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Al-Ḥīra Islamic History and Civilization Al-Ḥīra Islamic History and Civilization Studies and Texts Editorial Board Hinrich Biesterfeldt Sebastian Günther Wadad Kadi VOLUME 104 LEIDEn • BOSTON The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ihc 2013 Al-Ḥīra Eine arabische Kulturmetropole im spätantiken Kontext von Isabel Toral-Niehoff LEIDEN • bosTON 2014 Cover illustration: Folio from Walters manuscript W.602. Munzir introduces Bahram Gur to two maid- ens, one a servant, the other a harpist (1028 AH/AD 1618–1619). Acquired by Henry Walters, Walters Art Museum. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Toral-Niehoff, Isabel, 1965– Al-Ḥīra : eine arabische Kulturmetropole im spätantiken Kontext / von Isabel Toral-Niehoff. pages cm. — (Islamic history and civilization, studies and texts ; 104) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-22926-6 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-26024-5 (e-book) 1. Hirah (Iraq)—History. I. Title. DS79.9.H53T67 2013 935’.5—dc23 2013031669 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0929-2403 ISBN 978-90-04-22926-6 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-26024-5 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Kulturen halten nicht still, um sich porträtieren zu lassen. James Clifford (Writing Culture, 10) INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Vorwort .............................................................................................................. xi Abkürzungen .................................................................................................... xiii Vorbemerkung: Ethnische und religiöse Bezeichnungen ................... xv Einleitung .......................................................................................................... 1 I Zum kulturhistorischen Hintergrund .............................................. 7 1. Die arabisch-islamische Tradition .............................................. 10 1.1. Dynastische Geschichte und Stadtgeschichte ................ 11 1.2. Die tribale Geschichte ............................................................ 15 1.3. Die altarabische Poesie .......................................................... 16 1.4. Werke und Autoren ................................................................ 18 2. Die syrischen und die christlich-arabischen Quellen ........... 23 3. Andere schriftliche Quellen ......................................................... 26 4. Die Archäologie ................................................................................ 28 5. Inschriften .......................................................................................... 30 II Die natürliche Umwelt ........................................................................ 33 1. Das Wasser: der Euphrat und das Sumpfgebiet ..................... 35 2. Die Wüste: Arabien ......................................................................... 40 3. Die Oasen: die ʿUyūn aṭ-Ṭaff ........................................................ 41 III Die Ursprünge der Gemeinschaft ..................................................... 43 1. Tanūḫ .................................................................................................. 43 2. Palmyra – die Legende .................................................................. 49 3. Palmyra – der Handel .................................................................... 51 4. Palmyra – die Manichäer .............................................................. 54 IV Al-Ḥīra und die Sassaniden ................................................................ 59 1. Die politischen Beziehungen ....................................................... 59 2. Die kulturellen Beziehungen ....................................................... 68 V Die Stadt ................................................................................................... 75 1. Siedlungsstruktur ............................................................................. 75 2. Die Königsschlösser ........................................................................ 81 viii inhaltsverzeichnis VI Die Bevölkerung .................................................................................. 85 1. Die Araber ....................................................................................... 88 1.1. Die ʿibād .................................................................................. 88 1.1.1. Die Banū Ayyūb ......................................................... 92 1.1.2. Die Banū Liḥyān/Banū Aws b. Qallām ............... 99 1.1.3. Die Banū Qabīṣa ........................................................ 101 1.1.4. Die Banū Marīna ........................................................ 102 1.1.5. Die Banū Buqayla ...................................................... 103 1.2. Die aḥlāf .................................................................................. 105 2. Die Perser ........................................................................................ 106 3. Die Aramäer .................................................................................... 107 VII Die sprachlichen Verhältnisse ........................................................ 113 1. Das Arabische ................................................................................. 114 2. Das Aramäische ............................................................................. 120 3. Das Persische .................................................................................. 122 VIII Der König und die Stämme ............................................................. 125 1. Die Grundlinien der Stammespolitik der Laḫmiden ......... 125 2. Tamīm ............................................................................................... 127 3. Taġlib b. Wāʾil ................................................................................ 129 4. Bakr b. Wāʾil ................................................................................... 130 IX Der König und sein Hof .................................................................... 133 1. Dynastie und Königsehre ............................................................ 133 2. Der König, der Hof und die Dichter ........................................ 142 3. Christliche Dichtung in al-Ḥīra? ............................................... 147 X Das Christentum in al-Ḥīra ............................................................. 151 1. Die Ursprünge des Christentums auf dem Gebiet des Sassanidenreiches ......................................................................... 151 2. Das Christentum in al-Ḥīra – Anfänge ................................... 156 2.1. Die Juden ................................................................................. 157 2.2. Die Händler und andere Kulturkontakte ...................... 158 2.3. Asketen und Missionare ..................................................... 159 2.4. Ioḥannan Ṭayāya, ein Heiliger aus al-Ḥīra ................... 165 3. Das Christentum in al-Ḥīra im Zeitalter der dogmatischen und kirchenpolitischen Konflikte ................ 168 4. Klöster und Kirchen ..................................................................... 174 4.1. Die Textzeugnisse ................................................................. 174 4.2. Die Archäologie ..................................................................... 180 inhaltsverzeichnis ix 5. Die Dynastie und das Christentum ......................................... 183 5.1. Imrūʾ l-Qays I. b. ʿAdī al-Bādiʾ (gest. 328) ..................... 184 5.2. An-Nuʿmān I. b. aš-Šaqīqa (gest. 418) ............................. 185 5.3. An-Nuʿmān II. b. al-Aswad (499–503) ............................ 187 5.4. Al-Munḏir III. b. Māʾ as-Samāʾ (ca. 504–554) .............. 188 5.5. ʿAmr b. Hind (554–569) ...................................................... 194 5.6. An-Nuʿmān III. b. al-Munḏir (580–602) ......................... 194 5.6.1. Die Thronbesteigung ............................................... 194 5.6.2. Die Taufe .................................................................... 199 5.6.3. Die Entmachtung der Laḫmiden ......................... 208 XI Zusammenfassung und Ausblick ...................................................... 213 Anhang ............................................................................................................... 223 1. Die Königsliste (wahrscheinliche Rekonstruktion, v. a. nach aṭ-Ṭabarī) ............................................................................. 223 2. Die Versionen der Königsliste der Laḫmiden .............................. 223 3. Bischofsliste
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