Handbook of Parenting Volume 1 Children and Parenting
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Handbook of Parenting Volume 1 Children and Parenting Edited by Marc H. Bornstein LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS P1: FCN LE028A-FM (Vol-1) LE028/Bornstein January 31, 2002 21:35 Char Count= 0 Handbook of Parenting Volume 1 Children and Parenting i P1: FCN LE028A-FM (Vol-1) LE028/Bornstein January 31, 2002 21:35 Char Count= 0 ii P1: FCN LE028A-FM (Vol-1) LE028/Bornstein January 31, 2002 21:35 Char Count= 0 Handbook of Parenting Second Edition Volume 1 Children and Parenting Edited by Marc H. Bornstein National Institute of Child Health and Human Development LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS 2002 Mahwah, New Jersey London iii P1: FCN LE028A-FM (Vol-1) LE028/Bornstein January 31, 2002 21:35 Char Count= 0 Editor: Bill Webber Editorial Assistant: Erica Kica Cover Design: Kathryn Houghtaling Lacey Textbook Production Manager: Paul Smolenski Full-Service Compositor: TechBooks Text and Cover Printer: Hamilton Printing Company This book was typeset in 10/11.5 pt. Times, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic. The heads were typeset in Helvetica, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic. Copyright c 2002 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc All right reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, retrieval system, or any other means, without prior written permission of the publisher. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers 10 Industrial Avenue Mahwah, New Jersey 07430 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of parenting / edited by Marc H. Bornstein.—2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v. 1. Children and parenting—v. 2. Biology and ecology of parenting—v. 3. Being and becoming a parent—v. 4. Social conditions and applied parenting—v. 5. practical issues in parenting. ISBN 0-8058-3778-7 (hc : v. 1 : alk. paper)—ISBN 0-8058-3779-5 (hc : v. 2 : alk. paper)— ISBN 0-8058-3780-9 (hc : v. 3 : alk. paper)—ISBN 0-8058-3781-7 (hc : v. 4 : alk. paper)— ISBN 0-8058-3782-5 (hc : v. 5 : alk. paper) 1. Parenting. 2. Parents. I. Bornstein, Marc H. HQ755.8.H357 2002 649.1—dc21 2001058458 Books published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates are printed on acid-free paper, and their bindings are chosen for strength and durability. Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 iv P1: FCN LE028A-FM (Vol-1) LE028/Bornstein January 31, 2002 21:35 Char Count= 0 For Marian and Harold Sackrowitz v P1: FCN LE028A-FM (Vol-1) LE028/Bornstein January 31, 2002 21:35 Char Count= 0 vi P1: FCN LE028A-FM (Vol-1) LE028/Bornstein January 31, 2002 21:35 Char Count= 0 Contents of Volume 1: Children and Parenting Preface ix Foreword Edward F. Zigler xiii Foreword Jerome Kagan xvii Contents of Volume 2 xxi Contents of Volume 3 xxiii Contents of Volume 4 xxvii Contents of Volume 5 xxix About the Authors in Volume 1 xxxiii PART I: PARENTING CHILDREN AND OLDER PEOPLE Chapter 1 Parenting Infants Marc H. Bornstein 3 Chapter 2 Parenting Toddlers Carolyn Pope Edwards and Wen–Li Liu 45 Chapter 3 Parenting During Middle Childhood W. Andrew Collins, Stephanie D. Madsen, 73 and Amy Susman-Stillman Chapter 4 Parenting Adolescents Laurence Steinberg and Jennifer S. Silk 103 vii P1: FCN LE028A-FM (Vol-1) LE028/Bornstein January 31, 2002 21:35 Char Count= 0 viii Contents of Volume 1 Chapter 5 Parent–Child Relationships in Adulthood and Later Years Steven H. Zarit and David J. Eggebeen 135 PART II: PARENTING CHILDREN OF VARYING STATUS Chapter 6 Parenting Siblings Wyndol Furman and Richard Lanthier 165 Chapter 7 Parenting Girls and Boys Campbell Leaper 189 Chapter 8 Parenting Twins and the Genetics of Parenting Hugh Lytton with Lin Gallagher 227 Chapter 9 Child Temperament and Parenting Samuel P. Putnam, Ann V. Sanson, and Mary K. Rothbart 255 Chapter 10 Parenting and Child Development in Adoptive Families David M. Brodzinsky and Ellen Pinderhughes 279 Chapter 11 Foster Parenting Jeffrey Haugaard and Cindy Hazan 313 Chapter 12 Parenting Children Born Preterm Susan Goldberg and Barbara DiVitto 329 Chapter 13 Parenting Children with Mental Retardation Robert M. Hodapp 355 Chapter 14 Parents of Aggressive and Withdrawn Children Kenneth H. Rubin and Kim B. Burgess 383 Author Index AI-1 Subject Index SI-1 P1: FCN LE028A-FM (Vol-1) LE028/Bornstein January 31, 2002 21:35 Char Count= 0 Preface This new edition of the Handbook of Parenting appears at a time that is momentous in the history of parenting. The family generally, and parenting specifically, are today in a greater state of flux, question, and redefinition than perhaps ever before. We are witnessing the emergence of striking permutations on the theme of parenting: blended families, lesbian and gay parents, teen versus fifties first-time moms and dads. One cannot but be awed on the biological front by technology that now renders postmenopausal women capable of childbearing and with the possibility of designing babies. Similarly, on the sociological front, single parenthood is a modern-day fact of life, adult–child dependency is on the rise, and parents are ever less certain of their roles, even in the face of rising environmental and institutional demands that they take increasing responsibility for their offspring. The Handbook of Parenting is concerned with all facets of parenting. Despite the fact that most people become parents and everyone who has ever lived has had parents, parenting remains a most mystifying subject. Who is ultimately responsible for parenting? Does parenting come naturally, or must we learn how to parent? How do parents conceive of parenting? Of childhood? What does it mean to parent a preterm baby, twins, or a child with a disability? To be a younger or an older parent, or one who is divorced, disabled, or drug abusing? What do theories in psychology (psychoanalysis, personality theory, and behavior genetics, for example) contribute to our understanding of parenting? What are the goals parents have for themselves? For their children? What are the functions of parents’ beliefs? Of parents’ behaviors? What accounts for parents’ believing or behaving in similar ways? What accounts for all the attitudes and actions of parents that differ? How do children influence their parents? How do personality, knowledge, and world view affect parenting? How do social status, culture, and history shape parenthood? How can parents effectively relate to schools, daycare, their children’s pediatricians? These are some of the questions addressed in this second edition of the Handbook of Parenting ... for this is a book on how to parent as much as it is one on what being a parent is all about. Put succinctly, parents create people. It is the entrusted and abiding task of parents to prepare their offspring for the physical, psychosocial, and economic conditions in which they will eventu- ally fare and, it is hoped, flourish. Amidst the many influences on child development, parents are the “final common pathway” to children’s development and stature, adjustment and success. Human social inquiry—at least since Athenian interest in Spartan childrearing practices—has always, as a matter of course, included reports of parenting. Yet Freud opined that childrearing is one of three “impossible professions”—the other two being governing nations and psychoanalysis. And one encounters as many views as the number of people one asks about the relative merits of being an at-home or a working mother, about whether daycare, family care, or parent care is best for a child, about whether good parenting reflects intuition or experience. ix P1: FCN LE028A-FM (Vol-1) LE028/Bornstein January 31, 2002 21:35 Char Count= 0 x Preface The Handbook of Parenting concerns itself with different types of parents—mothers and fathers, single, adolescent, and adoptive parents; with basic characteristics of parenting—behaviors, knowl- edge, beliefs, and expectations about parenting; with forces that shape parenting—employment, social status, culture, environment, and history; with problems faced by parents—handicaps, marital difficulties, drug addiction; and with practical concerns of parenting—how to promote children’s health, foster social adjustment and cognitive competence, and interact with school, legal, and public officials. Contributors to the Handbook of Parenting have worked in different ways toward under- standing all these diverse aspects of parenting, and all look to the most recent research and thinking in the field to shed light on many topics every parent wonders about. Parenthood is a job whose primary object of attention and action is the child. But parenting also has consequences for parents. Parenthood is giving and responsibility, but parenting has its own intrinsic pleasures, privileges, and profits as well as frustrations, fears, and failures. Parenthood can enhance psychological development, self-confidence, and sense of well-being, and parenthood also affords opportunities to confront new challenges and to test and display diverse competencies. Parents can derive considerable and continuing pleasure in their relationships and activities with their children. But parenting is also fraught with small and large stresses and disappointments. The transition to parenting is formidable; the onrush of new stages of parenthood is relentless. In the final analysis, however, parents receive a great deal “in kind” for the hard work of parenting—they are often recipients of unconditional love, they gain skills, and they even pretend to immortality. This edition of the Handbook of Parenting presents the many positives that accompany parenting and offers solutions for the many challenges. The Handbook of Parenting encompasses the broad themes of who are parents, whom parents parent, the scope of parenting and its many effects, the determinants of parenting, and the nature, structure, and meaning of parenthood for parents. This second edition of the Handbook of Parenting is divided into five volumes, each with two parts: Volume 1 concerns CHILDREN AND PARENTING.