Joel Buchanan Archive of African American History: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/ohfb
Samuel Proctor Oral History Program
College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Program Director: Dr. Paul Ortiz 241 Pugh Hall PO Box 115215 Gainesville, FL 32611 (352) 392-7168 https://oral.history.ufl.edu
AAHP 209 Barbara Sharpe African American History Project (AAHP) Interviewed by Kaliopi Amorgianos on November 8, 2011 41 minute | 19 pages
Abstract: In this interview, Barbara Sharpe discusses growing up with segregation in Alachua and Putnam County and then explains the development of her career. Segregation did not heavily affect her feelings as a child, and she attributes this to her good parents. As an adult, facilitating an education for her children became her top priority, and once they were adults, she sought to get a college education for herself. She graduated from Nova Southeastern and became the first Black female to be elected to their school board since Reconstruction. Afterward, she successfully ran a community store with her husband and aided with the development of social programs in Alachua County such as Healthy Kids and Teacher Orientation. Eventually, she was elected president of the Florida School Board Association. At the end of the interview, she discusses her excitement over Barack Obama’s presidential election and elaborates on a need for society to change the treatment of children in order to enhance their education.
Keywords: [African American History, Segregation, Education, Alachua County]
For information on terms of use of this interview, please see the SPOHP Creative Commons license at http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AfricanAmericanOralHistory. AAHP 209 Interviewee: Barbara Sharpe Interviewer: Kaliopi Amorgianos Date: November 8, 2011
A: We are here with Mrs. Barbara Sharpe at the Kirby Smith building in Gainesville.
It’s November 8th. And I would like to start off by thanking you, Ms. Sharpe, for
agreeing to do the interview with me.
S: You are quite welcome.
A: Could you start by telling me when and where you were born and what it was like
to grow up in that area?
S: Okay, I was born in Quincy, Florida. However, I don’t remember living there
because my parents left there, actually, when I was a baby. And we moved to
Seminole County in Sanford. Now, I remember living in Sanford. And I liked
Sanford, it was a celery city. My father was in the Navy. And my mother just took
care of us. And so I just enjoyed my growing up there. We had a guava tree in
our back yard. [Laughter] And so it was just fun. I was just a typical child. And we
lived in a nice area.
A: Okay.
S: Uh-huh.
A: Was the area you lived in predominately White or African American or mixed?
S: It was mixed.
A: It was mixed?
S: Mmhm. The area that I lived in, it was not apartments like the Section 8
apartments or anything like that—no. We were in a home.
A: You were in a home? AAHP 209; Sharpe; Page 2
S: Uh-huh. And so I enjoyed that. I also remember my mother during the time was
saying that they had to get stamps for sugar and stuff like that. That was a long
time ago. And I went to school there. I could walk to school and I went to school
there in elementary school. Moved there, from there to Gainesville. To Alachua
County. [Laughter] And I moved from Alachua County to Putnam County, back to
Alachua. I spent most of my life here in Alachua County.
A: Did you move around because of your father’s job?
S: That’s where my father was. My father was from there, my mother actually was
from Quincy.
A: Oh okay.
S: Mmhm.
A: As a teenager did you work anywhere?
S: Yes I did. I tell you what: when I was in school—the superintendent had—my
mother had a certificate, which I don’t even think they give those things anymore.
I had a certificate so that I can go to school three days out of the week and work
two to help my mom. And so I did that, but there was a stipulation that I had to be
able to keep my grades up in order to do that. And I did it, and so it turned out
fine. I worked at a doctor’s office.
A: Oh, really? Did you enjoy that?
S: Yes, I really did, I loved that. He kinda, like, was like a second father or
something.
A: Oh, that’s nice. [Laughter] When you went to school those three days a week,
can you describe the experience? Was there segregation still going on? AAHP 209; Sharpe; Page 3
S: Yes.
A: Did you face it?
S: Yes, there was segregation during all that time. However, I did not know that it
was segregation. And the reason I did not know it was because I was not used to
mixing with other kids. You know, just my own race was what I used to. So I
didn’t know anything about it until later on. Early on I didn’t, because I thought
that’s the way it was supposed to be. I thought everyone was like that, you know.
So I didn’t consider it a bad thing. It might not have been the best thing, but I
didn’t think it was that bad either. Because I was growing up and I thought that’s
the way it was supposed to have been. My mother kinda raised us that—this is
one thing that I believe all of us carry to this day, is that when we were growing
up and then we were learning my mother told us that nobody was any better than
we were. We were different but nobody was any better. That we were just as
important as anybody else and she wanted us always to remember that. And I
always thought I was something and I still do. [Laughter] That helped me. That
helped me. So, you know, I did pretty good behind that.
A: When you look bad can you remember any instances where you didn’t realize
that was segregation then, but now you’re like, “Oh, gosh”?
S: Mmhm. Because we lived in Putnam County and we used to have to drive by
White schools. And then, you know, that was when I was getting on up in the
grades. And I thought, you know, now that I look back: how come we had to ride
by schools when we couldn’t stop there? But that’s when I knew that was
segregation. And it probably shouldn’t have been that way. But if I was affected AAHP 209; Sharpe; Page 4
by it, I did not know it. Because my mother and father were very good parents.
So we had good food, I mean, we had good clothing, and all that kind of stuff. So
I was okay with that.
A: Do you think the education you received at your school was equivalent or better
than the one at the White schools?
S To me it was pretty good because I was able to learn and I was able to take the
materials that we had and learn. And that helped me to get where I am today.
Now, to say that it was equal to what the other kids had—the other race had—I
don’t know. But I was told that we hand-me-down books. That some of the books
that we got were—the pages were torn out of them, they were old books after
everyone else had done them. Then they were passed down to us. But I did the
best I could with what I had, and so I am comfortable with that.
A: So you went to which high school?
S: I went in Seminole County. It was Hopper Academy. That was an elementary
school.
A: And now you continued on to go to college?
S: Oh yeah. But what I did was, when I got married and had my children, my top
priority was to get my kids educated. Which they were not in segregation—
everything was leveled off. And that was my first priority. Well, at one point in my
life I was in college right along with my kids.
A: Oh!
S: Mmhm. I started at Santa Fe and I graduated from Santa Fe. I was in the first
honors class there. And then that rested for a while, because they were coming AAHP 209; Sharpe; Page 5
on up and I had to give them, you know, a lot of attention which they deserved. It
was their turn. So I did that but later I started at the University of Florida.
However, I was such a nontraditional student until I could not get the classes that
I needed. I was going to go into social work. And the transfer had already been
done for me coming from Santa Fe and I was already accepted into the—what is
it?
A: University of Florida?
S: Yeah, University of Florida social—gosh, what is it? I can’t even think of the
name of it. But the dean over in that department, he’d already approved it and
everything. But I didn’t go then. So I started going, just taking a few classes. But I
could not make it. But I did good though! But I couldn’t make it because they
weren’t offering the classes I needed at night. Because I would need to, you
know. So I went to Nova Southeastern. There was a satellite over here off of 13th
Street. So I went there and I got a degree—a Bachelor of Science degree. I got
an Associate of Science at Santa Fe and then I got a Bachelors of Science at
Nova Southeastern, in Business and Professional Management. [Laughter] Uh-
huh. And then, later on, I became a school board member. In 1992. I ran. I had
no idea I was going to win or lose. I just knew that the experience I had had with
my children and that I had had with myself would qualify me to be a good school
board member. So I ran in [19]92 and I won. The very first time.
A: Congratulations!
S: Thank you. The first female, Black female to be elected since Reconstruction. I
thought that was pretty good. AAHP 209; Sharpe; Page 6
A: Wow! That’s impressive [Laughter].
S: So then I did that. I did all of that. And that’s a lot of work also. And I was never a
teacher or anything like that. But I believe that I was not at a disadvantage
because I wasn’t teacher, because everybody don’t need to be teachers on the
school board. You need a variety. I came from business.
A: Mmhm.
S: My husband and I owned a little community store, a little grocery store we called
“Pit Stop.” “Pit Stop Community Store.” And he was a barber. He was in with his
grandfather, his uncle, and another male was in there. So he ran a barber shop.
But then he—after the grandfather died and the uncle died—they kinda closed
that down and he became a housing inspector for the city of Gainesville. So, he
developed lung cancer and there was a lot of stress. So we closed the grocery
store down, and he was fine. They went in, they found out that he had just a little
tiny spot on his lung. And so they were able to take care of that and everything
and he did not have to receive blood, no radiation, no chemo or anything. And
that was in 1982. And he’s awesome today.
A: That’s wonderful.
S: He gets his check-ups everyday. He’s a survivor. And then my daughters
graduated from high school. They all have college degrees. I have two that
graduated from Florida A&M University and one that graduated from Bethune-
Cookman College. And they’re rivals, of course. [Laughter] Can’t talk about it
around my house. And so I think that I did a lot of good on the school board
because I was elected in 1992, I got off on my own volition in 2004, and I was AAHP 209; Sharpe; Page 7
recruited to come back. So in 2008, I did. I ran again—never had been done
before, the same person on two times. But I was recruited. And I thought, well,
I’m not doing anything anyways, so I’ll try it to see what happens. So I did, and I
won again, and here I am.
A: Oh my gosh, that’s wonderful.
S: Now during that time I championed some things. I was appointed by governor
Lawton Chiles to the Healthy Kids program. I don’t think it’s Healthy Kids
anymore, it’s something else. I was appointed to the board of directors. So then
after that I came here and started the Healthy Kids program here in Alachua
County. Because our kids were using the emergency room as their primary
source of care. So any kid that was not on Medicaid, they qualified for the
Healthy Kids. The people who were very, very low socioeconomics had to pay
nothing. The people who could pay something, they were on a sliding scale. But
it was still not the amount—it had to do with their income. And so I did that. I was
really proud of that. But when the state kinda changed the name—KidCare, I
think they did.
A: Yeah, I think I’ve heard of that.
S: We had very, very few that maybe in Alachua—under Healthy Kids at the school
system. But we do have the KidCare around Alachua County. So then I did
chess. There was just a few. Mr. Pine, there was a man named George Pine,
that had started just some chess in maybe one or two schools. So I championed
chess. I did a lot of research on it from New York, from this man in New York. I
forgot his name. Because it was a myth that Black kids, or low socioeconomic AAHP 209; Sharpe; Page 8
kids period, but particularly Black kids, they couldn’t learn as well, so they couldn’t play chess. Now that was the myth that was going on at that time, particularly in New York and Harlem. But it was going around, you know, everywhere. People just weren’t interested in trying to see whether that was true or not. But see this guy did in Harlem and found out that those kids excelled.
Well, I initiated that and got us chess into most of our after-school programs and most of our schools that were interested. And now chess is still going on. Let me see, what else did I champion, now? There’s a program in this district called the
Teacher Orientation. It’s an orientation program for new teachers. I championed that. It’s still going on, it’s very good. The teachers—we have gotten great reviews and responses on and it and it’s a very good thing. People love it. It started out as being new teachers but I wanted it to be for veteran teachers, too.
But I felt like the new teachers needed it most. So we kinda geared it toward that because they need it most. But it’s a very good program. I’m proud of that. What else? I’m trying to find—oh, uniforms! I championed uniforms. I tried to get them back in 1994. You got to have three, you got to be able to count to three.
[Laughter] You gotta have three board members who think alike. But I did at the time, I thought. But then some of them—when it got to the wire and they started getting criticisms they changed their mind. I felt like it was worth just going to battle for because it wasn’t helping me, it was helping the kids. It took all of the competitiveness out of it, the peer-driven fashion shows, where the girl’s showing too much skin, and the boys are coming down with that [making hand motion to show baggy pants that sag]. And it’s just a shame, takes the focus away from AAHP 209; Sharpe; Page 9
learning and all that kind of thing. So that helped a lot. The very first day of
school—now, we started that last year. The very first day of school, we had—the
superintendent and I, and some of our other staff, we travelled around to the
schools, all the schools and people were saying it’s the best first day of school
that they had seen in years. So that turned out good, and it happened again this
year.
A: So there are still uniforms?
S: Uh-huh. There are still uniforms. We made a policy of it. And so we have that
policy. Now the first school district in the state of Florida to do that was Polk
County. That was in the early ‘90s, somewhere back then. And they were
challenged, they were sued because a lot of the parents did not want the children
to wear uniforms. And so they got together and they sued the school board. Well,
the judge upheld for the school board because they said that the school board
has the right to determine what they think is best for their school districts. I knew
that case. So people were threatening me, too, saying they were going to sue.
But I knew that if they did, that it would be upheld, ‘cause it had already
happened. And so that was one of the things that three of us thought would be
best. And so we doing that and I’m happy about it. Those are three. Oh! And one
other thing that I’m really proud of is the fact that I was elected by my peers to
become the president of the Florida School Board Association. I was presiding
over all of the sixty-seven counties in the state of Florida.
A: Oh, gosh. AAHP 209; Sharpe; Page 10
S: So I did that. That’s a year. You do that for a year. I had been a delegate to the
national—actually, if I had not left, I was being primed for the National School
Boards Association. I would have truly been that president, you know, but I left
the board. Because there had been some turbulent times in the district and so I
just was tired. And I wanted somebody else to come on and try and take over
where I left off. However, I was asked to come back, so I tried it and I made it.
And so here I am right now.
A: Okay. When segregation was switching to integration everywhere around the
country how did you witness that? And how did it change? Did it change anything
in everyday life? Or did it remain pretty much the same?
S: The only thing that changed was that when I graduated, I graduated in a still-
segregated school. I was never in an integrated school system until I went to
college. But as far as high school and from my elementary on up, it was always
segregated. So I never experienced the changeover. And when my kids went to
school, they went to school in an integrated system. So they never experienced
the segregated. [Laughter]. So it’s kinda like I was kinda not, you know. But I
understand the plight of that, because that was turbulent times also. Because,
just like all White people are not alike, all Black people are not either. And some
of the White people didn’t mind their children integrating the school system, some
of them did. And then some of the Blacks didn’t want to do it either because they
had their own school, they loved their school, they didn’t have a problem or
anything like that. But as it stood, the law was that the schools needed to be
integrated. And I think that was a good thing. And the reason I think it was AAHP 209; Sharpe; Page 11
because we all living on this Earth, why can’t we—why does it have to be separated? I don’t think it was ever meant to be to start with. But all of that came from slavery, plantationism, and all that kind of thing. So back then, when our grandparents and great-grandparents and all of those, they had no choice whether they were slaves or not. And the ones that tried to leave were probably
shot and killed and pushed over boats in the water. You know, there were so
many different things that happened which was not a good thing. But that’s
history. History you can’t change. Some people have avoided it. You might be
able to omit it, but you cannot change it. It’s there, it’s etched in stone. [Laughter]. so you can’t change that. So there has been an omission. Like even in some of the history books. I think it would help Black students a lot if they knew their real history and where they came from and how they got there. Because the history books really don’t go through the detail of what really happened in the slavery days and the segregation and all that. Black people really did a lot to contribute to history but you’d have a hard time trying to find that in the history books. It should be there. So what parents need to be about the business of, even to this day, is trying to bring your kids up. Teach them at home. They don’t have to wait
‘till they get to school to find out there is nothing in there about them. Teach them
at home. And if you don’t know it, make yourself available. You can go to the
libraries and find all that out. There’s really no excuse now for kids coming to
school not knowing anything about their history and not being prepared. It all
goes back down to being prepared to come to school. Some of our kids—and
this not a Black issue alone, this is low socioeconomics. Poverty plays a key role AAHP 209; Sharpe; Page 12
in what is happening to students of low socioeconomic groups. Because all Black
kids are not poor and all White kids are not rich. It is a conglomerate of children.
And there a lot of these kids who come to school so unready to learn and it’s not
their fault. Some of them are so drugged out when the get to school because of
their parents, they couldn’t learn nothing if their life depended on it. But if some
students can even learn their name in the run of a school term, that’s a lot.
Because a lot of times you ask the kids, “What is your mother’s name?”
“Momma.” That’s all they know. That’s not their fault. It’s their surroundings. And
so a lot of them are being raised by their grandparents, who are lucky to be able
to put food on the table for these kids, who give them shelter, and try to put
clothes on their back, because it’s coming from their little Social Security checks.
So everybody in this world, in this nation, in this county, is not doing well. We are
not as bad off as a lot of people, but we are not that well-off either. We’ve come a
long way, but we still have a long way to go. But I’m considering where I’ve come
from, and where I’ve been, and where I am now. I don’t worry so much about
what—even though I’m affected by everything that happened in the past, I don’t
let that guide my life for the future. Because I can’t help what was, but I can help
what is and what will be. So that’s where I am right now.
A: You mentioned grandparents. Can you tell me a little bit about your
grandparents?
S: My grandparents died, you know, early on. Yeah.
A: So you never had the chance to meet them? AAHP 209; Sharpe; Page 13
S: I had a chance to meet them, but not to live around them so much. Yeah. But I
had one that probably lived longer than any other of them, my grandmother in
Quincy. She worked in the tobacco fields, and she was a very proud woman. She
had very little education but she was able to get along with young people, old,
anybody. They loved her. They called her “Momma Sis.” And she just believed
in— when people come they could be passing by: “Hey, Momma Sis!” “Hey come
on in and have something to eat.” She wanted to feed everybody. [Laughter] I
learned a lot from her, too. How to be gracious and how to have pride in what
you had, and she liked to dress and wear her hats to church and all this kind of
stuff. She was a very proud woman. But she died. She had a heart attack. She
went to one of her friend’s funeral and she had a heart attack the very day right
after she came back from the funeral and died right there.
A: Oh gosh.
S: Uh-huh. But you know. And then my one grandfather lived in Milwaukee,
Wisconsin for a while. I wasn’t raised up around him but I knew him. And the
other died, you know, before. My mother’s mother died when she was thirty with
a heart attack, so I didn’t know her either.
A: Do you know about what jobs they did?
S: No, I don’t. Except my—
A: The plantation?
S: My grandma. Yeah, yeah. That’s all. I don’t know really what they did.
A: I have a question about—
S: Uh-huh. AAHP 209; Sharpe; Page 14
A: The election—
S: Uh-huh.
A: With Obama. When he was running for president, were you supportive and do
you feel like he’s—how do you feel about his current policy?
S: I feel so proud that he was elected president, I don’t know what to do. [Laughter]
I think he is a brilliant man, I think he is one among a lot of brilliant Black men.
But I think for his position, that he is well-qualified for the job. And I think he
inherited a lot of problems that could not be solved in the four years that he was
elected to office. The president before him did the best he could, I believe, but it
didn’t help. It didn’t help the problems that president Obama inherited. Politics
are strange. Because he’s being blamed now for things he had nothing to do
with. And he’s got a congress who is not willing to help him to get things done
that needs to be done. And he is a guy that wants to be inclusive and expects
things to just go smoothly for the sake of the country. Not for his sake, but for the
sake of this country. But you have some people who are so against him to start
with, they would rather see the country come to its knees than to stand up and
help this man try to get everything back on track. So that’s the way I see that. But
I’m supportive of him. I was so happy to see him being the first Black—even
though he’s got mixed parentage and all of that, it’s okay. That’s fine. He’s got
the “one-drop syndrome,” which qualifies him as being Black so far as the history
book says. [Laughter] So that’s how that goes. But I am proud of him. And
hopefully he will overcome this, but it’s hard because he’s not used to having
people in a position like the congress is. And they’re all against him and they’re AAHP 209; Sharpe; Page 15
expecting him to do miracles that nobody did. They expect him to walk on water
without insulting the environmentalists. So he’s got a long row to hoe, but I think
he’ll probably pull it off. But I’m proud of him.
A: Coming back to your position. Are you planning to run again?
S: Uh-huh.
A: Are you going to keep trying to—
S: Yeah I’m going to run again. This four year term will be up this November.
However, I have to qualify. The qualifying date is June of 2012 and the primary is
August 8, I believe it is this year. So I am going to run. I have not launched a full-
fledged campaign yet because I’m trying to collect signatures.To keep from
having to pay that money, because it’s a lot. So I’ll be doing that, but I am gonna
run.
A: Is there anything I didn’t cover that you would like to add?
S: Let me see.
A: Okay.
S: What can I think of? I’m trying to remember. I said chess. I said Healthy Kids. I
said about the Teachers’ Orientation. I said about the Florida School Boards
Association president. I don’t know. I know I have seen a lot of changes, though.
Because some people think that just being on the school board is an easy job,
but it is not. It’s not easy for the staff, it’s not easy for the board, it’s not easy for
the superintendent or his assistants. Because everybody is focused on what
they’re doing and we are—and I am bragging about this—we have been as far as
I know, for the longest time been, I know ever since I’ve been on the board, we AAHP 209; Sharpe; Page 16
have been way up there in being, if not the best, next to the best. I think we are
the best school district in the state of Florida. We are way ahead. We’ve always
been forward thinkers. We’ve always managed to, some kind of way, not have to
cut programs from our students. And not have to lay people off, like a lot of the
other districts did. We’ve always tried to do our very best to stay up. And we have
things thrown at us every year because every time the legislature meets, you
have new legislators, they come with their ideas. You have the one that’s been
on, and they have their ideas, too. But it seems like to me it’s getting more and
more some kind of—I don’t want to call it animosity, but it’s more of a challenge
for school boards now to even stay afloat. It appears to me like public schools
are not in some peoples’ estimation as important as it used to be even though
the public schools have to try to educate every child that walks through our
doors. It seems like there are those that want to believe that we have charter schools which are better than the public schools. We have private schools which
they think are better. They think the parochial—. But the thing with that is we
have to try to educate everybody. They don’t. They can be selective. We can’t. If
we could be selective, who’s not gonna go and try and to get the best of
everything, the cream of the crop? We would too, probably. But that’s not us, we
are the public schools. And a lot of the legislators, a lot of the presidents, a lot of
the congressmen, they went to public schools. So what is it about public schools
suddenly that is they are saying is not up to par? And all that kind of thing. So I
don’t agree with that. But I do think there is a way for us to work together, and
that way is not for the school board to be belligerent with the legislature, but to AAHP 209; Sharpe; Page 17
just line out our strategies and what we think ought to be helpful from them. But when you have people who jump up and down shouting at the legislator or telling them what they’re doing, this and that and the other, probably they are gonna go the other way. Because I don’t like it when people shout at me and tell me that I don’t know what I’m doing and stuff like that. You need to know what you’re talking about. And so hopefully that will get better and we will be able to work together. Because I have seen when the education in public schools was on the front burner. But it’s not even on the stove anymore. And it’s getting to be the universities they are being targeted now, too. So I don’t think it’s a good thing. I think that we need to still have our children coming up and the students at the universities coming up so that they can contribute to society also. But what I would like to see is them stop putting all this stuff on us that these kids are not going to use. Make it relevant. Education needs to be relevant. Why would I make somebody that is not even going to school, why would I want them to have geometry, or whatever else? I see them having math, arithmetic, the basics.
[Laughter] You know, stuff like that. But all this stuff that they are not going to need to have in their fields. Let it be geared toward what they need and not just to have something just to throw it up there saying that they are gonna use it.
Because nine times out of ten, what it causes kids to do is when they start overburdening them with all that stuff, they drop out. And then they wonder why the drop-out rate is so high. It’s high because you are not gearing it toward what they need. We need vocation, because a lot of kids are not going to go to college. They don’t want to go anyway, and they are not going. So that promotes AAHP 209; Sharpe; Page 18
drugism, because it’s lucrative. And if these kids get out on the streets and they
see where they can make a lot of money, they are going to do it. And a lot of the
parents are not going to ask them when they bring it in: “where is it coming
from?” Because they need another meal on the table. So all those things we
need to work together in doing. And stop blaming the schools for these children
not learning. Blame these parents. It’s up to these parents to get these kids ready
to go to school. They need to be ready when they come to us. Because when
they are not, the teachers have to focus on those few who are disturbed
mentally, by no fault of their own. But then the others who are ready get kinda,
like, caught in the middle here. So we’re not perfect, but we are doing a lot for
these children, and I’m tired of people blaming us. and they need to be putting
the blame—they got mad at Bill Cosby because he was saying this blame needs
to go on these parents. I’m with him one hundred percent. Because I think that’s
what needs to be done. Now we’ve got one of our assistant superintendents here
that writes articles, he writes fantastic articles. And he’s telling these people what
they need to do. As a matter of fact we are using his conference room right now.
His name is Phil Wright. And he is very good at writing these articles, telling
these people what they need to do. Stop blaming everybody. These are your
kids! Stop being a sperm receptacle, and stop being a sperm donor. And if you
are, take care of your children. You know what I mean? So much for that! Kelly, it
was nice to meet you.
A: Thank you so much for your time.
S: Okay. And if you think of something else you need me for, call me, we’ll talk. AAHP 209; Sharpe; Page 19
A: Okay, thank you so much.
S: You’re welcome.
[End of Interview]
Audit-edited by: Aliya Miranda, April 25, 2017
Audit-edited by: Ryan Thompson, March 15. 2018
Final edit by: Ryan Morini, February 21, 2019