Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48276-9 — the Historical Roots of Political Violence Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48276-9 — The Historical Roots of Political Violence Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca Index More Information

Index

Action Directe, 78, 101, 148–50, 188 Argentina Allende, Salvador, 73 “Corbobazo,” 42–43 anarchist terrorism foco theory in, 42–43 development paths for terrorism Montoneros in, 42–43 inﬂuenced by, 134–45 armed propaganda, 135 family farms and, 158–59 Ausserparlamentarische Opposition (APO), intensity of anarchy, 142 82–83 violence data for, 139, 141 Austria, 150–51 in Germany, 87, 185 consociationalism in, 150 in Greece, 145 neocorporatism in, 150 in Italy, 33 authoritarianism in Japan, 143–44 development paths for terrorism and, in Portugal, 144–45 145–51 revolutionary terrorism and, 9–10 lethal violence and, 146 in Spain, 78, 150, 188 in France, 148–50 in US, 138 in Germany, 208–10 anarchists revolutionary terrorism and, 5–6, 27–30 assassination attempts by, 33 in Spain, 76–79 revolutionary terrorism and, 38 autonomia movement, 61, 65, 72–74, 200 revolutionary violence by, autumno caldo (Hot Autumn), 60, 63 32–33 Ayers, Bill, 201 anarcho-syndicalism, 184–85 Angiolillo, Michele, 136 Baader, Andreas, 85–91, 104. See also Red Angry Brigade, 147, 198–200 Army Faction Annarumma, Antonio, 63–64 backwardness, 129–30 anni di piombo (years of lead), 59 Bakunism, 137–38. See also propaganda by Antich, Salvador Puig, 78, 149 the deed doctrine anti-fascism movements, in Italy, 17 Balagoon, Kuwasi, 50 APO. See Ausserparlamentarische Basque Homeland and Freedom (ETA), 11, 38 Opposition Baumann, Michael “Bommi,” 37, April 25 Popular Forces. See Forças 58–59, 209. See also 2nd June Populares 25 Abril Movement Aramburu, Pedro E., 42 Beauvoir, Simone de, 195

265

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48276-9 — The Historical Roots of Political Violence Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca Index More Information

266 Index

Belgium, 104 Coco, Francesco, 69 Communist Combatant Cells in, 56, 101 Cohn-Bendit, Daniel, 19–20 radical right in, 190 collectivism. See institutional collectivism Berlinguer, Enrico, 10, 73 communism Black Liberation Army (BLA), 22, 50 in Finland, 186–87 ethnic violence by, 50–51 in France, 186–87 Black Panther Party (BPP) for Self-Defense, in Italy, 186–88 36, 49–51 Pci, 10, 34, 38, 72–75 United Slaves and, conflicts with, 50 in Japan, 187 Black September attacks, 197 JCP, 92 Bloomquist, Paul, 88 in liberal countries, 189 Boatmen of Thessaloniki, 145 in non-liberal countries, 189–90 Böll, Heinrich, 88 radical left and, 186–88 Borghese, Junio Valerio, 211 in Spain, PCE, 77–78 BPP. See Black Panther Party for Self- Communist Combatant Cells, 56, 101 Defense Communist Party in Italy (Pci), 10, 38, Brigades Internationales, 148–49 72–75 Buback, Sigfried, 90 as combatant party, 34 Buda, Mario, 138 Communist Party of Australia (Marxist- Leninist) (CPA-ML), 192 Cagol, Margherit, 1, 61, 65–67. See also Confédération générale du travail (CGT), 17 Red Brigades consociationalism, 150 Calabresi, Luigi, 64, 68–75 “Corbobazo,” 42–43 Calle, Luis de, 12–13, 113–14 counterculture, radicalism and, 19 Campanella, Angelo, 121 CPA-ML. See Communist Party of Australia Camus, Albert, 32 Cuban revolution Canada, non-lethal terrorist groups in, foco theory and, 39–44 193–95 revolutionary violence in Latin America capitalism. See liberal capitalism influenced by, 38–40 capital-labor conflict, 24–25 culture, 225–32 Carnation Revolution, 2, 100 economic development influenced by, 240 Carnot, Sadi, 136 country residuals for, 240 Carvalho, Otelo Saraiva de, 2, 101 family and, 227–31 Caserio, Santo Geronimo, 136 revolutionary terrorism and, 230 Castro, Fidel, 38. See also Cuban revolution language and, 231–32 Catechism of the Revolutionary (Nechaev), pronoun-drop rules, 232 31–32 in liberal countries, 236 causal identification approach, 6 in non-liberal countries, 236 CGT. See Confédération générale du travail revolutionary terrorism and, 233–35 Chicago Days of Rage, 93, 202–14 Curcio, Renato, 1, 43, 61, 65–67, 69–70, Chiesa, Alberto dalla, 76 188. See also Red Brigades Chile, political coup in, 73 Czolgosz, Leon, 138 Chinese Cultural Revolution, 21. See also Maoism De Freeze, Donald, 205–6 Chukaku-ha group, 48–49, 94, 99 Debray, Regis, 39–41 Citro, Carmine, 121 Denmark, 104 civil wars, 134, 151–53 Dev Sol, 44 clandestine, terrorism as, 58–86, 113–14 development paths, for terrorism, limitations of, 59 133–67 Clark, Mark, 49–50 authoritarianism history as factor in, Cleaver, Edgar, 50 145–51

Index 267

lethal violence and, 146 Maoism as, 21 civil wars as factor in, 134, 151–53 radicalism compared to, 20–23 democratic development, 134 state legitimacy and, 179–83 industrialization factors, 134–35, 160–63 timing of industrialization, 162–64 familism, 222 international war as factor in, 153–54 familist societies, 8 interwar factors for, 170–71 family, 227–31 land inequality as factor in, 134, 154–60 revolutionary terrorism and, 230 correlation matrix measurements, 157 Fanon, Frantz, 43–44 liberal capitalism as factor in, 134, fascism. See also anti-fascism movements 164–67 in Italy, 60 HIEL analysis of, 164–67, 169 revolutionary terrorism and, 27–30 in liberal countries, 167–70 Feltrinelli, Giangacomo, 2 in non-liberal countries, 167–70 First October Anti-Fascist Revolutionary past anarchist terrorism and, 134–45 Groups (GRAPO), 9–10, 79–82 family farms and, 158–59 kidnappings by, 80 intensity of, 142 killings by, 80–82 violence data for, 139, 141 FLN-T. See Frente de Liberación Nacional statistical analysis of, 170–77 Tupamaros with contemporary variables, 174–76 foco theory, 9, 39–41 with long-term variables, 174–76 in Argentina, 42–43 negative binomial analysis, 172–73 “Corbobazo,” 42–43 Dewèvre, Brigitte, 195 Montoneros in, 42–43 Direct Action, 9–10, 56, 193–95 Cuban revolution and, 39–44 Dohrn, Bernardine, 201, 203 in Uruguay, FLN-T in, 34, 40–42 Domestic Terrorism Victims (DTV) dataset, Fonda, Jane, 195 45–46 Forças Populares 25 Abril (April 25 Popular DTV dataset. See Domestic Terrorism Forces), 2, 9–10, 37, 52, 59, 100–1 Victims dataset Foster, Marcus, 205–6 Dutschke, Rudi, 83–84, 208–9 Foucault, Michel, 195 France East Asian Anti-Japan Armed Front Action Directe in, 78, 101, 148–50, 188 (EAAJA), 96, 98 Brigades Internationales in, 148–49 Ebihara, Toshio, 48–49 CGT, 17 economic development Direct Action in, 9–10, 56 cultural variables for, 240 GARI in, 148–50 country residuals for, 240 Gauche Proletarianne in, 148–49, 195 individualism and, 220 labor strikes in, 17 long-term determinants of, 237–42 Maoism in, 21 revolutionary terrorism inﬂuenced by, 4, NAPAP in, 148–49 26–27, 113–14 New Left movements in, 19–20 egalitarianism, 228 non-lethal terrorist groups in, 195–98 Elias, Norbet, 219 Nouvelle résistance populaire in, 195–98 Emergency Laws, in Germany, 84–85 radical left in, 184 Ensslin, Gudrun, 85, 104, 209 radical right in, 190 ETA. See Basque Homeland and Freedom student movements in, 19 ethnic violence, 50–51 Paris Commune, 17 extremism Franch, Santiago Salvador, 138–40 in Germany, 84 Franco, Francisco, 76–79 in Italy, 64–65 Francseschini, Alberto, 43, 65–67, 187–88, early forms in, 60–65 211

268 Index

FRAP. See Frente Revolucionario “golden age” period Antifascista y Patriota European Economic Community during, Frente de Liberación Nacional Tupamaros 15–16 (FLN-T), 34, 40–42 labor protections during, 15 global influence of, 43–44 New Left during, 17–18 in Germany, 43 OECD during, 15–16 on Red Brigades, 43 political stability during, 15 killings by, 41–42 radicalism during, re-emergence of, Red Friday and, 41–42 15–20 Frente Revolucionario Antifascista y collective action and, cycles of, 16 Patriota (FRAP), 78–79 labor conflicts and, 16–17 Front Line (Prima linea), 9–10, 37, 65–67, political conflicts and, 17 73–74 student movements and, 17 welfare protections during, 15 Galleani, Luigi, 137–38 GRAPO. See First October Anti-Fascist GAP. See Gruppi d’Azione Partigiana Revolutionary Groups GARI. See Groupes d’action Grass, Günter, 209 révolutionnaires internationalists Greece, revolutionary terrorism in, 99–100 Gauche Proletarianne, 148–49, 195 anarchist terrorism and, 145 Geismar, Alain, 196 Boatmen of Thessaloniki and, 145 George I (King), 145 Civil War as factor for, 145 German Socialist Student League (SDS), RO17N and, 99–100 82–83 17 November Revolutionary dissolution of, 85–86 Organization in, 9–10, 80–81 response to Emergency Laws, 84–85 Groupes d’action révolutionnaires Germany, revolutionary terrorism in, 82–91 internationalists (GARI), 148–50 anarchist groups in, 87, 185 Gruppi d’Azione Partigiana (Groups of APO and, 82–83 Partisan Action) (GAP), 2, 37 authoritarianism and, 208–10 La Guerra de Guerrillas (Guevara), 39–40 extremism in, 84 Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 38–40, 44. See FLN-T influence on, 43 also Cuban revolution; foco theory Hash Rebels and, 87 Guillaume, James, 32–33 New Left in, 83–84 Guillén, Abraham, 39–40 protests in Guillotine Society, 144 student movements and, 83–86 Guzman, Abimael, 106 Tegeler Weg Battle, 85 RAF and, 9–11, 56, 85–91 Haddad, Jesús Miguel, 82 decline and resurgence of, 91 Hampton, Fred, 49–50 formation of, 86–87 Hansen, Ann, 194 government reactions to, 88–89 Hanta Dõmei, 94 killings by, 87, 89–90 Harbulot, Christian, 196 “Urban Guerrilla Concept,” 35, 87–88 Hash Rebels, 87 SDS in, 82–86 Hearst, Patty, 205–6 dissolution of, 85–86 Heinzen, Karl, 31 response to Emergency Laws, 84–85 HIEL. See Historical Index of Economic 2nd June Movement and, 37, 43, 87, 89 Freedom student movements and, 17 Hiroaki, Yamazaki, 93, 121 in protests, 83–86 Hirschman, Albert O., 19 Gilbert, David, 201 Historical Index of Economic Freedom Gitlin, Todd, 19 (HIEL), 164–67, 169 Gold, Ted, 201, 203 Hot Autumn. See autumno caldo

Index 269

Hoxha, Enver, 78 protests and Huber, Wolfgang, 87 cycles of, 60–65 Lotta continua and, 62–65 individualism, 218–25 student movements and, 61–63 cultural variables for, 224 workerism (operaismo) and, 60–61 economic development and, 220 radical left and, 184 familism and, 222 radicalism and, 60–65 institutional collectivism and, 222–23 RAF and, 1–2 measurement of, 221–25 Red Brigades and, 9–10, 56, 61, 65–70 Occidentalism and, 220–21 FLN-T as inﬂuence on, 43 revolutionary terrorism inﬂuenced by, 8 Moro kidnapping, 74–75 terrorism intensity and, 225–26 violence by, 34, 36 industrialization, 134–35, 160–63 squatting and, 71 timing of, 162–64 student movements and, 17 institutional collectivism, 222–23 autonomia movement, 61, 72 International Relations, revolutionary in 1977, 71–73 terrorism and, 14 protests as part of, 61–63 interstate wars, revolutionary violence and, workerism (operaismo) and, 60–61 53 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 11, 38 Jacobs, John, 201 Italy, revolutionary terrorism in, 59–76 Japan, revolutionary terrorism in, 91–99 anarchists and, 33 anarchist terrorism and, 143–44 anni di piombo (years of lead) and, 59 EAAJA and, 96, 98 anti-fascism movement and, 17 Guillotine Society in, 144 autumno caldo (Hot Autumn) and, Hanta Dõmei in, 94 60, 63 JRA and, 95, 97 Christian Democratic Party in, 10 New Left movements and, 19–20, 91–92 Communist Party (Pci), 10, 38, 72–75 radical right in, 190 as combatant party, 34 revolutionary violence as result of, cycles of violence in, 70–76 48–49 intensity of violence, increases in, by Chukaku-ha group, 48–49, 94, 99 75–76 by Kakumaru-ha group, 48–49, 99 1977 mobilizations, 71–75 killings from, 96–98 Red Brigades and, 34, 36 student movements in, 17, 92–95 decline and resurgence of, 76 mobilization of, 95 early development of, 65–70 against Vietnam War, 93–95 extremism in, 64–65 United Red Army in, 9–10, 48–49, 56, early forms in, 60–65 96–98 fascism in, 60 US-Japan Security Pact, 93 fatalities in, from terrorism, 28–29 Zengakuren and, 92 Front Line (Prima linea) and, 9–10, 37, divisions in, 92–93 65–67, 73–74 Japan Socialist Party, 190 GAP and, 2, 37 Japanese Communist Party (JCP), 92 kidnapping cases and, 10 Japanese Red Army (JRA), 95, 97 Moro and, 74–75 JCP. See Japanese Communist Party kneecapping, 68–69 JRA. See Japanese Red Army labor strikes and, 63 Judt, Tony, 195 lethal revolutionary groups and, 65–66 Ordine Nuovo and, 64 Kaczynski, Theodore J., 51 Piazza Fontana massacre, 64–65, 211 Kakumaru-ha group, 48–49, 99 Proletarian Armed Nuclei and, 36 Karenga, Ron, 50

270 Index

kidnappings Marulanda, Manuel, 106 in Italy, 10 McDonnell, Brian, 203 of Moro, 74–75 Meinhoff, Ulrike, 1–2, 86–91, 104. See also in Spain, 10 Red Army Faction by GRAPO, 80 suicide of, 89–90 Kim Il Sung, 97 Meins, Holger, 104 King, Martin Luther, 84 Melville, Sam, 204–5 kneecapping, in Italy, 68–69 Michiko, Kanba, 92 Krahl, Hans-Jürgen, 210 Michiyo, Kaneko, 97–98 MIL. See Movimiento Ibérica de Liberación labor strikes Mishima, Yukio, 190 capital-labor conflict, 24–25 Mitrione, Dan A., 41 in France, 17 Mohnaupt, Brigitte, 104 in Italy, 63 Möller, Ingrid, 90 land inequality, 134, 154–60 Montoneros, 42–43 correlation matrix measurements, 157 Perón and, 42–43 language, 231–32 Morán Charquero, Hector, 41 pronoun-drop rules, 232 Der Mord (Heinzen), 31 Laporte, Pierre, 194 Moretti, Mario, 34–36, 69–70 Latin America. See also specific countries Mori, Tsuneo, 97 revolutionary violence in, 38–44 Moro, Aldo, 10, 35–36, 211 Cuban revolution as influence on, kidnapping of, 74–75 38–40 Morral, Mateo, 138–40 Leftist groups. See also radical left; specific Morucci, Valerio, 1, 12 groups Most, Johann, 137 revolutionary terrorism and, 9–10 Movimiento Ibérica de Liberación (MIL), 78 legitimacy of state, repression and, 206–12 Lévy, Benny, 196 Nagata, Hiroko, 97 liberal capitalism, 134, 164–67 NAPAP. See Noyaux armés pour HIEL analysis of, 164–67, 169 l’autonomie popularie Lorenz, Christian, 89 Narodnaya Volya (People’s Will), 33, 140 Lorenzo, Giovanni de, 211 National Federation of Student Self- Lotta continua, 62–65 Government Associations. See Zengakuren Macchiarini, Idalgo, 36, 68 Nechaev, Sergey, 31–32 Mahler, Horst, 85 neocorporatism, 150 Making Democracy Work (Putnam), 3 The Netherlands, 192 Malatesta, Errico, 33 New Left Mann, Michael, 24 Cuban revolution as influence on, Manual do Guerrilheiro Urbano 38–40 (Marighella), 40 in France, 19–20 Mao Zedong, 14 in Germany, 83–84 Maoism during “golden age” period, 17–18 as extremist, 21 imperialism and, fights against, 44 in France, 21 in Japan, 19–20, 91–92 in Spain, 21, 78–82 in 1968, 19–20 Western fascination with, 21 political development of, 18–19 Marcellin, Raymond, 196 Port Huron Statement and, 18 Marcuse, Herbert, 18 SDS and, 17–18 Marighella, Carlos, 40 Newton, Huey, 36, 49, 51. See also Black Martel, Charles, 190 Panther Party for Self-Defense

Index 271

1968 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine global measures of, 21 (PFLP), 56, 97 New Left in, 19–20 Port Huron Statement, 18 radicalism during, transformation of, 23 Forças Populares 25 Abril in, 2, 9–10, 37, student movements during, 19–20 52 Nogrette, Robert, 196–97 Portugal, revolutionary terrorism in, 100–1 non-lethal terrorist groups, 191–206. See anarchist terrorism, 144–45 also speciﬁc groups Carnation Revolution in, 2, 100 in Canada, 193–95 Forças Populares 25 Abril, 2, 9–10, 37, in France, 195–98 52, 59, 100–1 in UK, 198–200 Operaçao Orion and, 101 in US, 201–6 Revolutionary Brigades and, 100–1 Nouvelle résistance populaire, 195–98 Third Wave of democratization and, 100 Noyaux armés pour l’autonomie popularie Power, Katherine Ann, 51 (NAPAP), 148–49 Prabhakaran, Velupillai, 106 preference change, 36 Ocalan, Abdullah, 106 Preparedness Day bombing, 137 Occidentalism, 220–21 Prima linea. See Front Line OECD. See Organization for Economic Proletarian Armed Nuclei, 36 Cooperation and Development Proll, Thorwald, 85 Ohnesorg, Benno, 83–84, 121, 208–9 pronoun-drop rules, 232 Operaçao Orion, 101 propaganda operaismo. See workerism armed, 135 Opshal, Myrna, 206 violence as, 34 Ordine Nuovo, 64 propaganda by the deed doctrine, 135, Organization for Economic Cooperation 137–43 and Development (OECD), during protests. See student movements; speciﬁc “golden age” period, 15–16 countries Oriol y Urquijo, Antonio Maria, 10, 80 Provo movement, 192–93 Oughton, Diana, 203 Putnam, Robert, 3 Overney, Pierre, 196–97 “El Quico.” See Sabaté, Francisco Panzieri, Raniero, 60–61 Paris Commune, 17 Rackley, Alex, 49–50 parliamentary political systems, early radical left, 183–91 development of, 215–16 anarcho-syndicalism and, 184–85 Partido Comunista de España (PCE), communism and, 186–88 77–78 in France, 184 Pasolini, Pier Paolo, 62 in Italy, 184 Patiño, Pedro, 121 in Spain, 184 PCE. See Partido Comunista de España radical right, 190–91 Pci. See Communist Party in Italy in Belgium, 190 People’s Will. See Narodnaya Volya in France, 190 Perón, Juan, 42–43 in Japan, 190 PFLP. See Popular Front for the Liberation radicalism, 15–23 of Palestine counterculture and, 19 Piazza Fontana massacre, 64–65, 211 extremism compared to, 20–23 Pietropaolo, Antonio, 140 Maoism as, 21 Pinelli, Giuseppe, 64, 77, 121 during “golden age” period, re-emergence Political Terror Scale, 121 of, 15–20 Ponto, Jürgen, 90 collective action and, cycles of, 16

272 Index

radicalism (cont.) repression of protest, 120–21 labor conflicts and, 16–17 summary of variables, 119–22 political conflicts and, 17 terrorist intensity, 117–18 student movements and, 17 causal identification approach to, 6 in Italy, 60–65 as clandestine, 58–86, 113–14 Maoism and, 21 limitations of, 59 during 1968, transformation into comparative analysis of, 3 extremism, 23 variables in, 3–4, 8 RAF. See Red Army Faction contemporary variables for, 113–15 Ramírez, Ilich (“Carlos the Jackal”), 56 random-effects estimates of Raspe, Jan-Carl, 90, 104 revolutionary terrorist killings, The Rebel (Camus), 32 113–14 Reberbel, Ulises Pereyra, 41 cross-national variation in, 2–3, 6–7 Red Army Faction (RAF), 9–11, 56, 85–91, culture and, 233–35 147 data for, 111 decline and resurgence of, 91 dependent variables in, 111–12 formation of, 86–87 defining features of, 12–13 in Germany, 9–11, 56 definition of, 9 “Urban Guerrilla Concept,” 35 economic development factors for, 4, government reactions to, 88–89 26–27, 113–14 in Italy, 1–2 in familist societies, 8 killings by, 87, 89–90 family and, 230 “Urban Guerilla Concept,” 35, 87–88 in fascist countries, 27–30 Red Brigades, 9–10, 56, 61, 65–70 foco theory of, 9 FLN-T as influence on, 43 historical development of, 9–14, 23–30 Moro kidnapping, 74–75 capital-labor conflict, 24–25 violence by, 34 national political regimes as factor in, educational value of, 36 27–30 Red Youth, 192 socialist movements in, 26 repressed labor, 4 suffrage rights in, 25–26 revolution. See also Cuban revolution World War I and, 25–26 in affluent countries, attitudes toward, inciting sparks for, 14 1–2 individualism as factor for, 8 anarchists as architects or, 38 International Relations and, 14 revolutionary armed groups. See also interwar development as factor for, 5–6 specific groups Leftist groups and, 9–10 selective violence by, 11 measurement for, 111 Revolutionary Brigades, 100–1 dependent variables in, 111–12 Revolutionary Organization 17 November methodological approach to, 13–14, (RO17N), 99–100 57–59 revolutionary terrorism. See also control variables in, 109–11 development paths; specific hypotheses in, 107–11, 131–33 countries; specific terrorist groups indicators in, 107–9 anarchy and, 9–10 repressed labor and, 4 authoritarianism and, 5–6, 27–30 in social democratic regimes, 27–30 background conditions for, 116–30 social support and, 103–6 covariate selection, 126 state efficacy and, 103–6 different estimations, 127–28 structural conditions as factor for, 11–12 economic growth, 124 Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM), pairwise Pearson’s correlations, 122–23 201

Index 273

Rey, Amador, 121 by anarchists, 78, 150, 188 Riemeck, Renate, 87 authoritarian regimes in, 76–79 RO17N. See Revolutionary Organization ETA and, 11, 38 17 November fatalities as result of, 28–29 Robbins, Terry, 203 under Franco, 76–79 Rocard, Michel, 195 FRAP and, 78–79 Rolin, Olivier, 195 GRAPO and, 9–10, 79–82 Rossa, Guido, 36, 107 kidnappings by, 80 Rouillan, Jean Marc, 78, 149, 188 killings by, 80–82 Ruano, Enrique, 77, 121 kidnappings and, 10 Rudd, Mark, 201 by GRAPO, 80 Russia, revolutionary terrorism in, 136 Maoists and, 21, 78–82 Narodnaya Volya in, 33, 140 MIL and, 78 RYM. See Revolutionary Youth Movement PCE and, 77–78 PCEm-1 and, 78 Sabaté, Francisco (“El Quico”), 76, 188 PCEr and, 79 Sakae, Osugi, 144 radical left and, 184 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 21, 195 student movements and, 77 Scheuer, Sandra, 121 Spanish Communist Party (PCEr), 79 Schiller, Margrit, 85–86 Spanish Marxist-Leninist Communist Party Schleyer, Hans Martin, 10–11, 90–91 (PCEm-1), 78 Schmid, Helmut, 89 “The Spark,” 14 Schmid, Norbert, 88 squatting, 71 Schroeder, William, 121 state efﬁcacy, revolutionary terrorism and, SDS. See German Socialist Student League; 103–6 Students for a Democratic Society Stella, Alessandra, 187–88 2nd June Movement, 37, 43, 58–59, 87, 89 student movements Segio, Sergio, 211–12 in France, 17 Sendic, Raúl, 40 in Germany, 17 17 November Revolutionary Organization in protests, 83–86 in, 9–10, 80–81 in Italy, 17 Sevillano, José Manuel, 82 autonomia movement, 61, 72 Shifting Involvements (Hirschman), 19 in 1977, 71–73 Shigenobu, Fusako, 97 protests as part of, 61–63 Shining Path, 106 workerism (operaismo) and, 60–61 Shusui, Kotoku, 143 in Japan, 17, 92–95 signaling, through violence, 34–35 mobilization of, 95 Signoret, Simone, 195 against Vietnam War, 93–95 Situationist movement, 199–200 in 1968, 19–20 SLA. See Symbionese Liberation Army global measures of, 21 social democracy, revolutionary terrorism Port Huron Statement and, 18 and, 27–30 radicalism through, 17 social support, revolutionary terrorism and, in Spain, 77 103–6 in US socialist movements, revolutionary Chicago Days of Rage, 93 terrorism and, 26 SDS, 17–18 Soffri, Adriano, 63 Weathermen, 19 Söhnlein, Horst, 85 Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), Sossi, Mario, 69–70 17–18. See also Weather Spain, revolutionary terrorism in, 76–82 Underground

274 Index

suffrage rights, revolutionary terrorism and, US-Japan Security Pact, 93 25–26 Weather Underground in, 44, 50, Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), 43, 201–6 205–6 Chicago Days of Rage and, 93, 202–14 Tegeler Weg Battle, 85 symbolic bombings by, 202–3 terrorism. See development paths; Universal Declaration of Human Rights, revolutionary terrorism 218 terrorist groups. See also non-lethal terrorist “Urban Guerilla Concept,” 35, 87–88 groups; specific groups Uruguay arrest of leadership in, 104–5 FLN-T in, 34, 40–42 Third Wave of democratization, in Portugal, global influence of, 43–44 100 killings by, 41–42 Thoreau, Henry David, 137–43 Red Brigades influenced by, 43 Todd, Emanuel, 227–29 Red Friday and, 41–42 Touvier, Paul, 196 foco theory in, 40–42 Tramoni, Antoine, 197 UTAA in, 40 La Troisème Planète. Structures familiales et US. See United States systems ideologique (Todd), 227–28 US-Japan Security Pact, 93 Tucker, Benjamin, 137–43 Tuller, Charles, 51 Vietnam War, protests against, 93–95 Tupamaros. See Frente de Liberación Villaescusa, Emilio, 10, 80 Nacional Tupamaros violence, revolutionary. See also developed world; specific countries UK. See United Kingdom by anarchists, 32–33 underground groups. See also specific by Black Panther Party, 36 groups educational value of, 36 revolutionary violence by, characteristics ethnic violence compared to, 50–51 of, 51–52 ideology of, 31–38 United Kingdom (UK) as armed propaganda, 34 Angry Brigade in, 147, 198–200 belief-change effect, 35–36 non-lethal terrorist groups in, 198–200 deed doctrine in, 33 Situationist movement in, 199–200 preference change in, 36 United Red Army, 9–10, 48–49, 56, 96–98 through signaling, 34–35 United Slaves, 50 in Latin America, 38–44. See also specific United States (US) countries anarchist terrorism in, 138 Cuban revolution as influence on, BLA in, 22, 50 38–40 ethnic violence by, 50–51 long-term determinants of, 237–42 BPP in, 36, 49–51 mobilization of action through, 37–38 United Slaves and, conflicts with, 50 purpose of, 31 left wing terrorism in, 150 by Red Brigades, 34 non-lethal terrorist groups in, 201–6 educational value of, 36 revolutionary violence in, 49–51 social conflict polarized through, 37–41 RYM in, 201 SLA in, 43, 205–6 Weather Underground, 44, 50, 201–6 student movements in Chicago Days of Rage and, 93, 202–14 Chicago Days of Rage, 93 symbolic bombings by, 202–3 SDS, 17–18 Weathermen, 19 Weathermen, 19 Weggelaar, Jan, 192–93

Index 275

Whewell, William, 181 XXII Ottobre, 69–70 Wilkerson, Cathy, 203 Wisniewski, Stefan, 86 years of lead. See anni di piombo workerism (operaismo), 60–61 World War I, revolutionary terrorism Zengakuren (National Federation of inﬂuenced by, 25–26 Student Self-Government The Wretched of the Earth (Fanon), Associations), 92 43–44 divisions in, 92–93