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Aspects of Political Engagement Between Iwi and Hapu of the Te Paparahi O Te Raki Inquiry District and the Crown, 1910-1975

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Aspects of Political Engagement Between Iwi and Hapu of the Te Paparahi O Te Raki Inquiry District and the Crown, 1910-1975 Wai 1040, #A50 Aspects of Political Engagement between Iwi and Hapu of the Te Paparahi o Te Raki Inquiry District and the Crown, 1910-1975 Philip Cleaver and Dr Andrew Francis A report commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal for the Te Paparahi o Te Raki inquiry (Wai 1040) May 2015 The Authors Philip Cleaver holds a Master of Arts in history from Victoria University of Wellington. Since 1999 he has mostly worked as a commissioned researcher for the Waitangi Tribunal. He has prepared research reports for the Hauraki, Gisborne, Urewera, Wairarapa ki Tararua, Whanganui, Te Rohe Potae, and Taihape district inquiries and has presented evidence to the Tribunal on a number of occasions. Andrew Francis holds a BA (Hons) in History and a Master of Arts in History from the University of Westminster in London. He also holds a PhD in History from Victoria University of Wellington. He joined the Waitangi Tribunal as a Research Analyst/Inquiry Facilitator in April 2009 and has been a Senior Research Analyst/Inquiry Facilitator since December 2013. In that time he has completed commissioned reports for the Whanganui and Te Rohe Potae district inquiries. 2 Table of Contents Authors .................................................................................................................. 2 List of Figures ......................................................................................................... 6 List of Images ......................................................................................................... 6 List of Tables .......................................................................................................... 7 Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... 9 Introduction ................................................................................................. 11 Chapter One: Electoral Issues ...................................................................... 23 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 23 National electoral system ................................................................................... 26 Developments to 1910 .......................................................................................... 26 The 1914 election – administrative errors during polling ...................................... 33 The road to reform, 1910-1937 ............................................................................. 37 The Secret Ballot, 1937 ........................................................................................ 42 Enrolment revisited, 1937-1949 ........................................................................... 44 The road to compulsory registration, 1949-1956 .................................................. 47 Redefinition of electorate boundaries, 1954 ......................................................... 51 Further reform, 1956-1975 ................................................................................... 52 Practical difficulties and special votes, 1969-1975 ............................................... 56 Developments after 1975...................................................................................... 57 Local government electoral system ..................................................................... 58 Forms of local government .................................................................................... 58 Developments to 1910 .......................................................................................... 60 Statutory developments, 1910-1975 .................................................................... 65 Evidence of Te Raki Maori eligibility to participate in county voting – county electoral rolls, 1910-1975 ................................................................................... 69 Te Raki Maori representation on county councils, 1910-1975 .............................. 70 Ongoing inaccuracy of valuation rolls, 1910-1965 ................................................ 71 Alternative forms of Maori rates payment: taxation without representation, 1910- 1960 ................................................................................................................... 75 Maori efforts to participate in county voting and secure representation, 1910-1944 ........................................................................................................................... 79 Introduction of residential voting, 1944 ................................................................ 81 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 83 Chapter Two: Quest for recognition and engagement, 1910-1939 ................. 90 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 90 Te Raki Maori and the First World War .............................................................. 94 Initial Maori commitment and motivations ............................................................ 94 Overview of Te Raki Maori involvement ................................................................ 97 Initial recruitment ................................................................................................. 99 Conscription and final recruitment ..................................................................... 104 Home front war effort ......................................................................................... 111 Aftermath ........................................................................................................... 112 Ratana Movement, 1920-1939 ......................................................................... 121 Emergence of the Ratana religious and political movement ................................ 121 Maori, Ratana, and Labour ................................................................................ 126 Ratana and the early years of the First Labour Government, 1935-1939........... 130 Native Land Court Judge Frank Acheson ......................................................... 134 Acheson’s work in the North ............................................................................... 134 3 Breakdown in relations with officials and government ministers ....................... 141 Retirement .......................................................................................................... 149 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 152 Chapter Three: Maori Councils in the Te Raki inquiry district, 1910-1945 ..157 Introduction .................................................................................................... 157 Developments to 1910 ..................................................................................... 162 Decline of Maori Councils in Te Raki inquiry district, 1910-1918 .................... 166 Establishment and administration of Maori Health Councils, 1918-1945 ........ 169 Maori Health Councils of the Te Raki inquiry district ....................................... 172 Influence of the Ratana movement ................................................................... 177 Funding difficulties .......................................................................................... 181 Enforcement and jurisdiction issues ................................................................ 187 Maori Health Council activities ........................................................................ 193 Decline in Maori Health Council activity, 1929-1935 ....................................... 198 Final years and abolition, 1935-1945 .............................................................. 206 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 213 Chapter Four: Te Raki Maori and State Welfare Assistance – Inequality and Reform, 1910-1945 .....................................................................................217 Introduction .................................................................................................... 217 Developments to 1910 ..................................................................................... 221 Te Raki Maori and the Old-age Pension, 1910-1935 ........................................ 230 Introduction of standardised pension reductions for Maori, 1926 ....................... 235 Storekeeper agents ............................................................................................. 241 Labour’s initial response to Maori concerns, 1935-1938 .................................. 243 Continuing payment reductions to Maori, 1938-1940 ...................................... 247 A gradual change in policy, 1940-1943 ............................................................ 255 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 259 Chapter Five: Te Raki Maori and the Maori War Effort Organisation, 1939- 1945 ...........................................................................................................263 Introduction .................................................................................................... 263 Initial responses to war.................................................................................... 264 The
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