Un Ejemplo Del Exilio Alemán a Los Estados Unidos 1933-1945

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Un Ejemplo Del Exilio Alemán a Los Estados Unidos 1933-1945 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA Departamento de Filología Alemana TESIS DOCTORAL Filmografía antinazi de Fritz Lang: un ejemplo del exilio alemán a los Estados Unidos 1933-1945 TESIS DOCTORAL MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR María del Carmen Deltoro Lenguazco Directora: Ana María Pérez López Madrid, 2002 ISBN: 978-84-8466-304-1 © María del Carmen Deltoro Lenguazco, 1994 FILMOGRAFíA ANTINAZI DE FRITZ LANG: UN EJEMPLO DEL EXILIO ALEMAN A LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS <HOLLYWOOD) 1933-45 María del Carmen Deltoro Lenguazco Trabajo presentado en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid para la obtención del grado de Doctor Dirigido por la Dra. Ana Pérez, Profesora del Departamento de Filología Alemana de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ponente: Dr. Leopoldo Mateo, Profesor del Departamento de Filología Inglesa de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, 18 de marzo de 1994 A la memoria de mispadres INDICE Agradecimientos II Introducción III Capítulo 1. Alemania años treinta 1 1. 1. Circunstancias políticas, históricas y culturales en Alemania 2 durante los años 1920-1940 1.2. La cultura de Weimar 23 1.3. El cinc alemán de los años 20 y 30. Metrópolis (1926) 37 1.4. El Nacionalsocialismo y el cine alemán 53 1.4.1. Der Triwnph des Willens (1935) 56 1.4.2. Sieg ini Wes:en (1941) 59 Notas 64 Capítulo 2. El exilio a los Estados Unidos 77 2.1. Emigración y exilio a los Estados Unidos 78 2.2. El exilio alemán a los Estados Unidos de 1933 a 1941 85 2.2.1. Características ocupacionales 87 2.2.2. Características raciales y religiosas 88 2.2.3. Distribución geográfica de los refugiados 89 2.2.4. Ciudadanos americanos 91 2.2.5. Problemas de comunicación 93 2.2.6. El amigo americano 96 2.2.7. Reajustes económicos 97 2.2.8. América para los americanos loo 2.2.9. El sueño americano: una casa propia 102 2.3. Una nueva Weimar en California 104 Notas 116 Capítulo 3. Hollywood, Meca del Cine 126 3.1. El origen de Hollywood 127 3.2. Sus habitantes 131 3.3. Will H. Hays. El “Zar” 134 3.4. Fñtz L.ang y la censura 145 Notas 152 Capítulo 4. Películas antinazis de Fritz Lang 158 4.1. Comienzos en Hollywood. Fuzy 159 4.2. Man Hunt 174 4.3. Hangmen also die!. Fritz Lang y Bertolt Brecht 188 4.4. Ministty of Fear 217 4.5. Cloak and Dagger 230 Notas 243 CapItulo 5. Hollywood 1940-1950 255 5.1. Antecedentes 256 5.2. Americanos y Anti-americanos 261 5.3. Bertolt Brecht ante el Comité 276 5.4. Nuevas condiciones de producción en Hollywood. Repercusiones del macartismo 289 Notas 306 Conclusiones 312 Bibliografía 323 Apéndices 330 AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco muy sinceramente la extraordinaria ayuda que en todo momento me ha prestado la Doctora Doña Ana Pérez, Directora de este trabajo. Sin sus inapreciables consejos esta tesis no hubiera sido posible. La Doctora Pérez ha sido una guía eficaz desde el mismo momento del establecimiento de los hechos a investigar, así como durante el desarrollo del trabajo, paciente lectora de borradores y aguda consejera de nuevas búsquedas o correcciones. Debo destacar así mismo el apoyo encontrado en los Departamentos de Inglés y Alemán de la Facultad de Filología de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Mi agradecimiento también a las siguientes Instituciones nacionales y extranjeras donde he podido encontrar un valioso material: Universidad de San Diego, California British Film Institute, London Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid The New York Public Library, New York Harold Washington Public Libraxy, Chicago Tbe New York Publie Library for dic Performing Arts, New York Filmoteca Nacional, Madrid Northwestern University Library, Evaston (Illinois) Y por último, mil gracias a María, Pablo y Federico que me ayudaron en la preparación física del trabajo y que sobre todo, siempre me animaron. INTRODUCCION Casi en los albores del siglo XXI nos parece imposible imaginar cómo sería el mundo sin la existencia del Cine. Un arte con tan sólo un siglo de vida, pero que ya constituye el medio de expresión por excelencia. No resulta aventurado decir que el cine hoy nos representa y nos influye en mucha mayor medida de lo que cualquier otro arte pudo lograr en cualquier otra época de la Historia. Esta importancia del Cine nos lleva a pensar si es la vida la que imita al cine o al revés. Los grandes directores de cine de todos los tiempos han intentado reflejar en la pantalla tanto los pequeños acontecimientos de la vida cotidiana como las grandes historias con mayúsculas. Desde El acorazado Potemkin (1925) de 5 .M. Eisenstein pasando por Metropolis (1926) en la que el gran director de cine alemán Fritz Lang, objeto de esta Tesis, predice el mundo del futuro, hasta la película Shoncuts (1993) del director de cine estadounidense Robert Altman en la que se nos muestran retazos de la vida de personas vulgares, el cine se ha integrado de forma natural en la vida del ciudadano. Esta idea, sin duda cautivadora y sugerente, de interrelación Vida- Historia-Cine fue la que deterniinó mi interés por Fritz Lang pues en él se conjugan de una manera insólita casi todas las características del imaginario contemporáneo: la tragedia europea, el exilio, la intolerancia, el compromiso político del artista, el descubrimiento de que el ejercicio de la libertad creativa puede resultar imposible, y todo ello plasmado por el cine; por su cine. Lang es por ello director y “actor” a la vez; su vida y su obra resultan indisolublemente ligadas y así resulta considerado en esta Tesis. Para investigar sobre estos hechos, los Estados Unidos es el banco de pruebas perfecto. Una sociedad en la que conviven más o menos pacíficamente casi todas las etnias y religiones conocidas, pero en la que no hay un enriquecimiento reciproco, sino compartimentos estancos donde la mezcla de razas y culturas es casi inviable y donde si Iv se llega a la influencia de unas sobre otras siempre predomina la cultura blanca occidental y cristiana sobre las demás. Mi relación con la cultura alemana antes de hacer los Cursos Interdisciplinares de Doctorado había sido escasa y fueron esos años de estudio y contacto con otra cultura diferente de la española, inglesa o norteamericana, los que me hicieron reflexionar sobre cómo un brillante director de cine alemán, perteneciente a la ¿lite mas exquisita del Berlin de los años veinte y treinta se pudo insertar en el medio estadounidense. Evidentemente el caso de Fritz Lang es un ejemplo excepcional de cómo las circunstancias históricas pueden llevar al compromiso político en su periodo cinematográfico estadounidense - aunque sea por un breve espacio de tiempo - a un artista para el que en un principio las ideas políticas no existían. También habia que plantearse hasta qué punto en las condiciones de exilio y de aclimatación a las nuevas formas de producción, su obra se ha mantenido con la calidad innovadora y artística de su primer período cinematográfico alemán. Esta investigación en la que he tratado de reconstruir el caso particular de Fritz Lang como ejemplo del fenómeno histórico del exilio intelectual alemán a los Estados Unidos, se inició primero con lecturas de diferentes biografias de Fritz Lang. Unas ensalzadoras, como es el caso de la de Lotte Eisner o la de Méndez-Leite, otras más objetivas como la de Noel Simsolo y otras muy críticas como es el caso de la biografía y estudio de películas de Francis Courtade. Tambien se han incluido entrevistas hechas a Fritz L.ang, como la de Peter Bogdanovich, e incluso artículos escritos por el propio Fritz Lang comentando sus películas, su vida privada y su concepción del Cine, como son sus artículos “Happily ever after” y “La nuit Viennoise”. La lecturas de estas biografías me llevó primero a una investigación sobre la formación artística del joven Lang y así pude contactar con la riqueza intelectual de la República de Weimar (19 18- y 1933), la gran ignorada durante tantos años. Pintores, arquitectos, músicos, escritores, directores de cine y artistas en general, todo un mundo apasionante de intelectuales que disfrutaron de un clima de libertades como hasta entonces no se había conocido y que produjo un florecimiento cultural de enormes dimensiones. Como introducción general a los acontecimientos históricos y sociales que precedieron y acompañaron a Fritz Lang en su juventud en Alemania tuve oportunidad de investigar en la Northwestern University de Evanston, Illinois, y en la Public Library de Chicago y consulté diversas fuentes bibliográficas, entre ellas Walter Rathenau. His life ant! work de Kessler, Weimar A cultural history 1918-1933 de Walter Laqucur, Weimar and tire rise ofHitler de Nicholís y Hitler’s Letters ant! Notes de Maser. Fritz Lang disfruté de ese clima de libertad y arte en su juventud y así, al lado de grandes maestros como Erich Pommer, Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau, Robert Weiner o Ernst Lubitsch, por citar a algunos de los grandes, pudo desarrollar algunas de sus portentosas facultades como diseñador de decorados y guionista primero y m~s tarde como director y co-guionista de famosas películas, entre ellas Metrópolis (1926), junto con su esposa y colaboradora Ihea von Harbou, figura mucho más importante en su vida y en su obra de lo que los críticos han apreciado hasta ahora. En ningún momento de su juventud Fritz Lang pensó que el Destino, una de sus obsesiones, le iba a llevar a ser en el futuro un ciudadano de los Estados Unidos y a morir en Beverly Hills (California) en 1976. Nació en Viena el 5 de diciembre de 1890 en una familia perteneciente a la clase media acomodada y pronto su amor por la libertad le incité a abandonar los estudios de arquitectura y la casa paterna para llevar una vida bohemia y viajar a paises exóticos hasta que la Primera Guerra Mundial le obligó a incorporarse al frente.
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