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WRA Species Report Designation = Low Risk WRA Score = -4 Family: Myrsinaceae Taxon: Myrsine africana Synonym: Myrsine bifaria Wall. Common Name: Cape Myrtle Myrsine microphylla Hayata African boxwood Myrsine potama D. Don Thakisa Myrsine vaccinifolia Hayata Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: L Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score -4 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Print Date: 10/6/2011 Myrsine africana (Myrsinaceae) Page 1 of 7 Designation = Low Risk WRA Score = -4 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 n 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 n 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: L WRA Score -4 Print Date: 10/6/2011 Myrsine africana (Myrsinaceae) Page 2 of 7 Designation = Low Risk WRA Score = -4 Supporting Data: 101 1998. Friis, I,./Vollesen, K./Danske, K.. Flora of [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence the Sudan-Uganda Border Area East of the Nile: catalogue of vascular plants. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Copenhagen, Denmark 101 2002. Schmidt, E./Lötter, M./McCleland, W.. [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park. Jacana Media, Johannesburg, South Africa 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2002. Schmidt, E./Lötter, M./McCleland, W.. [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s)? 2-high] "Distribution: Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger widespread throughout the Afromontane region, from the Western Cape through National Park. Jacana Media, Johannesburg, South Africa, eastern Zimbabwe, tropical Africa and across Asia to China." South Africa 202 2002. Schmidt, E./Lötter, M./McCleland, W.. [Quality of climate match data? 2-high] "Distribution: widespread throughout the Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger Afromontane region, from the Western Cape through South Africa, eastern National Park. Jacana Media, Johannesburg, Zimbabwe, tropical Africa and across Asia to China." South Africa 203 1999. Chauhan, N.S.. Medicinal and aromatic [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "The shrub is found in plants of Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing, the outer Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal and Khasi hills at altitudes of 300- New Delhi 2700 m." [Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility] 204 2002. Schmidt, E./Lötter, M./McCleland, W.. [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger "Distribution: widespread throughout the Afromontane region, from the Western National Park. Jacana Media, Johannesburg, Cape through South Africa, eastern Zimbabwe, tropical Africa and across Asia to South Africa China." 205 2005. South African National Biodiversity [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Institute. PlantzAfrica.com - Myrsine africana. range? Yes] "Myrsine africana was introduced from the Cape into England in the http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantklm/myrsinafr.ht late seventeenth century where it was cultivated at Hampton Court in 1691 m (McClintock 1994)." 205 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian range? Yes] "…grown as an ornamental in Africa and Europe and is rarely used Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop for bonsai in Hawaii." Museum Press, Honolulu, HI 205 2011. San Marcos Growers. Products - Myrsine [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural africana. range? Yes] "This plant was cultivated as early as 1691 in England and was http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantd introduced in cultivation in California by Dr. Francisco Franceschi." isplay.asp?plant_id=1072 301 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Naturalized beyond native range? No] No evidence, although listed as an Weeds - Myrsine africana [Online Database]. Agricultural weed of unknown impacts in South African, which is within its native http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/myrsine_african range a/ 302 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? Possibly] Listed as a garden thug, but no Weeds - Myrsine africana [Online Database]. evidence of impacts found http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/myrsine_african a/ 303 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? Possibly] M. africana listed as an Weeds - Myrsine africana [Online Database]. agricultural weed, but no evidence of impacts were found http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/myrsine_african a/ 304 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Environmental weed? No] No evidence Weeds - Myrsine africana [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/myrsine_african a/ 305 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Congeneric weed? No] Myrsine carolinensis listed as naturalized; Weeds - Myrsine carolinensis [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/myrsine_caroline nsis/ Print Date: 10/6/2011 Myrsine africana (Myrsinaceae) Page 3 of 7 Designation = Low Risk WRA Score = -4 401 2002. Schmidt, E./Lötter, M./McCleland, W.. [Produces spines, thorns or burrs? No] "Evergreen shrub or small tree, 1-2 m, Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger rarely to 3 m;" [No evidence] National Park. Jacana Media, Johannesburg, South Africa 402 2005. South African National Biodiversity [Allelopathic? No] "M. africana, planted with Knowltonia africana and Asparagus Institute. PlantzAfrica.com - Myrsine africana. densiflorus, makes a tough water-wise combination, while creating interesting http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantklm/myrsinafr.ht foliage contrast for texture throughout the year in the semi-shade." [No evidence, m and able to be grown with other plants] 403 2002. Schmidt, E./Lötter, M./McCleland, W.. [Parasitic? No] "Evergreen shrub or small tree, 1-2 m, rarely to 3 m;" Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger [Myrsinaceae. Not parasitic] National Park. Jacana Media, Johannesburg, South Africa 404 1992. Varisco,D.M./Ross, J.P./Milroy, A.. [Unpalatable to grazing animals? No] "Grazed by goats and camels" Biological Diversity Assessment of the Republic of Yemen. International Council for Bird Preservatiot, Cambridge, UK 404 2011. Rahim, I./Maselli, D./Rueff, H./Wiesmann, [Unpalatable to grazing animals? No] "Among the fodder shrubs, Cotoneaster U.. Indigenous fodder trees can increase grazing nummularia, Indigofera heterantha and Myrsine africana are considered very accessibility for landless and mobile pastoralists palatable and nutritious. However, they are available in the lowland scrubs only in northern Pakistan. Pastoralism: Research, and away from the settlements and are thus mainly used by the landless sheep Policy and Practice.
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