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Papakura to Pukekohe Electrification: Archaeological Assessment

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Papakura to Pukekohe Electrification: Archaeological Assessment Papakura to Pukekohe Electrification: archaeological assessment report to KiwiRail and Jacobs Hayley Glover CFG Heritage Ltd. 132 Symonds St Eden Terrace Auckland 1010 ph. (09) 309 2426 [email protected] Papakura to Pukekohe Electrification: archaeological assessment report to KiwiRail and Jacobs Prepared by: Hayley Glover Reviewed by: Date: 23 October 2020 Matthew Campbell Reference: 20 -1166 © CFG Heritage Ltd. 2020 CFG Heritage Ltd. 132 Symonds St Eden Terrace Auckland 1010 ph. (09) 309 2426 [email protected] Papakura to Pukekohe Electrification: archaeological assessment 1 Introduction KiwiRail propose the electrification of the North Island Main Trunk between Papakura and Pukekohe. Nineteen archaeological sites have been recorded in the New Zealand Archaeological Association (NZAA) Site Recording Scheme (SRS) within 500 m of the line, and there are twenty-eight scheduled items in the Auckland Council Cultural Heritage Inventory (CHI) in the immediate vicinity of the proposed works. In addition to this, the line itself is historic, originally completed in the 1870s. Seven pre-1900 railway stations are located within the section of track targeted by this project. An archaeological assessment is required in support of resource consent applications to Auckland Council and potential archaeological authority applications to Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga. Tim Hegarty of Jacobs commissioned this assessment from CFG Heritage on behalf of Kiwirail. 1.1 Statutory requirements All archaeological sites, whether recorded or not, are protected by the provisions of the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 and may not be destroyed, damaged or modified without an authority issued by Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga (HNZPT). An archaeological site is defined in the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act as: (a) any place in New Zealand, including any building or structure (or part of a building or struc- ture), that — (i) was associated with human activity that occurred before 1900 or is the site of the wreck of any vessel where the wreck occurred before 1900; and (ii) provides or may provide, through investigation by archaeological methods, evidence relat- ing to the history of New Zealand; and (b) includes a site for which a declaration is made under section 43(1). The Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) requires City, District and Regional Councils to manage the use, development, and protection of natural and physical resources in a way that pro- vides for the wellbeing of today’s communities while safeguarding the options of future generations. The protection of historic heritage from inappropriate subdivision, use, and development is identi- fied as a matter of national importance (Section 6f). Historic heritage is defined as those natural and physical resources that contribute to an under- standing and appreciation of New Zealand’s history and cultures, derived from archaeological, archi- tectural, cultural, historic, scientific, or technological qualities. Historic heritage includes: • historic sites, structures, places, and areas • archaeological sites; • sites of significance to Maori, including wahi tapu; • surroundings associated with the natural and physical resources (RMA Section 2). These categories are not mutually exclusive and some archaeological sites may include above ground structures or may also be places that are of significance to Maori. Where resource consent is required for any activity the assessment of effects is required to address cultural and historic heritage matters. 2 Methodology The New Zealand Archaeological Association (NZAA) Site Recording Scheme (SRS) was searched for records of archaeological sites in the vicinity and incorporated into the Project GIS. Archaeological site reports were accessed from the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga (HNZPT) Figure 1. Location of the line to be upgraded and recorded archaeological sites in the area. digital library. Old maps and plans held by Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) were accessed using QuickMap. Auckland Council’s Cultural Heritage Inventory (CHI) and GeoMaps, as well as the New Zealand Heritage List (Rārangi Kōrero), were examined for information on historic heritage. Site visits were carried out by Hayley Glover of CFG Heritage Ltd on 28 September 2020, accom- panied by Edith Tuhimata as a representative of Ngāti Tamaoho. The proposed works areas and known sites were only viewed or accessed from the road reserves or publicly accessible spaces (ie. reserves), the railway line itself was not able to be accessed at this time. 3 Background The proposed works area extends from Papakura to Pukekohe, at the southern end of the Manukau Harbour. The Manukau Harbour is New Zealand’s second largest harbour with an area of approximately 365 km2 and a shore length of about 460 km. The harbour formed from the develop- ment of a Quaternary dune barrier (Āwhitu Peninsula) enclosing a large bay between Port Waikato and the Waitakere Ranges (Kelly 2008:3). The area comprises a varied landscape including harbour and estuarine margins, lowlands, and the foothills of the Hūnua Ranges, and originally had variable swamplands and areas of bush and forest (Harlow et al. 2007). There are numerous waterways in the study area, including the Ngakoroa / Otūwairoa / Slippery Creek Stream and Hingaia Stream, which flow out to the Pahurehure Inlet through Drury Creek. The historic extents of several swamps and other wetlands (Figure 2), derived from field observations and soil characteristics, intersect and surround the proposed works area (Whenua Māori Visualisation Tool n.d.). Wetlands like these were rich in resources and would have been utilised by pre-European Māori for hunting waterfowl and eels, for transportation, storage, and, near the edges of some wetlands, the cultivation of taro. 4 P2P Figure 2. Historic wetlands (green) which intersect the project area, derived from the Whenua Māori Visualisation Tool. The geology of the area is dominated by late Pliocene and early Pleistocene non-marine sed- iments, and upper layers of soil are dominated by moderately well drained orthic granular soils, derived from weathered volcanic rocks and ash, and poorly drained gley soils strongly affected by water-logging. The gley soils are primarily located around waterways and estuarine areas, with mod- erate to well drained soils prevalent elsewhere. Whilst the well-drained volcanic soils would have been suitable for pre-European Māori horticulture, areas dominated by gley soils would not have been. Hayley Glover 5 CFG Heritage Ltd. 3.1 History of Papakura / Drury The area around Papakura / Drury provided access to inland areas like the Hunuas, Clevedon, and the Waikato. This made it an important strategic location for pre-European Māori, acting as the link between the Auckland isthmus, the Hauraki Gulf, and the Waikato (Clarke 1983, Murdoch 1990). Pre-European Māori settlement in the area was intensive and was focussed around the harbour and waterways, as well as in areas with good soils like the lower slopes of the Hunuas where cultivation was extensive (Murdoch 1990). The waterways enabled easy transportation for people to visit, battle, and trade. The hinterlands and more poorly drained lowlands would not attract such large settle- ments but would still have had seasonal camps and acted as an important location for gathering wet- land resources (Te Roopu Kaitiaki o Papakura 2010: 7). Settlement can be traced back to the arrival of the Tainui canoe, which entered the Manukau Harbour in the 14th century (Murdoch 1990). The har- bour is thought to have been first pointed out by a priest aboard the waka, Taikehu, and was named by the Tainui captain Hoturoa (Williams 2016). The strategic location meant that multiple different iwi occupied the area intensively with seasonal settlements (Harlow et al. 2007, Murdoch 1990). Fortified pā at the mouth of Slippery Creek (Otūwairoa), the head of Waihoihoi Stream, and in the Pukekiwiriki / Red Hill area protected the resources available (Murdoch 1990). The Papakura Portage route extended from the area of present-day Papakura town to the Wairoa River (Hooker 1997). It is likely that Old Wairoa Road represents the approximate track fol- lowed by the Papakura Portage. Other areas of particular significance include Hingaia Stream, which is not currently documented on the Sites of Significance to Mana Whenua Schedule on the Auckland Council website, but has in the past been recognised as wahi tapu more generally (Te Roopu Kaitiaki o Papakura 2010: 16-17). From 1834, missionaries begun travelling through the area, notably staying at Ōpaheke, a kainga near Otūwairoa / Slippery Creek (Harlow et al. 2007). European purchases of land began in 1842, when the New Zealand government purchased the Papakura Block, owing in large part to its strategic location, which stretched from what is now Papatoetoe to south of Papakura (Harlow et al. 2007; Murdoch 1990). In 1852 and 1854, additional land was purchased by the Crown, including the whole upland section of the Hunua Block. At this stage, the Kirikiri Block remained in possession of the Māori landowners (Murdoch 1990). The first European settler to purchase land in Papakura was McLennan, in 1842. Though he purchased the land in 1842, he then returned to Auckland, coming back to settle in 1847. Cole and Willis also arrived in 1847, taking up land. Willis established the first store in Papakura, near the cur- rent location of the Papakura Golf Club (Willis 1932). In the mid-1850s some settlers began to move to the lowland part of the catchment, south of Slippery Creek. This settlement was called Drury after Captain Byron Drury, who was one of the first to purchase a section in the new village (Murdoch 1990). According to Lennard (1986:4), Drury’s “…previous Māori name was Taruranga.” This is not recorded on other historic texts or available reports but is a notable detail. Māori had been alienated from their land and unease had been building from the 1850s. by 1856, the concept of a Māori king was being discussed openly. However, the Crown saw the Kīngitanga movement as a direct attack on British sovereignty and by the late 1850s the seeds of the land war had already taken root.
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