In the Wake of the Bounty
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TAHITI NUI Tu-Nui-Ae-I-Te-Atua
TAHITI NUI Tu-nui-ae-i-te-atua. Pomare I (1802). ii TAHITI NUI Change and Survival in French Polynesia 1767–1945 COLIN NEWBURY THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF HAWAII HONOLULU Open Access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Licensed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 In- ternational (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits readers to freely download and share the work in print or electronic format for non-commercial purposes, so long as credit is given to the author. Derivative works and commercial uses require per- mission from the publisher. For details, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. The Cre- ative Commons license described above does not apply to any material that is separately copyrighted. Open Access ISBNs: 9780824880323 (PDF) 9780824880330 (EPUB) This version created: 17 May, 2019 Please visit www.hawaiiopen.org for more Open Access works from University of Hawai‘i Press. Copyright © 1980 by The University Press of Hawaii All rights reserved. For Father Patrick O’Reilly, Bibliographer of the Pacific CONTENTS Dedication vi Illustrations ix Tables x Preface xi Chapter 1 THE MARKET AT MATAVAI BAY 1 The Terms of Trade 3 Territorial Politics 14 Chapter 2 THE EVANGELICAL IMPACT 31 Revelation and Revolution 33 New Institutions 44 Churches and Chiefs 56 Chapter 3 THE MARKET EXPANDED 68 The Middlemen 72 The Catholic Challenge 87 Chapter 4 OCCUPATION AND RESISTANCE 94 Governor Bruat’s War 105 Governor Lavaud’s -
Seabirds of the Gambier Archipelago, French Polynesia, in 2010
Waugh et al.: Seabirds of Gambier Archipelago, French Polynesia 7 SEABIRDS OF THE GAMBIER ARCHIPELAGO, FRENCH POLYNESIA, IN 2010 S. WAUGH1, J. CHAMPEAU2, S. CRANWELL3 & L. FAULQUIER2 1Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 462, Wellington, New Zealand ([email protected]) 2Société d’Ornithologie de Polynésie (Manu), BP 7023, 98719 Taravao, Tahiti, French Polynesia 3BirdLife International, BirdLife Pacific Secretariat, PO Box 18332, Suva, Fiji Received 6 July 2011, accepted 16 October 2012 SUMMARY WAUGH, S., CHAMPEAU, J., CRANWELL, S. & FAULQUIER, L. 2013. Seabirds of the Gambier Archipelago, French Polynesia in 2010. Marine Ornithology 41: 7–12. We visited the Gambier Archipelago in April 2010, and noted the presence of 15 species of seabirds. An additional species was noted in 2008 and 2011 during a visit by members of our team. The species and breeding populations are significant for the French Polynesian region, including nesting Polynesian Storm-Petrel Nesofregetta fuliginosa, listed as Endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). We noted nesting by 11 species, including confirmation of the presence of breeding Red-footed Booby Sula sula, previously noted in 2008. The islands in the south of the archipelago were the main focus for our study, as they had been proposed as sites for island restoration through removal of introduced mammal species. These were Manui, Kamaka, Makaroa and the tiny islet of Motu Teiku. These sites held the richest and most numerous populations of seabirds in the archipelago, and, as they are very near to one another and relatively inaccessible due to difficult landing conditions, they presented the best opportunities to safeguard the important large seabird populations of the south of the French Polynesian Region. -
Mangarevan - a Shifting Language
Mangarevan - A Shifting Language Ena Manuireva A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil) 2014 Te Ara Poutama Abstract This thesis has been undertaken in order to identify causes and consequences of the phenomenon of language shift and attempt to provide means to minimise its impacts. The Mangarevan language has been exposed to other language influences since the mid- 19th century - as a result of the colonial experience. Consequently French, and to a lesser degree Tahitian, have had an impact on the vitality of the Mangarevan language. This is demonstrated by the use of borrowed words, transliterations and more significantly on language loss amongst the young generation. In addition the French nuclear testing in the mid-20th century led to mass migration of the native population from Mangareva to Tahiti. As a consequence of depopulation, the majority of the younger (<30years) Mangarevans now speak French as their first language. Interestingly and depressingly, French is perceived by Mangarevans as a high status language. This phenomenon is the catalyst for language shift and in particular the issue of intergenerational language transmission. Reversal language shift will involve collaboration and commitment, a process imperative for the language to survive. Integral to this process is promoting and valuing Mangarevan language amongst the native population. The fieldwork explored the attitudes of Mangarevan people towards the language and the culture. All of the participants are residents of Mangareva and most have lived on the island all their lives. The findings from the fieldwork suggest that the Mangarevan community’s endeavour to contain language shift is not without challenges. -
South Pacific the GAMBIER ARCHIPELAGO in a REMOTE CORNER of FRENCH POLYNESIA IS HOME to SOME of the WORLD’S FINEST BLACK PEARLS
Gem of the South Pacific THE GAMBIER ARCHIPELAGO IN A REMOTE CORNER OF FRENCH POLYNESIA IS HOME TO SOME OF THE WORLD’S FINEST BLACK PEARLS. story Becca Guillote RACHEL SHANKLE yachtsinternational.com Yachts International / 27 / Fall 2020 Gem of the South Pacific Spearfishing in the crystal- clear lagoon water is a popular sport among both residents and visitors in the Gambiers. Previous spread:The climb up Mount Duff, the highest peak in the Gambiers, is formidable but the exertion is worth the stunning views The four-and-a-half-hour flight from Tahiti to the over the archipelago. Gambiers traces an arc over the teardrop atolls of the Tuamotus before touchdown on an airstrip only slightly narrower than the island itself, with colorful coral outcroppings and azure water in every direction. t is the picture of paradise: secluded beaches, crystal-clear water, tropical temperatures, breathtaking sunsets and a mountainous backdrop. The Gambier Islands are perhaps the best-kept secret of the Pacific. Tucked away in the southeast corner of the vast island nation of French Polynesia, the Gambier archipelago is a collection of 14 tropical islands that appear to float in a symphony of colors. The lagoon, pulsing with a thousand shades of blue, is pro- tected by a diamond-shaped outer reef. Once known as the “forgotten islands,” the Gambiers seem to breathe relaxation with their swaying palm trees, vibrant coral and unhurried pace of life. The four-and-a-half-hour flight from Tahiti to the Gambiers traces an arc over the teardrop atolls of the Tuamotus before touchdown on an airstrip only slightly narrower than the island Iitself, with colorful coral outcroppings and azure water in every direction. -
Meeting Materials
MINUTES OF THE COMMISSION ON THE 13TH FESTIVAL OF PACIFIC ARTS & CULTURE (FestPAC) MEETING MONDAY, APRIIL 19, 2021 AT 2:30 PM VIA VIRTUAL APPLICATION ZOOM: VIDEO / AUDIO CONFERENCE Commission Members Present were: Kalani Ka‘anā‘anā, Chair - Hawaiʻi Tourism Authority (HTA) Designee Snowbird Bento - Community Member At-Large (Departed at 3:02 p.m.) Māpuana de Silva - Community Member At-Large (Arrived at 2:34 p.m.) Jamie Lum - Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT) Richard Onishi - House Speaker’s Designee (Arrived at 2:36 p.m.) Makanani Salā - City and County of Honolulu Designee Hinaleimoana Wong-Kalu - Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) Designee Guests: Jackie Lynne Burke - Public Member Maka Casson-Fisher - Hawai‘i Tourism Authority (HTA) Ilihia Gionson - Native Hawaiian Hospitality Association Dede Howa - Hawai‘i Tourism Authority (HTA) June Matsumoto - Public Member Monte McComber - Public Member Aaron Sala - University of Hawaiʻi/Royal Hawaiian Center Staff: Margaret Ahn - Deputy Attorney General Marlene Hiraoka - DBEDT Selma Malcolm - DBEDT Timothy Tiu - DBEDT Apologies: Jarrett Keohokālole - Senate President’s Designee Minutes of the Commission on the 13th Festival of Pacific Arts & Culture Monday, April 19, 2021 at 2:30pm via ZOOM Page 2 of 7 CALL TO ORDER The meeting was called to order by Chair Kalani Ka‘anā‘anā at 2:31 p.m., who welcomed everyone present via ZOOM and Facebook Live. Chair Ka‘anā‘anā called upon Ms. Wong-Kalu to do the wehena (opening). PUBLIC TESTIMONY ON AGENDA ITEMS Chair Ka‘anā‘anā invited members of the public to testify on the agenda items. -
Unflowing Pasts, Lost Springs and Watery Mysteries in Eastern Polynesia ALEXANDER MAWYER
4. Unflowing Pasts, Lost Springs and Watery Mysteries in Eastern Polynesia ALEXANDER MAWYER Sweet and Bitter Waters With attention to both local and extra-local processes of construal of the cultural place and significance of water on the landscape in French Polynesia’s Gambier Islands, I query the sometimes uncertain character and cloudy nature of water in this part of the Pacific. The molecular constancy of the substance notwithstanding, it seems that water is not always what it was or even where it was in recent pasts. For instance, in Eastern Polynesia the seemingly straightforward and highly culturally salient contrast in the binary opposition between tai and vai, salt and fresh waters, may displace the need to address the current complexity of the situation in which fresh waters on Pacific islands now stand.1 Famously binary cultural logics can mask significant cultural ambiguities and practical uncertainties (Feinberg 1980; Mawyer 2014). Similarly, an enduring and valuable focus on the immensely profound place of Ocean for these ‘peoples of the sea’ (Buck 1938b) and of ‘salt’ (Hau‘ofa 1998), 1 In spoken Mangarevan, the everyday distinction is often between vai and vai kava, sweet as opposed to salty or bitter waters. 83 Island Rivers and for the social and cultural histories of these islands, their original settlements and subsequent inter-island spheres of transaction and exchange, may have obscured the anthropological need to examine fresh waters in Oceanic contexts. Helmreich (2011: 18) sources an early commentary on anthropology’s heightened and focal fascination with salt waters to Malinowski, who for his part characterises the ocean as wild, unruly, fundamentally dangerous and requiring magnificent cultural affordances, but land as domesticated and relatively tamed (Malinowski 1931: 634–5, 1992: 30). -
2. Wildlands, Deserted Bays and Other Bushy Metaphors of Pacific Place ALEXANDER MAWYER
2. Wildlands, Deserted Bays and Other Bushy Metaphors of Pacific Place ALEXANDER MAWYER It is not only in the modern imagination that forests cast their shadow of primeval antiquity; from the beginning they appeared to our ancestors as archaic, as antecedent to the human world (Harrison 1992: 1). In French Polynesia’s Gambier Islands, contemporary Mangarevans have a disconcerting relationship with their islands’ imputable wilds and forested spaces. Traditionally and generically referred to as the vao, these nature spaces were radically altered by a series of transformative ecosocial projects undertaken by Catholic missionaries beginning in the 1830s. These islands concurrently experienced a massive depopulation in the following decades. As a result, many previously densely inhabited and cultivated bays, and the slopes upland from them on Mangareva and other islands in the Gambier archipelago, acquired a shaggy veneer in categories of local understanding as no-longer and not-quite domestic terrain. A century later, regional government-sponsored forestry efforts only enhanced and amplified the landscape’s transformation. If this is a pattern familiar in anthropological literature across the Pacific, it is nowhere more evident than in some of the Polynesian island groups of the eastern Pacific, where the demographic, social and cultural consequences of European contact were particularly stark (Dening 1988; Kirch and Rallu 2007). I suggest that the unfolding of this history at the intersection of these islands’ nature spaces and its legacy in various aspects of local experience and understanding has been a process of de- and fraught re-domestication that casts a peculiar shadow on 23 Tropical Forests of Oceania such ecosocial conceptions as ‘forest’ or ‘wilds’. -
The Commodification of Polynesian Tattooing: Change, Persistence, and Reinvention of a Cultural Tradition
THE COMMODIFICATION OF POLYNESIAN TATTOOING: CHANGE, PERSISTENCE, AND REINVENTION OF A CULTURAL TRADITION. A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ANTHROPOLOGY BY COPYRIGHT 2010 Rachel Robinson Chairperson _____________________________ Dr. Allan Hanson ______________________________ Dr. Jane Gibson ______________________________ Dr. Alan Redd DATE DEFENDED: 11/29/ The thesis committee for Rachel Robinson certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: THE COMMODIFICATION OF POLYNESIAN TATTOOING: CHANGE, PERSISTENCE, AND REINVENTION OF A CULTURAL TRADITON. Chairperson ______________________________ Dr. Allan Hanson Date accepted:___________________________ ii ABSTRACT Micro-Polynesia is the cultural center of the art form of tattooing. Although there was a period of almost complete absence of this art (colonialism until the mid-1900s), this is being revived in the contemporary era. An exception to this decline is found in New Zealand where the practice of tattooing womens’ chins maintained itself after the decline of the famous spiral, male moko facial tattoo. New features of tattooing, particularly in French Polynesia, incorporate designs and fresh placement upon the body not visible in this geographic area during the years of early contact. Today, one finds a melange of design and the new occurrence of facial tattooing in a region where this was absent in prehistory. Similarly, the revitalization of this dormant art form is linked to other forms of cultural renaissance, reflecting the way Polynesians are fighting to maintain their culture in the face of globalization. French Polynesia has had a tumultuous political experience beginning in the 18th century when explorers first discovered the shores of Tahiti. -
Tongan Figures: from Goddesses to Missionary Trophies to Masterpieces
TONGAN FIGURES: FROM GODDESSES TO MISSIONARY TROPHIES TO MASTERPIECES ROGER NEICH Auckland Museum Six wooden so-called “goddess” figures from Tonga have survived in public museum collections around the world. Three are in Auckland and there are single examples in Aberdeen, Chicago and Paris. As highly refined sculptures they have featured in many prestigious books on Pacific and Polynesian art, usually with repeats of the same fairly minimal historical and contextual information (Barrow 1972; Brake, McNeish and Simmons 1979; Dodd 1967; Kaeppler, Kaufmann and Newton 1993; Meyer 1995; Oldman 2004a, 2004b; St Cartmail 1997; Wardwell 1967). Much previous discussion of these wooden figures has been combined with interpretation of Fijian/Tongan whale ivory “goddess” figures (for example, Larsson 1960), but the focus of the present paper is principally on the wooden examples. These wooden figures have also been highlighted in major exhibitions of Pacific art, and in their associated published catalogues. One of the first of these was the 1969 New Zealand exhibition entitled No Sort of Iron curated by Roger Duff, who also wrote the catalogue (Duff 1969). Duff’s entry on the three Tongan figures in Auckland set the pattern for much later comment on them. This was followed in 1979 by an international exhibition entitled The Art of the Pacific Islands at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., for which catalogue entries on two of the Auckland figures were written by Adrienne Kaeppler (Gathercole, Kaeppler and Newton 1979:92). The Paris figure was included in an exhibition entitled Rao Polynésies in 1992-93 at the Musée des Arts d’Afrique et d’Océanie, Paris, with a catalogue written by Sylviane Jacquemin (1992:54-55). -
Cultural Chronology in Mangareva (Gambier Islands), French Polynesia: Evidence from Recent Radiocarbon Dating
CULTURAL CHRONOLOGY IN MANGAREVA (GAMBIER ISLANDS), FRENCH POLYNESIA: EVIDENCE FROM RECENT RADIOCARBON DATING ATHOLL ANDERSON Australian National University ERIC CONTE Université Polynésie Française, Tahiti PATRICK V. KIRCH University of California at Berkeley MARSHALL WEISLER University of Otago Situated at the extreme southeast margin of French Polynesia, Mangareva occupies a key position in the prehistoric colonisation and settlement histories of southeastern Polynesia. Similarities in human biology, artefacts and language make Mangareva arguably a likely origin point for the founding populations of Rapa Nui (Green 1998, 2000; Stefan et al., 2002). Likewise, recent geochemical characterisation of Eastern Polynesian basalt adze material shows that Mangareva was at the centre of a long-distance exchange system, reaching southeast to the Pitcairn Group and to the northeast as far as the Marquesas and the Society Islands (Green and Weisler 2000, 2002; Weisler 1995, 1998, 2002). In short, Mangareva is likely to yield information critical to answering some long-standing question of Eastern Polynesian prehistory, including issues in the chronology of colonisation and the nature of regional interaction spheres. The internal dynamics of Mangarevan cultural history are also likely to be of considerable interest in their own right. Hiroa’s classic “salvage ethnography” (1938) and the 19th century missionary account of Honoré Laval (1938), from which Hiroa derived much information, describe a society which displayed signs of a classic chiefly hierarchy severely challenged by resource limitations. Indeed, the Mangarevan environment in historic times was characterised by severe deforestation and indications of significant anthropogenic effects on the terrestrial, if not also on the littoral-lagoonal, ecosystems (Kirch 1984:141, Fig. -
The Mangarevan Sequence and Dating Ofthe Geographic Expansion Into Southeast Polynesia
The Mangarevan Sequence and Dating ofthe Geographic Expansion into Southeast Polynesia ROBERT C. GREEN AND MARSHALL I. WEISLER IN RELATION TO OTHER ARCHIPELAGOES in East Polynesia, the archaeology of the Mangarevan group is not particularly well known. The group consists of a cluster of small high islands, plus motu and sand cays, on an encircling reef, all encompassed within a lagoon some 25 km across (Fig. 1). This is usually called Mangareva after its principal volcanic island remnant. The other member of the group is Temoe Atoll, 40 km to the east, once occupied by people from Mangar eva, but in this century largely deserted. The initial archaeological investigations of the group's surface structures were conducted by K. P. Emory of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum and published in 1939. Twenty years later under the sponsor ship of the American Museum of Natural History, Robert C. Green conducted nearly six months of archaeology in Mangareva, and especially on the island of Kamaka. Only unpublished manuscripts in limited circulation on his work have been available until recently. In the period 1990-1992, the second author, Weisler (1996a:618), surveyed additional sites on the islands of Mangareva lagoon, focusing particularly on coastal middens and rock sources for stone tool manufacture overlooked by Emory and Green. In 1992 he also surveyed and mapped most archaeological features on Temoe Atoll, some ofthem initially recorded by Emory. An overview of settlement data from all sources appeared in Weisler (1996b). These inves tigations formed a small part of a more general project in this part of Southeast Polynesia that involved intensive survey and excavations on the makatea island of Henderson, a survey and test excavations on Oneo Atoll, and, on the high island of Pitcairn, investigation of its isotropic adze rock and volcanic glass resources, as well as test excavations of a few habitation areas and colluvial sections indicating landscape change (Weisler 1994, 1995, 1998a).