Repetition Suppression and Repetition Priming Are Processing Outcomes
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Inhibition in the Dynamics of Selective Attention: an Integrative Model for Negative Priming
Edinburgh Research Explorer Inhibition in the dynamics of selective attention: an integrative model for negative priming Citation for published version: Herrmann, JM 2012, 'Inhibition in the dynamics of selective attention: an integrative model for negative priming' Frontiers in Psychology, pp. 103. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00491 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00491 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Frontiers in Psychology General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 05. Apr. 2019 ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 15 November 2012 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00491 Inhibition in the dynamics of selective attention: an integrative model for negative priming Hecke Schrobsdorff 1,2,3*, Matthias Ihrke 1,3, Jörg Behrendt 1,4, Marcus Hasselhorn1,4,5 and J. Michael Herrmann1,6 1 Bernstein Center -
Negative Priming Processing in Schizophrenic Patients with High and Low Symptoms
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Pelagia Research Library European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2012, 2 (5):1897-1901 ISSN: 2248 –9215 CODEN (USA): EJEBAU Negative Priming Processing in Schizophrenic Patients with High and Low Symptoms Ali-Reza Babadi 1, Elham Foroozandeh 2, Mohamad Zare-Neyestanak 2, Mohamad-Ali Goodarzi 3 1Department of Psychology, Payam Noor University, Esfahan, Iran 2Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Naein Branch, Naein, Iran 3Department of Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTARCT The aim of this study was to have a comparison among the schizophrenic patients with high positive symptoms and schizophrenic patients with low positive symptoms and normal individuals in negative priming effect test. The findings indicate that the main effect of negative priming and interaction effect of group*hemisphere are not significant. However, it indicates that there is a significant difference among the groups in terms of the extent of negative priming. These findings confirm the assumption that processing reaction time of negative priming in schizophrenia significantly differs with normal persons. Also it can be concluded that negative priming in schizophrenic patients in acute stage decreased comparing to the chronic patients and normal group. Findings are discussed based on changes in dopaminergic system. Keywords: Negative Priming Processing, Schizophrenia _____________________________________________________________________________________________ -
Memory in Mind and Culture
This page intentionally left blank Memory in Mind and Culture This text introduces students, scholars, and interested educated readers to the issues of human memory broadly considered, encompassing individual mem- ory, collective remembering by societies, and the construction of history. The book is organized around several major questions: How do memories construct our past? How do we build shared collective memories? How does memory shape history? This volume presents a special perspective, emphasizing the role of memory processes in the construction of self-identity, of shared cultural norms and concepts, and of historical awareness. Although the results are fairly new and the techniques suitably modern, the vision itself is of course related to the work of such precursors as Frederic Bartlett and Aleksandr Luria, who in very different ways represent the starting point of a serious psychology of human culture. Pascal Boyer is Henry Luce Professor of Individual and Collective Memory, departments of psychology and anthropology, at Washington University in St. Louis. He studied philosophy and anthropology at the universities of Paris and Cambridge, where he did his graduate work with Professor Jack Goody, on memory constraints on the transmission of oral literature. He has done anthro- pological fieldwork in Cameroon on the transmission of the Fang oral epics and on Fang traditional religion. Since then, he has worked mostly on the experi- mental study of cognitive capacities underlying cultural transmission. After teaching in Cambridge, San Diego, Lyon, and Santa Barbara, Boyer moved to his present position at the departments of anthropology and psychology at Washington University, St. Louis. James V. -
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Adaptations of temporal dynamics Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/06w2r9j6 Author Rieth, Cory Alan Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Adaptations of temporal dynamics: Faces, places, and words A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology and Cognitive Science by Cory Alan Rieth Committee in charge: Professor David E. Huber, Chair Professor Garrison W. Cottrell Professor Karen R. Dobkins Professor Donald MacLeod Professor Angela J. Yu 2012 The Dissertation of Cory Alan Rieth is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2012 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page............................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents........................................................................................................ iv List of Figures............................................................................................................. vi List of Tables.............................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgements................................................................................................... -
2.33 Implicit Memory and Priming W
2.33 Implicit Memory and Priming W. D. Stevens, G. S. Wig, and D. L. Schacter, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA ª 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2.33.1 Introduction 623 2.33.2 Influences of Explicit Versus Implicit Memory 624 2.33.3 Top-Down Attentional Effects on Priming 626 2.33.3.1 Priming: Automatic/Independent of Attention? 626 2.33.3.2 Priming: Modulated by Attention 627 2.33.3.3 Neural Mechanisms of Top-Down Attentional Modulation 629 2.33.4 Specificity of Priming 630 2.33.4.1 Stimulus Specificity 630 2.33.4.2 Associative Specificity 632 2.33.4.3 Response Specificity 632 2.33.5 Priming-Related Increases in Neural Activation 634 2.33.5.1 Negative Priming 634 2.33.5.2 Familiar Versus Unfamiliar Stimuli 635 2.33.5.3 Sensitivity Versus Bias 636 2.33.6 Correlations between Behavioral and Neural Priming 637 2.33.7 Summary and Conclusions 640 References 641 2.33.1 Introduction stimulus that result from a previous encounter with the same or a related stimulus. Priming refers to an improvement or change in the When considering the link between behavioral identification, production, or classification of a stim- and neural priming, it is important to acknowledge ulus as a result of a prior encounter with the same or that functional neuroimaging relies on a number of a related stimulus (Tulving and Schacter, 1990). underlying assumptions. First, changes in informa- Cognitive and neuropsychological evidence indi- tion processing result in changes in neural activity cates that priming reflects the operation of implicit within brain regions subserving these processing or nonconscious processes that can be dissociated operations. -
Associative Repetition Priming: a Selective Review and Theoretical Implications
Associative repetition priming 1 Running head: Associative Repetition Priming Associative repetition priming: A selective review and theoretical implications René Zeelenberg University of Amsterdam Diane Pecher Utrecht University and Jeroen G.W. Raaijmakers University of Amsterdam Send correspondence to: René Zeelenberg Psychology Department Associative repetition priming 2 Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405 USA phone: 001-812-856-5217 fax: 001-812-855-1086 email: [email protected] Associative repetition priming 3 A. Introduction An extensive body of research in the last two decades has shown that recent experiences can affect performance even when subjects are not instructed to remember these earlier experiences and even when subjects are not aware of these experiences. These so-called implicit memory phenomena are usually demonstrated by the repetition priming effect. Repetition priming refers to the finding that responses are faster and more accurate to stimuli that have been encountered recently than to stimuli that have not been encountered recently. For example, in a perceptual word identification task (Jacoby & Dallas, 1981; Salasoo, Shiffrin & Feustel, 1985) subjects can more often correctly identify the briefly flashed target word if they have recently studied the target than if they have not studied the target. Comparable effects have been obtained in tasks such as picture identification (e.g., Rouder, Ratcliff & McKoon, 2000), word stem completion (e.g., Graf, Squire, & Mandler, 1984) and lexical decision (e.g., Bowers & Michita, 1998; Scarborough, Cortese, & Scarborough, 1977), to name but a few. The large majority of studies in the domain of implicit memory have concentrated on the effect of repeating stimuli in isolation. In the common repetition priming paradigm stimuli are presented one-by-one both during the study phase and the test phase. -
Evidence from the Spatial Negative Priming Paradigm Dima Amso*, Scott P
Cognition 95 (2005) B27–B36 www.elsevier.com/locate/COGNIT Brief article Selection and inhibition in infancy: evidence from the spatial negative priming paradigm Dima Amso*, Scott P. Johnson Department of Psychology, 6 Washington Place, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA Received 5 July 2004; accepted 2 August 2004 Abstract We used a spatial negative priming (SNP) paradigm to examine visual selective attention in infants and adults using eye movements as the motor selection measure. In SNP, when a previously ignored location becomes the target to be selected, responses to it are impaired, providing a measure of inhibitory selection. Each trial consisted of a prime and a probe, separated by 67, 200, or 550 ms interstimulus intervals (ISIs). In the prime, a target was accompanied by a distractor. In the probe, the target appeared either in the location formerly occupied by the distractor (ignored repetition) or in another location (control). Adults exhibited the SNP effect in all three ISI conditions, producing slower saccade latencies on ignored repetition versus control trials. The SNP effect obtained for infants only under 550 and 200 ms ISI conditions. These results suggest that important developments in visual selection are rooted in emerging inhibitory mechanisms. q 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Selective attention; Spatial negative priming; Inhibition; Eye tracking; Infant perception Efficient allocation of visual attention is critical to learning in infancy. To organize the world into coherent percepts, an infant must attend to certain environmental features while simultaneously ignoring others. This requires selection of relevant stimuli for processing and inhibition of those that are irrelevant. -
Inhibition of Return in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Anxiety Disorders 19 (2005) 117–126 Inhibition of return in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder Steffen Moritza,*, Adrian von Mu¨hlenenb aHospital for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Hamburg, Klinik fu¨r Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany bDepartment of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z4 Received 24 March 2003; received in revised form 12 November 2003; accepted 17 November 2003 Abstract The present study is aimed at replicating and extending previous results by Nelson et al. [Psychiatry Res. 49 (1993) 183], who found decreased inhibition of return (IOR) in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Thirty OCD patients, 14 psychiatric, and 14 healthy controls participated in a visual cueing experiment. The task required detection of a target stimulus at one of two possible locations. Prior to the target, an uninformative cue appeared at one of these two locations. The Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA) between the cue and the target was systematically varied. We were especially interested in whether severity of OCD symptoms would be negatively correlated with inhibition for previously occupied locations. In accordance with prior research on healthy participants all groups displayed a comparable response pattern: facilitation at the short SOA condition and increasing IOR for the longer SOA conditions. Medication, comorbid depression, and OCD severity did not consistently moderate these effects. # 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Obsessive-compulsive disorder; Inhibition of return; Disinhibition; Attention * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ49-40-42803-6565; fax: þ49-40-42803-2999. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. -
Vol. 1 No. 2 May 1996 Section 4 Page
COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHIATRY, 1996, 1 (2), 125±149 Attentional Inhibition in Schizophrenia and Schizotypy: A Spatial Negative Priming Study 1Sohee Park, 2Mark F. Lenzenweger, 3 JoÈ rg PuÈ schel, and 4 Philip S. Holzman 1 Northwestern University, Evanston, USA 2Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA 3 University Hospital ZuÈ rich, Switzerland 4Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA We investigated attentional inhibition in schizophrenia with a spatial negative priming task. In Study 1, we compared acutely psychotic schizophrenic inpatients with chronic schizophrenic outpatients in remission. Acute patients showed absence of spatial negative priming, in contrast to the chronic outpatients who displayed intact inhibition. In Study 2, we found that spatial negative priming was abolished in healthy, first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients, indicating a possible impairment of attentional inhibition, in the absence of medication. In Study 3, we examined the individual differences in spatial negative priming in relation to schizotypy. A small reduction in negative prime effect was found in the schizotypic subjects. Reduced negative priming was much more pronounced in schizotypic women than in schizotypic men, indicating a possible influence of gender. INTRODUCTION One of the cognitive deficits that may characterise schizophrenia is an increase in distractibility coupled with attentional impairments (see Nuechterlein & Dawson, 1984). Patients with schizophrenia seem unable to focus on the relevant stimuli while ignoring the irrelevant (e.g. McGhie & Chapman, 1961; Shakow, 1962). Such observations have led to the formulation of hypotheses Requests for reprints should be sent to Sohee Park, Department of Psychology, and Institute for Neuroscience, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-2710, USA; E- mail: [email protected]. -
Repetition Priming Mediated by Task Similarity in Semantic Classification
Memory & Cognition 2003, 31 (7), 1009-1020 Repetition priming mediated by task similarity in semantic classification MAGGIE J. XIONG, JEFFERY J. FRANKS, and GORDON D. LOGAN Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee In the present study, the specificityof repetition priming between semantic classificationtasks was ex- amined using Osgood’s (Osgood, Suci, & Tannenbaum, 1957) semantic space as a heuristic for deter- mining the similarity between classifications.The classificationtasks involved judging the meaning of words on semantic scales,such as pleasant/unpleasant. The amount of priming across classifications was hypothesized to decreasewith increasing distance (decreasing similarity)between semantic scales in connotative semantic space. The results showed maximum repetition priming when the study and the test classificationswere the same, intermediate degrees of priming when the study and the test classi- fication scales shared loadings on semantic factors, and little priming when the study and the test clas- sification scales loaded primarily on orthogonal semantic factors—that is, when the distance between scales was maximized. Consistent with the transfer-appropriateprocessing framework, repetition prim- ing in semantic classifications was highly task specific, decreasing with increasing distance between classificationscales. Repetition priming is a facilitation or a bias in perfor- In the present study, the specificity of repetition mance on a stimulus that results from past experience with priming—that is, the specificity of transfer between se- the stimulus. It manifests experimentallyas faster reaction mantic classification tasks—was examined. From a strict time (RT), improved accuracy, or bias toward one response TAP perspective, repetition priming should be highly task over another (Jacoby & Dallas, 1981; Jacoby & Wither- specific and sensitive to the similarity between study and spoon, 1982; McAndrews & Moscovitch,1990; Ratcliff & test tasks. -
Evidence for Negative Priming in Children
Evidence for Negative Priming in Children A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Psychology in the University of Canterbury by Verena Pritchard University of Canterbury, 2002 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have eventuated without the participation of 150 children. To them, to their parents who gave consent, to their teachers who kept losing children from their classes, and to the Heads of Paparoa Street Primary School (Sue Ashworth), Waimairi Primary School (Philip Harding), Roydvale Primary School (Jan Barrow), and Kirkwood Intermediate School (Virginia Ffitch) who welcomed me and provided facilities, I offer my sincere thanks. Dr Ewald Neumann, Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, has willingly shared with me his expert knowledge and research skills in the area of Negative Priming. His enthusiasm for this project, his guidance and suggestions at all stages of my work, and his most generous allocation of time to supervision are gratefully acknowledged. To those others who have supported, encouraged and assisted me in various ways and at various times while I have been preoccupied in this study, I also extend my thanks. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Number ~ist ()f 1ral>les ••••••••• ~ ••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••.•••••.•••• 3 ~ist ()fJ?igllres .•.••..•.•..•.•...••..•.•..••.••..•..••.••.•.•••..•....•...••..•••.••••.... 4 Abstract ................................................................................... 5 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................ -
Suppressing Unwanted Memories Reduces Their Unconscious
Suppressing unwanted memories reduces their PNAS PLUS unconscious influence via targeted cortical inhibition Pierre Gagnepaina,b,c,d, Richard N. Hensone, and Michael C. Andersone,f,1 aInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale and dCentre Hospitalier Universitaire, Unité 1077, 14033 Caen, France; bUniversité de Caen Basse–Normandie and cEcole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Unité Mixte de Recherche S1077, 14033 Caen, France; eMedical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge CB2 7EF, England; and fBehavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England Edited by Jonathan Schooler, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, and accepted by the Editorial Board February 10, 2014 (received for review June 20, 2013) Suppressing retrieval of unwanted memories reduces their later conditioning and repetition priming, for example, can occur conscious recall. It is widely believed, however, that suppressed without conscious memory (8, 9). Thus, in healthy individuals, memories can continue to exert strong unconscious effects that modulating hippocampal activity during suppression might dis- may compromise mental health. Here we show that excluding rupt conscious memory, leaving perceptual, affective, and even memories from awareness not only modulates medial temporal conceptual elements of an experience intact. Importantly, the lobe regions involved in explicit retention, but also neocortical distressing intrusions that accompany posttraumatic stress areas underlying unconscious expressions of memory. Using disorder have, in some theoretical accounts, been attributed to repetition priming in visual perception as a model task, we found the failure of encoding to integrate sensory neocortical traces that excluding memories of visual objects from consciousness into a declarative memory that is subject to conscious control reduced their later indirect influence on perception, literally making (10).