Kikvidze Z, Kikodze D, Tchelidze D, Batsatsashvili K, Hart RE. Unequal brothers – plant and fungal use in Guria and Racha, Sakartvelo (Republic of Georgia), Caucasus. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2018;17(1):7–33. Gachati FN. Kikuyu botanical dictionary. Nairobi: AMREF; 1989. Johnston MC. Flora of tropical East Africa: Rhamnaceae. London: Crown Agents for Overseas Governments & Administrations; 1972. Kokwaro JO. Medicinal plants of East Africa. Nairobi: University of Nairobi Press; 2009. Kunwar RM, Upreti Y, Burlakoti C, Chowdhary CL, Bussmann RW. Indigenous use and ethnophar- macology of medicinal plants in Far-West Nepal. Ethnobot Res Appl. 2009;7:5–28. Shishkin BK, Boborov EG. Flora of the USSR, Volume 14: Geraniales, Sapindales, . Leningrad: Akademia Nauk; 1949, 616 pages, 39 b/w plates, 2 maps. (English 1974). Ziziphus jujuba Mill. ... 9

Sokolov PD, editor. Plant resources of the USSR: flowering plants, their chemical composition, use, Volume 4. Families of Rutaceae-. Leningrad: Akademia Nauk; 1988, 357 p. (in Russian). Umair M, Altaf M, Bussmann RW, Abbasi AM. Ethnomedicinal uses of the local flora in Chenab riverine area, Punjab province Pakistan. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2019;15:7. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s13002-019-0285-4. Verma A, Kumar M, Bussmann RW. Medicinal plants in an urban environment: the medicinal flora of Banares Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2007;3:35.