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Imperial Cruise BONUS PDF A SECRET HISTORY OF EMPIRE AND WAR the ImperIal CruIse James Bradley Author of the National Bestsellers Flags oF our Fathers and FlyBoys Copyright © 2009 by James Bradley. All rights reserved. )*(ë=)-(ë= )0(ë)-(ëO )*(ëO & $ .(ëF 5 .(ëF 8 6 1 6 , $ $ ' $ , $ 0 2 1 * 2 / 8 5 , $ & + 1 $ 0 81,7(' :]abaf_ 5($ 6 7$7(6 K]hl&)*$)1(-! 2 3DFLILF 2FHDQ KYf>jYf[ak[g . K]gmd Bmdq-$)1(-! K]hl&)1$)1(-! Lgcqg Qgcg`YeY Af[`]gf HmkYf Bmdq*-$)1(-! &+,1$ <HOORZ6HD K`Yf_`Ya FY_YkYca 1 K]hl&-$)1(-! $ +(ëF $ 3 +(ëF ;Yflgf (DVW - &KLQD +$:$,, K]hl&+$)1(-! 6HD @gfgdmdm @gf_Cgf_ 7$,:$1 Bmdq),$)1(-! K]hl&*$)1(-! D H 6 3KLOLSSLQH6HD Q D K L K & 6,$0 6 R X W EYfadY 9m_&-$)1(-! 3+,/,33,1(6 ,1'21(6,$ RYeZgYf_Y + + > JN:MHK '87&+($67,1',(6 (ë (ë *(50$1 1(:*8,1($ +( 03(5,$/ 58,6( 3 $38$ 7 , & 1(:*8,1($ L`]Aeh]jaYd;jmak] (-(()(((Ead]k 9da[]Jggk]n]dlkj]lmjfjgml] (-(()(((Cadge]l]jk OaddaYe@goYj\LY^lkj]lmjfjgml] $8675$/,$ ?&O&O9J< )*(ë=)-(ë= )0(ë)-(ëO Ý: 2 )*(ë=)-(ë= )0(ë)-(ëO )*(ëO & $ .(ëF 5 .(ëF 8 6 1 6 , $ $ ' $ , $ 0 2 1 * 2 / 8 5 , $ & + 1 $ 0 81,7(' :]abaf_ 5($ 6 7$7(6 K]hl&)*$)1(-! 2 3DFLILF 2FHDQ KYf>jYf[ak[g . K]gmd Bmdq-$)1(-! K]hl&)1$)1(-! Lgcqg Qgcg`YeY Af[`]gf HmkYf Bmdq*-$)1(-! &+,1$ <HOORZ6HD K`Yf_`Ya FY_YkYca 1 K]hl&-$)1(-! $ +(ëF $ 3 +(ëF ;Yflgf (DVW - &KLQD +$:$,, K]hl&+$)1(-! 6HD @gfgdmdm @gf_Cgf_ 7$,:$1 Bmdq),$)1(-! K]hl&*$)1(-! D H 6 3KLOLSSLQH6HD Q D K L K & 6,$0 6 R X W EYfadY 9m_&-$)1(-! 3+,/,33,1(6 ,1'21(6,$ RYeZgYf_Y + + > JN:MHK '87&+($67,1',(6 (ë (ë *(50$1 1(:*8,1($ +( 03(5,$/ 58,6( 3 $38$ 7 , & 1(:*8,1($ L`]Aeh]jaYd;jmak] (-(()(((Ead]k 9da[]Jggk]n]dlkj]lmjfjgml] (-(()(((Cadge]l]jk OaddaYe@goYj\LY^lkj]lmjfjgml] $8675$/,$ ?&O&O9J< )*(ë=)-(ë= )0(ë)-(ëO Ý: 3 President Theodore Roosevelt. (Library of Congress) 4 The secretary of war, William Howard Taft. President Roosevelt wrote Taft, “I have always said you would be the greatest President, bar only Washington and Lincoln, and I feel mighty inclined to strike out the exceptions!” (Library of Congress) 5 “Ten Thousand Miles from Tip to Tip.” The map of a small United States in 1798 contrasts with the American eagle’s 1898 spread from the Caribbean to China. (Library of Congress) 6 Edith Roosevelt. She said of the servants, “If they had our brains, they’d have our place.” (Library of Congress) 7 The Roosevelt family. Quentin, Theodore, Theodore III, Archie, Alice, Kermit, Edith, and Ethel. (Library of Congress) 8 Alice Roosevelt as a debutante, 1902. A friend called Alice “a young wild animal that had been put into good clothes.” (Library of Congress) 9 Congressman Nicholas Longworth aboard the Manchuria,1905. (Collection of the New-York Historical Society) 10 Theodore Roosevelt, 1905. Long before Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush used their ranches for photo shoots, Theodore Roosevelt set the manly standard. As Roosevelt wrote, “You never saw a photograph of me playing tennis. I’m careful about that. Photographs on horseback, yes. Tennis, no.” (National Park Service) 11 Theodore Roosevelt Sr. He prescribed the Bible for his sons’ minds and barbells for their bodies. 12 Theodore Roosevelt, age eleven. “The older races of the city made the mould into which the newer ones were poured,” wrote Manhattanite Teddy at the age of thirty-three in 1891. 13 Martha Bulloch, Teddy’s mother, in her early twenties. Martha grew up in Bulloch Hall near Atlanta. Some speculate that Martha and her mansion were Scarlett and Tara in Margaret Mitchell’s book Gone With the Wind. 14 Professor John Burgess of Columbia University, who taught that only White people could rule because the Teuton had created the idea of the state. In 1910, ex-president Theodore Roosevelt wrote Burgess: “Your teaching was one of the formative influences in my life. You impressed me more than you’ll ever know.” 15 New York assemblyman Theodore Roosevelt. Other politicians mocked him as effeminate when he appeared on the New York assembly floor dressed in a purple satin suit and speaking in a high-pitched voice. To change that image, Roosevelt galloped west. 16 “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World.” William Cody, as Buffalo Bill, was the world’s most famous man. Cody created the American idea of the West. His Buffalo Bill character was the prime example of a White manly man who civilized savages. Theodore Roosevelt borrowed from Cody twice: his Ranchman Teddy persona and the “Rough Riders” moniker. Roosevelt was not the first nor the last to be influenced by the power of Cody’s imagery. Gene Autry, John Wayne, and Clint Eastwood walked through celluloid landscapes first conjured in the nineteenth- century mind of William Cody. (Library of Congress) 17 18 William Cody’s “Buffalo Bill” (page 18) was a hunter. Theodore Roosevelt’s “Ranchman Teddy” (above) was a rancher, the next step up on the evolutionary ladder as understood in the agrarian nineteenth century: the hunter (Buffalo Bill) secures the wilderness and the rancher tames it. Theodore Roosevelt was not the only rich easterner who went west in pursuit of fame. The author Owen Wister ( The Virginian) and the sculptor Frederic Remington were also rich East Coast men who went west via elegant Pullman coaches and grand hotels and then spun their short visits into careers as Western manly men. (Library of Congress) 19 Manchuria. In 1905 this Pacific & Ocean liner carried the largest delegation of American officials to Asia in U.S. history. (Courtesy of Jonathan Kinghorn) 20 American Progress by John Gast, 1872. Civilization follows the sun across the American continent, bringing order and prosperity as dark savages recede. This painting became the most popular nineteenth-century depiction of America’s westward expansion. Painted at the height of America’s longest conflict—the Indian Wars—American Progress doesn’t depict the thousands of U.S. Army soldiers who ethnic-cleansed the land of non-White Others. (Library of Congress) 21 “Burial of Dead at Wounded Knee, 1890.” How the West was really won. The White victors called Wounded Knee a “battle.” The Indian losers called it a “massacre.” (Library of Congress) 22 President William McKinley. He jump-started the national careers of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. McKinley was the first president to advance the idea that the U.S. military invaded foreign countries with benevolent intentions. His logic struck a humanitarian chord and is still embraced today by the American public. (Library of Congress) 23 General Emilio Aguinaldo, the George Washington of the Philippines. However, he wasn’t White, and according to Professor Burgess of Columbia and most American political and intellectual leaders, this disqualified him from leading a state, a job restricted to those with Teutonic blood. Aguinaldo’s biggest mistake was to believe that the United States would support independence for the non-White Filipinos. As president of the short-lived Philippines republic, Aguinaldo told his cabinet: “I have studied attentively the Constitution of the United States, and I find in it no authority for colonies, and I have no fear.” (Library of Congress) 24 New York Journal, February 18, 1898. Front page. The USS Maine blew up in Havana harbor because of a ship malfunction. But the assistant secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt, wanted a war and, with not a shred of evidence, helped Yellow Press publisher William Randolph Hearst create the idea in the American mind that it “was the work of an enemy.” Years later, President Franklin Roosevelt belatedly apologized to the government of Spain for American accusations. (New York Journal, February 18, 1898) 25 Theodore Roosevelt in his Rough Riders uniform. With almost twenty years of public-relations experience as a successful author, Roosevelt was a past master at using New York photo studios to create a lasting image. He cribbed the title “Rough Riders” from William Cody (“Buffalo Bill”) and had his uniform tailored by Brooks Brothers. (Library of Congress) 26 MAP 2 R - 3 RUSSIA A G O L I O N M U R I A C H A N M KOREA Pacific N A Ocean CHINA P J A Canton TAIWAN HAWAII H ong Kong PHILIPPINES Manila DUTCH EAST INDIES GERMAN NEW GUINEA 0 1000 2000 Miles PAPUA NEW GUINEA 0 1000 2000 Kilometers 27 Pears Soap advertisement, 1899. Admiral George Dewey was the most famous military man in the world, the high-tech Daniel Boone bringing bright, White civilization to the dark savages. Pears Soap was the world’s first registered brand. (First appeared in McClure’s Magazine, October 1899) 28 “Filipino’s First Bath,” Judge magazine, June 10, 1899. President McKinley bathes a Filipino in civilization’s waters like St. John the Baptist. “Oh, you dirty boy,” exclaims McKinley. The artist was able to depict Filipinos as Africans because so few Americans knew the difference. (Puck magazine begat Judge magazine, which begat The New Yorker magazine.) 29 “Hurrah for the Fourth of July! We’re coming in on independence day celebrations too.” Minneapolis Journal. President McKinley’s premise that the U.S. military would act with benevolent intentions convinced Americans that the people of Cuba, Hawaii, and the Philippines appreciated American invasions of their countries. (Charles Bartholomew, Cartoons of the Spanish-American War) 30 “Holding His End Up.” Europeans gaze at a newly imperial Uncle Sam, who stands on an Army and Navy platform in 1898.
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