DOCSLIB.ORG

FLOWERING and SEX EXPRESSION in ACER L. ?I>^C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FLOWERING and SEX EXPRESSION in ACER L. ?I>^C 582.772.2:581.145.1 MEDEDELINGEN LANDBOUWHOGESCHOOL WAGENINGEN • NEDERLAND • 76-2 (1976) FLOWERING AND SEX EXPRESSION IN ACER L. A BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDY (with a summary in Dutch) P. C. DE JONG Department of Plant Taxonomy and Plant Geography, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (Received4-XI-1975 ) Date of publication • 7 April 1976 H. VEENMAN &ZONE N B.V.- WAGENINGEN - 1976 ?i>^ c ABSTRACT JONG, P. C. DE (1976). Flowering and sex expression in Acer L. A biosystem- atic study. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 76-2, 201 pages, 34 figures, 24 tables, 229 references, Dutch summary. A review and an analysis is given of flowering and sex expression in Acer. The process of sex differentiation was studied in physiological experiments and could be influenced by accelerated flowering and by removal of $ flower buds just after bud break. The paper further includes notes on the morphology, mainly of the reproductive organs, and a study of floral morphogenesis. A taxonomie study led to the division of Acer into 15 sections, partly subdivided into 2-3 series. Of these series, two, Ukurunduensiaan d Wardiana,ar e described for the first time. A key to the sections and series is added. The evolution of Acer, especially of its flowering and sex expression, and of its morphological characters, isdiscussed . Notes on sex expression in related genera are included. Descriptors: morphology, floral morphogenesis, sex differentiation, taxo­ nomy, evolution, Dipteronia, Aesculus, Koelreuteria. Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 76-2 (1976) (Communications Agricultural University) is also published as a thesis CONTENTS 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. The genus Acer 1 1.2. Flowering and sex expression 3 1.3. Scope of investigations 4 2. MORPHOLOGY 5 2.1. Introduction 5 2.2. The flowers 5 2.2.1. The number of floral parts 5 2.2.2. The occurrence of a connate perianth 7 2.2.3. Distinction of calyx and corolla 8 2.2.4. The arrangement of the stamens 8 2.2.5. The honey disc 10 2.2.6. The style and stigmas 10 2.2.7. The pollen 11 2.3. The inflorescence 12 2.3.1. Classification 12 2.3.2. Terminal and lateral inflorescences 14 2.3.3. The abscission of blown (male) flowers 15 2.4. The sexuality in Acer 16 2.4.1. The sexuality of the flowers 16 2.4.2. The sex expression of inflorescences 17 2.4.3. The sex expression of plants 17 2.4.4. The sex expression of species 18 2.5. The fruit 19 2.5.1. The shape of the fruit 19 2.5.2. The parthenocarpic fruit 19 2.6. The seed 21 2.6.1. The embryo 21 2.6.2. Two-seeded mericarps 22 2.6.3. Seed germination 22 2.7. The bud scales 22 2.8. The leaves 23 3. FLOWERING AND SEX EXPRESSION (OBSERVATIONS) 25 3.1. Introduction and literature 25 3.2. Materials and methods 28 3.3. Results of observations per section 30 I. Section Acer 30 A. Series Acer 30 1. Introduction and literature 30 2. General observations on flowering 33 3. Variation inflowering type s 33 4. Studies on a road side planting near Boskoop 35 5. Stability of protogynous flowering 37 6. Annual variations in trees with a <Jiphas e 37 7. Variations in the number of $flowers pe r inflorescence 38 8. Occurrence of a second $ phase 40 9. Variation in the sex expression of the terminal flowers 40 10. Clonal varieties and rootstocks 42 11. Flowering on one-year-old long shoots 42 12. A very heterogeneous flowering tree 43 13. Absence of a $ phase 43 14. Degree of variability within the series 43 B. Series Monspessulana 44 C. Series Saccharodendron ' 44 1. Introduction and literature 44 2. Results of observations 45 3. Degree of variability within the series 45 II Section Platanoidea 45 A. SeriesPlatanoidea 45 1. Introduction and literature 45 2. General observations on flowering 47 3. Variation inflowering type s 50 4. Relations between flowering type, flowering time and number of flowers per inflorescence 50 5. Flowering on one-year-old long shoots 51 6. Clonal varieties and rootstocks 53 7. Stability of protogynous flowering 53 8. Absence of a $ phase 53 9. Failure of sex expression on the borderline of the ? and o*nphase s ... 55 10. An apparently S tree 55 11. Occurrence of a second $ phase 55 12. Degree of variability within the series 55 B. Series Pubescentia 56 III Section Palmata 56 1. Introduction and literature 56 2. General observations on flowering 56 3. Variations inflowering type s 58 4. Clonal varieties and rootstocks 58 5. Stability of protogynous flowering 58 6. Two male A.palmatum cv. 's 58 7. Variability in A. circinatum 58 8. Degree of variability within the section 61 IV Section Macrantha 61 A. Series Tegmentosa 61 1. Introduction and literature 61 2. General observations on flowering 63 3. Annual variation in the sex expression 63 4. The variation in sex expression within a single specimen 67 5. Occurrence of bisexual flowers 71 6. Degree of monoecious flowering within the series 71 B. Series Wardiana 72 V Section Parviflora 72 A. Series Parviflora 72 B. Series Ukurunduensia 72 C. Series Distyla 74 VI Section Trifoliata 74 1. Introduction and literature 74 2. General observations on flowering 75 3. Annual variation in flowering 75 4. Degree of variability within the section 77 VII Section Rubra 78 1. Introduction and literature 78 2. General observations on flowering 82 3. Annual variation in the sex expression 84 4. Occurrence of bisexual flowers 84 5. Relation between the number of stamens and the sex expression of the flowers of A. saccharinum 85 6. Degree of variability within the section 86 VIII Section Ginnala 86 1. Introduction and literature 86 2. Results of observations 86 3. Occurrence of a second ? phase 88 IX Section Lithocarpa 88 A. SeriesLithocarpa 88 B. Series Macrophylla 88 1. Introduction 88 2. General observations on flowering 88 3. Occurrence of bisexual flowers 90 X Section Negundo 90 XI Section Glabra 93 A. Series Glabra 93 B. Series Arguta 94 XII Section Integrifolia 94 A. Series Trifida 94 B. Series Pentaphylla 94 XIII Section Indivisa 94 XIV Section Hyptiocarpa 96 3.4. Some notes on monoecism in related taxa 96 3.5. Discussion and conclusions 99 3.5.1. Sex expression of individual plants 99 3.5.2. The effects of variable sex expression within the species 100 3.5.3. Classification of Acer on the basis of the variability in sex expression ... 101 3.5.4. Sex expression versus sex differentiation 103 4. FLORAL INITIATION AND PREFLORAL DEVELOPMENT 104 4.1. Introduction 104 4.2. Initiation of inflorescences 104 4.3. Initiation of flower buds 105 4.4. Initiation of floral organs 105 4.5. Morphogenesis of the stamens 106 4.6. Morphogenesis of ovaries 107 4.7. Discussion and conclusions 108 5. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF SEX DIFFERENTIATION 110 5.1. General introduction 110 5.2. The influence of acceleratedflowering o n the sex expression 110 5.2.1. Introduction and literature 110 5.2.2. Materials and methods 110 5.2.3. Results (per section) Ill 5.3. Influence of defoliation on the sex expression 120 5.3.1. Introduction and literature 120 5.3.2. Defoliation after flower induction 120 5.3.3. Defoliation during unfolding of the leaves 121 5.4. Influence offlower bud s on the sex expression 121 5.4.1. Introduction and literature 121 5.4.2. Materials and methods 121 5.4.3. Results 122 5.5. In vitro culture offlowers an d flower buds 126 5.6. Viability of pollen 126 5.7. General discussion and conclusions 127 5.7.1. Preliminary remarks 127 5.7.2. Differentiation of primary <J flowers 128. 5.7.3. Differentiation (of (primary) $ flowers 131 5.7.4. Differentiation of secondary <J and $ flowers 131 6. TAXONOMY 133 6.1. Historical survey of genus and family 133 6.2. Survey of classifications 134 6.3. Criteria for a new classification 135 6.4. Proposed classification of the genus Acer 136 6.5. Key to the sections and series 155 6.6. Survey of biosystematic studies 157 6.6.1. Anatomy 157 6.6.2. Chemistry 158 6.6.3. Karyology 159 6.6.4. Genetics 159 6.6.5. Heteroplastic grafting 160 6.7. Palaeotaxonomy 160 7. EVOLUTION 162 7.1. Introduction 162 7.2. Literature 162 7.3. Phylogenetic developments of morphologic characters 164 7.3.1. The inflorescences 164 7.3.2. The flowers 165 7.3.2.1. The perianth 165 7.3.2.2. The androecium 165 7.3.2.3. The honey disc 166 7.3.2.4. The pistil 166 7.3.3. The fruits and seeds 166 7.3.4. The leaves 167 7.3.5. Bud scales and shoot development 168 7.4. Evolution offlowering an d sex expression 168 7.5. Contribution of the remaining biosystematic and morphologic studies . 170 7.6. Discussion and conclusions 171 SUMMARY 175 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 179 SAMENVATTING 180 REFERENCES 184 SPECIMENS EXAMINED 192 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1. THE GENUS ACER The Aceraceae contain two genera: Acer and the small genus Dipteronia. The family belongs in the Sapindales, and is rather closely related to the Sapindaceae and Hippocastanaceae. The maples are trees and shrubs characterized by opposite leaves and a winged schizocarpic fruit, the samara. The leaves show a large variability within the genus. Most common are 3- or 5-lobed leaves, while also unlobed, 7-13-lobed, trifoliolate, palmatifoliolate or pinnate leaves occur (see fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Department of Planning and Zoning
    Department of Planning and Zoning Subject: Howard County Landscape Manual Updates: Recommended Street Tree List (Appendix B) and Recommended Plant List (Appendix C) - Effective July 1, 2010 To: DLD Review Staff Homebuilders Committee From: Kent Sheubrooks, Acting Chief Division of Land Development Date: July 1, 2010 Purpose: The purpose of this policy memorandum is to update the Recommended Plant Lists presently contained in the Landscape Manual. The plant lists were created for the first edition of the Manual in 1993 before information was available about invasive qualities of certain recommended plants contained in those lists (Norway Maple, Bradford Pear, etc.). Additionally, diseases and pests have made some other plants undesirable (Ash, Austrian Pine, etc.). The Howard County General Plan 2000 and subsequent environmental and community planning publications such as the Route 1 and Route 40 Manuals and the Green Neighborhood Design Guidelines have promoted the desirability of using native plants in landscape plantings. Therefore, this policy seeks to update the Recommended Plant Lists by identifying invasive plant species and disease or pest ridden plants for their removal and prohibition from further planting in Howard County and to add other available native plants which have desirable characteristics for street tree or general landscape use for inclusion on the Recommended Plant Lists. Please note that a comprehensive review of the street tree and landscape tree lists were conducted for the purpose of this update, however, only
    [Show full text]
  • Junker's Nursery
    1 JUNKER’S NURSERY LTD 2011-2012 Higher Cobhay (01823) 400075 Milverton Somerset E-mail: [email protected] TA4 1NJ Website: www.junker.co.uk See website for more detail: www.junker.co.uk elcome to a new look catalogue. Mind you, the catalogue is season, but if that means planting at a time of year when the plants have2 the least of the changes this year! We have finally completed best chance of success, then that can only be a good thing. I would en- W our relocation to our new site. Although we have owned it courage you therefore to make your plans and reserve your plants for for nearly 4 years now, personal circumstances intervened and it has when we can lift them. Typically we start this in mid-October. The taken longer to complete the move than we anticipated. It was definitely plants don’t need to have completely lost their leaves, but they do need worth the wait though (even if the rain is streaming down the windows to have finished active growth for the season. We will then continue lift- yet again, even as I write this in late July!) So much is different that it’s ing right through until March or so, but late planting can be risky in the difficult to know where to start...what remains unchanged however is our event of a dry spring such as we’ve had the last couple of years. Lifting commitment to growing the most exciting plants to the best of our abil- is weather dependant though, as we can’t continue if everything is water- ity, and to giving you, the customer, the kind of personal service that logged or frozen solid.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Native Trees and Large Shrubs for the Washington, D.C. Area
    Green Spring Gardens 4603 Green Spring Rd ● Alexandria ● VA 22312 Phone: 703-642-5173 ● TTY: 703-803-3354 www.fairfaxcounty.gov/parks/greenspring NON - NATIVE TREES AND LARGE SHRUBS ­ FOR THE WASHINGTON, D.C. AREA ­ Non-native trees are some of the most beloved plants in the landscape due to their beauty. In addition, these trees are grown for the shade, screening, structure, and landscape benefits they provide. Deciduous trees, whose leaves die and fall off in the autumn, are valuable additions to landscapes because of their changing interest throughout the year. Evergreen trees are valued for their year-round beauty and shelter for wildlife. Evergreens are often grouped into two categories, broadleaf evergreens and conifers. Broadleaf evergreens have broad, flat leaves. They also may have showy flowers, such as Camellia oleifera (a large shrub), or colorful fruits, such as Nellie R. Stevens holly. Coniferous evergreens either have needle-like foliage, such as the lacebark pine, or scale-like foliage, such as the green giant arborvitae. Conifers do not have true flowers or fruits but bear cones. Though most conifers are evergreen, exceptions exist. Dawn redwood, for example, loses its needles each fall. The following are useful definitions: Cultivar (cv.) - a cultivated variety designated by single quotes, such as ‘Autumn Gold’. A variety (var.) or subspecies (subsp.), in contrast, is found in nature and is a subdivision of a species (a variety of Cedar of Lebanon is listed). Full Shade - the amount of light under a dense deciduous tree canopy or beneath evergreens. Full Sun - at least 6 hours of sun daily.
    [Show full text]
  • Acer Platanoides in Europe: Distribution, Habitat, Usage and Threats
    Acer platanoides Acer platanoides in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats G. Caudullo, D. de Rigo Acer platanoides L., commonly known as Norway maple, is a large tree that is widespread in central Europe and reaching eastwards the Ural Mountains. It is a fast-growing species, able to grow in a wide range of soils and habitat conditions. In natural stands it occurs in fresh and humid sites in temperate mixed forests, both with conifers and broadleaves. It is a secondary species, growing in small groups or individually. It has been planted intensively as an ornamental and shade tree, appreciated for its colourful foliage and large, spreading crown, in combination with its tolerance of urban conditions. Its wood is also valued for its attractive flaming figures and is used for music instruments, furniture, marquetry and turned objects. This maple is generally free of serious diseases, except in urban areas, where it is more vulnerable to pathogens. In North America it has been widely planted and is now naturalised, becoming an invasive species. The Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) is a large and tall- domed tree, sometimes very broad, growing to 25-30 m tall and Frequency 60-80 cm in diameter, although exceptionally over 150 cm. The < 25% 25% - 50% stem is straight, short with perpendicular shoots and the crown 50% - 75% is dense with foliage. The leaves are opposite, simple, 10-15 cm > 75% Chorology long, very variable in dimension depending on the age and the Native vigour of the tree. They have five lobes with long and acuminate Introduced teeth and smooth margins.
    [Show full text]
  • Extrapolating Demography with Climate, Proximity and Phylogeny: Approach with Caution
    ! ∀#∀#∃ %& ∋(∀∀!∃ ∀)∗+∋ ,+−, ./ ∃ ∋∃ 0∋∀ /∋0 0 ∃0 . ∃0 1##23%−34 ∃−5 6 Extrapolating demography with climate, proximity and phylogeny: approach with caution Shaun R. Coutts1,2,3, Roberto Salguero-Gómez1,2,3,4, Anna M. Csergő3, Yvonne M. Buckley1,3 October 31, 2016 1. School of Biological Sciences. Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science. The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. 2. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK. 3. School of Natural Sciences, Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. 4. Evolutionary Demography Laboratory. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research. Rostock, DE-18057, Germany. Keywords: COMPADRE Plant Matrix Database, comparative demography, damping ratio, elasticity, matrix population model, phylogenetic analysis, population growth rate (λ), spatially lagged models Author statement: SRC developed the initial concept, performed the statistical analysis and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. RSG helped develop the initial concept, provided code for deriving de- mographic metrics and phylogenetic analysis, and provided the matrix selection criteria. YMB helped develop the initial concept and advised on analysis. All authors made substantial contributions to editing the manuscript and further refining ideas and interpretations. 1 Distance and ancestry predict demography 2 ABSTRACT Plant population responses are key to understanding the effects of threats such as climate change and invasions. However, we lack demographic data for most species, and the data we have are often geographically aggregated. We determined to what extent existing data can be extrapolated to predict pop- ulation performance across larger sets of species and spatial areas. We used 550 matrix models, across 210 species, sourced from the COMPADRE Plant Matrix Database, to model how climate, geographic proximity and phylogeny predicted population performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Adeyemi Et Al., 2012)
    Ife Journal of Science vol. 15, no. 2 (2013) 303 A REVIEW OF THE TAXONOMY OF AFRICAN SAPINDACEAE BASED ON QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CHARACTERS *Adeyemi, T.O., Ogundipe, O.T. and Olowokudejo, J.D. Department of Botany, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria. e-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] *Corresponding author: [email protected], +2348029180930 (Received: April, 2013; Accepted: June, 2013) ABSTRACT This study was conducted using qualitative and quantitative morphology to characterise and group different representative species of the family Sapindaceae in Africa. The morphological characters used included leaf, stem and fruit. Essentially, the similarities among various taxa in the family were estimated. A total of 28 genera and 106 species were assessed. Members possess compound leaves (paripinnate, imparipinnate or trifoliolate); flowers are in clusters, fruits occur as berry, drupe or capsule and contain seed with white or orange aril. UPGMA dendograms were generated showing relationships amongst taxa studied. The dendograms consists of a single cluster from 0 57 % similarity coefficients suggesting a single line decent of the members of the family. At 65 % two clusters were observed with Majidea fosterii being separated from the cluster. Also, at 67 % similarity coefficient, two clusters were discerned separating the climbing forms from the shrubby forms. Paullinia pinnata was separated from the other climbing forms at 67 % while Allophylus species were separated into two clusters at 91 % similarity coefficient. The dendograms revealed that the family can be separated into eleven (11) clusters based on qualitative morphological data. A key to the identification of genera is presented in this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Paperbark Maple Acer Griseum Paul W
    During NACPEC expeditions plant species are targeted for collection for a range of reasons including environmental adaptabilities, conservation value, and ornamental features. Presented here are thirteen profiles of notable plants collected on these expeditions. Paperbark Maple Acer griseum Paul W. Meyer aperbark maple is an iconic Chinese spe- The paperbark maples growing on Wudang cies with beautiful exfoliating cinna- Mountain were relatively small, growing on a Pmon-colored bark that never fails to grab west-facing slope in thin, rocky soil. Being in attention. It is frequently highlighted in public the understory, most were leggy and the foliage gardens and connoisseurs’ gardens throughout was high off the ground. With careful observa- the temperate world. It was first introduced to tion though, we spotted the winged samaras the United States by E. H. Wilson through the in the upper canopy. Using pole pruners, we Arnold Arboretum in 1907. were able to collect herbarium specimens and In addition to its stunning bark, this species a small seed sample. is widely admired for its clean, fine-textured The following year, in April 1995, NACPEC foliage, orange-red fall color, and relatively small team members Rick lewandowski, Teicheng stature, usually under 35 feet (10.7 meters) tall. Cui, and Ned Garvey spotted an incredible It is believed that until recently, all or most specimen of paperbark maple in the Baxiam paperbark maples in the United States derived Forest Station in Shaanxi, less than 200 kilo- from the genetically narrow 1907 Wilson intro- meters (124 miles) west of Wudang Mountain. duction—it consisted of only two plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Acer Campestre Field Maple
    Acer campestre Field Maple Acer campestre is a deciduous, medium sized tree which is native to England and much of Europe. In spring, inconspicuous yellow green flowers emerge at the same time as the foliage. The leaves turn a lush green and have five deep, rounded lobes. When autumn comes, the foliage changes to a glorious shade of yellow and winged fruits hang in clusters from the stems. The bark is also interesting, finely fissured and corky bark also giving good interest at other times of year. The wood is hard and strong and can make furniture and musical instruments, though the relatively slow growth means it is not commonly used. Contrary to popular opinion, Acer campestre is not just a wildlife friendly hedging plant. This is a highly versatile and underrated variety which can be grown and trained into many different forms. When trained into an umbrella or pleached form, it takes on a fantastic architectural quality which allows it to be used in formal schemes and even show gardens. It is also available as a standard, multistem, hedging or bonsai / cloud pruned plant. Semi mature field maples 20-25-30cm girth Plant Profile Name: Acer campestre Common Name: Field Maple Family: Aceraceae Height: 12-15m Demands: Suitable for a wide range of soils. Also tolerant of drought, air pollution, wind exposure and to a degree, soil compaction and salty air. Foliage: Small, dark green, 5-lobed leaves. Brilliant gold in Autumn Flower: Inconspicuous small flowers in spring Fruit: Winged seeds in clusters in autumn Bark: Pale brown with close ridges; slightly corky Acer campestre multistems, for hedging or specimens Deepdale Trees Ltd., Tithe Farm, Hatley Road, Potton, Sandy, Beds.
    [Show full text]
  • Latitudinal Gradient in Leaf Defense Traits of Woody Plants Along Japanese Archipelago
    Latitudinal gradient in leaf defense traits of woody plants along Japanese archipelago 日本産樹木種における、葉防御形質の緯度傾度 Saihanna 1 General Introduction It is estimated that over the twenty million species of organisms are living on our planet, and all of these organisms adapted to their own living environment, namely niche (Hatchinson 1957). Not only the abiotic factors but biotic interaction plays a key role in the maintenance of biodiversity. Animal-plant interactions are one of the most important topic in community ecology (e.g. Morin 1999). Plants and herbivore insects have accounted for about half of the entire diversity on the earth (Strong et al., 1984). Plant-herbivore interactions are extremely complex, which should lead the tremendous diversity of both plants and herbivores (e.g. Gutierrez et al., 1984; Hay et al., 1989). Although the interaction between these two components, namely co-speciation, should account for this diversification, most of the studies so far, tend to explain this interaction only from one side of them. Plants have interacted with insect herbivores for several hundred million years, which should lead to complex defense systems against various herbivores (Fürstenberg-Hägg et al., 2013). This interaction between plants and herbivores has long proposed the opportunity for studying the mechanism of the creation and maintenance of biological diversity because of its universality and generality (Strong et al. 1984; Ali and Agrawal 2012). It is believed that the evolution of plant defense traits followed by counter-adaptations in herbivores could lead to bursts of adaptive radiation of both components (Ehrlich and Raven 1969). Understanding the coevolution of plant and insect species and macroevolution of adaptive traits has inspired biologists for some decades, yet has been challenging to study even present days (Schluter, 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • Number 3, Spring 1998 Director’S Letter
    Planning and planting for a better world Friends of the JC Raulston Arboretum Newsletter Number 3, Spring 1998 Director’s Letter Spring greetings from the JC Raulston Arboretum! This garden- ing season is in full swing, and the Arboretum is the place to be. Emergence is the word! Flowers and foliage are emerging every- where. We had a magnificent late winter and early spring. The Cornus mas ‘Spring Glow’ located in the paradise garden was exquisite this year. The bright yellow flowers are bright and persistent, and the Students from a Wake Tech Community College Photography Class find exfoliating bark and attractive habit plenty to photograph on a February day in the Arboretum. make it a winner. It’s no wonder that JC was so excited about this done soon. Make sure you check of themselves than is expected to seedling selection from the field out many of the special gardens in keep things moving forward. I, for nursery. We are looking to propa- the Arboretum. Our volunteer one, am thankful for each and every gate numerous plants this spring in curators are busy planting and one of them. hopes of getting it into the trade. preparing those gardens for The magnolias were looking another season. Many thanks to all Lastly, when you visit the garden I fantastic until we had three days in our volunteers who work so very would challenge you to find the a row of temperatures in the low hard in the garden. It shows! Euscaphis japonicus. We had a twenties. There was plenty of Another reminder — from April to beautiful seven-foot specimen tree damage to open flowers, but the October, on Sunday’s at 2:00 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • IHCA Recommended Plant List
    Residential Architectural Review Committee Recommended Plant List Plant Materials The following plant materials are intended to guide tree and shrub ADDITIONS to residential landscapes at Issaquah Highlands. Lot sizes, shade, wind and other factors place size and growth constraints on plants, especially trees, which are suitable for addition to existing landscapes. Other plant materials may be considered that have these characteristics and similar maintenance requirements. Additional species and varieties may be selected if authorized by the Issaquah Highlands Architectural Review Committee. This list is not exhaustive but does cover most of the “good doers” for Issaquah Highlands. Our microclimate is colder and harsher than those closer to Puget Sound. Plants not listed should be used with caution if their performance has not been observed at Issaquah Highlands. * Drought-tolerant plant ** Requires well-drained soil DECIDUOUS TREES: Small • Acer circinatum – Vine Maple • Acer griseum – Paperbark Maple • *Acer ginnala – Amur Maple • Oxydendrum arboreum – Sourwood • Acer palmation – Japanese Maple • *Prunus cerasifera var. – Purple Leaf Plum varieties • Amelanchier var. – Serviceberry varieties • Styrax japonicus – Japanese Snowbell • Cornus species, esp. kousa Medium • Acer rufinerve – Redvein Maple • Cornus florida (flowering dogwood) • *Acer pseudoplatanus – Sycamore Maple • Acer palmatum (Japanese maple, many) • • *Carpinus betulus – European Hornbeam Stewartia species (several) • *Parrotia persica – Persian Parrotia Columnar Narrow
    [Show full text]
  • Hypoglycin a Concentrations in Maple Tree Species in the Netherlands and the Occurrence of Atypical Myopathy in Horses
    J Vet Intern Med 2016;30:880–884 Hypoglycin A Concentrations in Maple Tree Species in the Netherlands and the Occurrence of Atypical Myopathy in Horses C.M. Westermann, R. van Leeuwen, L.W.D. van Raamsdonk, and H.G.J. Mol Background: Atypical myopathy (AM) in horses is caused by the plant toxin hypoglycin A, which in Europe typically is found in the sycamore maple tree (Acer pseudoplatanus). Owners are concerned about whether their horses are in danger if they graze near maple trees. Hypothesis/Objectives: To measure hypoglycin A in the most common maple tree species in the Netherlands, and to determine whether concentration of toxin is a predictor of AM in horses. Methods: A total of 278 samples of maple tree leaves, sprouts, and seeds were classified by species. Mean concentrations of hypoglycin A were compared for the type of sample, the season and the occurrence of AM in the pasture (non-AM versus AM). Statistical analysis was performed using generalized a linear model (SPPS22). Results: Almost all Acer pseudoplatanus samples contained hypoglycin A, with concentrations differing significantly among sources (P < .001). Concentrations were significantly higher in seeds from the AM group than in seeds from the non- AM group (856 Æ 677 and 456 Æ 358 mg/kg, respectively; P = .039). In sprouts and leaves this was not the case. Acer pla- tanoides and Acer campestre samples did not contain detectable concentrations of hypoglycin A. Conclusions and clinical importance: Acer platanoides and campestre seem to be safe around paddocks and pastures, whereas almost all Acer pseudoplatanus samples contained hypoglycin A.
    [Show full text]