DOCSLIB.ORG

DEATH and the AFTERLIFE: PREDYNASTIC and OLD KINGDOM EGYPT: FOCUS (Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser and the Pyramids at Gizeh)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
DEATH and the AFTERLIFE: PREDYNASTIC and OLD KINGDOM EGYPT: FOCUS (Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser and the Pyramids at Gizeh) DEATH and the AFTERLIFE: PREDYNASTIC and OLD KINGDOM EGYPT: FOCUS (Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser and the Pyramids at Gizeh) TITLE or DESIGNATION: Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser ARCHITECT: Imhotep CULTURE or ART HISTORICAL PERIOD: Early Dynastic Egyptian DATE: c. 2675- 2625 B.C.E. LOCATION: Saqqara, Egypt ONLINE ASSIGNMENT: https://www.khanacademy.org/h umanities/ancient-art- civilizations/egypt- art/predynastic-old- kingdom/a/old-kingdom-the- great-pyramids-of-giza ONLINE ASSIGNMENT: https://www.khanacademy.org/h umanities/ancient-art- civilizations/egypt- art/predynastic-old- kingdom/a/old-kingdom- pyramid-of-khufu TITLE or DESIGNATION: Pyramid of Khufu at Gizeh CULTURE or ART HISTORICAL PERIOD: Old Kingdom Egyptian DATE: c. 2560–2540 B.C.E. LOCATION: Gizeh, Egypt ONLINE ASSIGNMENT: https://www.khanacadem y.org/humanities/ancient -art-civilizations/egypt- art/predynastic-old- kingdom/a/old-kingdom- pyramid-of-khafre-and- the-great-sphinx TITLE or DESIGNATION: Pyramid of Khafre at Gizeh CULTURE or ART HISTORICAL PERIOD: Old Kingdom Egyptian DATE: c. 2520-2494 B.C.E. LOCATION: Gizeh, Egypt TITLE or DESIGNATION: Great Sphinx at Gizeh CULTURE or ART HISTORICAL PERIOD: Old Kingdom Egyptian DATE: c. 2520-2494 B.C.E. MEDIUM: Sandstone DEATH and the AFTERLIFE: PREDYNASTIC and OLD KINGDOM EGYPT: SELECTED TEXT (Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser and the Pyramids at Gizeh) PYRAMIDS AT SAQQARA and GIZEH Online Links: Pyramid of Djoser - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Sed festival - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mastaba - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ancient Egyptian burial customs - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Djoser - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Imhotep - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Video Images of Saqqara - Discovering Egypt PYRAMIDS AT SAQQARA and GIZEH Online Links: Ancient Egyptian Monuments: Step Pyramid of Djoser's, Saqqara Smarthistory - The Great Pyramids of Giza Stepped Pyramid of Djoser - National Geographic EGYPTIAN KINGDOMS Pre- and Early Dynastic Period (6000 - 2686 BCE) Old Kingdom (2686– 2134 BCE) Middle Kingdom (2030 - 1640 BCE) New Kingdom (16th-11th centuries BCE) Osiris is not only a merciful judge of the dead in the afterlife, but also the underworld agency that granted all life. Through the hope of new life after death Osiris began to be associated with the cycles observed in nature. He wears the Atef crown and carries a crook and a flail. He is both the husband and brother of Isis and the father of Horus. Horus was born to the goddess Isis after she retrieved all the dismembered body parts of her murdered husband Osiris. She used her magical powers to resurrect Osiris and to fashion a gold phallus to conceive her son. Once Isis knew she was pregnant with Horus, she fled to the Nile Delta marshlands to hide from her brother Seth who jealously killed Osiris and who she knew would want to kill their son. Imhotep. The Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser (Zoser), c. 2675-2625 BCE, Saqqara For his tomb complex at Saqqara, King Djoser (Dynasty 3, ruled c. 2681-2662 BCE) commissioned the earliest known monumental architecture in Egypt. The designer of the complex was a man called Imhotep. It appears that he first planned Djoser’s tomb as a single-story mastaba, then later decided to enlarge upon the concept. In the end, what he produced was a stepped pyramid consisting of six mastabalike elements of decreasing size placed on top of each other. Although his final structure resembles the ziggurats of Mesopotamia, it differs in both its planned concept and its purpose of protecting a tomb. Djoser’s imposing structure was originally faced with a veneer of limestone. A mastaba is an Old Kingdom Egyptian tomb The shape of the pyramid was a solar reference, perhaps intended as a solidified version of the rays of the sun. Texts talk about the sun’s rays as a ramp the pharaoh mounts to climb to the sky—the earliest pyramids, such as the Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara—were actually designed as a staircase. The pyramid was also clearly connected to the sacred ben-ben stone, an icon of the primeval mound that was considered the place of initial creation. The pyramid was considered a place of regeneration for the deceased ruler. Imhotep, the architect of the Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser, claimed to be founder of medicine, the papyrus scroll, and the first to use columns in architecture. In the form of his ka statue, Djoser was able to observe these devotions through two peepholes bored through the wall between the serdab and the funerary chapel. To the east of the pyramid were sham buildings- simple masonry shells filled with debris- representing chapels, palaces with courtyards, and other structures. They were provided so that the dead king could continue to observe the sed rituals that had ensured his long reign. His spirit could await the start of the ceremonies in a pavilion near the entrance to the complex in its southeast corner. The running trials of the sed festival took place in a long outdoor courtyard within the complex. After proving himself, the king’s spirit proceeded first to the South Palace then to the North Palace, to be symbolically crowned once again as king of Egypt’s Two Lands. Statue of King Djoser from the Third Dynasty, limestone This serdab is located at the Mortuary Complex of Djoser at Saqqara, c. 2680 BCE (on the northeast corner of the pyramid by the entrance to the mortuary temple; original location of Djoser’s cult statue) The heb-sed festival (an important ritual completed by Egyptian kings, typically after 30 years on the throne) to renew their powers. The courtyards are symbolic of Upper and Lower Egypt, indicated by engaged columns with papyrus and lotus capitals. Mastabas tended to be grouped together in a necropolis- literally, a “city of the dead” – at the edge of the desert on the west bank of the Nile, for the land of the dead was believed to be in the direction of the setting sun. Two of the most extensive of these early necropolises are at Saqqara and Giza, just outside modern Cairo. The engaged columns spaced along the exterior walls of the North Palace, for example, resemble stalks of papyrus. Stylized papyrus blossoms serve as their capitals. These columns may have been patterned after the bundled papyrus stalks early Egyptian builders used to reinforce mud walls and symbolized Lower Egypt. By contrast, the architectural decorations of the South Palace featured plants symbolic of Upper Egypt, the flowering sedge and the lotus. Top Left: Ba bird from the Valley of the Kings, tomb of Tutankhamun, c. 1325 BCE Bottom left: Scarab pendant from the Valley of the Kings, tomb of Tutankhamun, c. 1325 BCE Egyptian gylphs symbolizing (left to right) life (the ankh), stability (the djed pillar), beauty, joy, and protection Canopic jars were used by Egyptians in the mummification process. The heads represented the four sons of Horus. They are: • Duamutef, the jackal-headed god whose jar contained the stomach (representing the east) • Qebehsenuef, the falcon-headed god whose jar contained the intestines (representing the west) • Hapi, the baboon-headed god whose jar contained the lungs (representing the north) • Inseti, the human-headed god whose jar contained the liver (representing the south) Preserving the deceased’s body by mummification was only the first requirement for immortality in ancient Egypt. Food and drink also had to be provided, as did clothing, utensils, and furniture. Nothing that had been enjoyed on earth was to be lacking. The Egyptians also placed statuettes called ushabtis (answerers) in the tomb. These figurines performed any labor required of the deceased in the afterlife, answering whenever his or her name was called. Pyramid of Khufu at Gizeh, c. 2560–2540 BCE The largest of the three pyramids is that of Khufu’s. As with Djoser’s Stepped Pyramid, the four sides of each of the Great Pyramids are oriented to the cardinal points of the compass. But the funerary temples associated with the three Gizeh pyramids are not placed on the north side, facing the stars of the northern sky, as was Djoser’s temple. The temples sit on the east side, facing the rising sun and underscoring their connection with Re. At Gizeh, across the Nile from modern Cairo, stand the three Great Pyramids, the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. They testify to the wealth and pretensions of the Fourth Dynasty pharaohs Khufu (r. 2551-2528 BCE), Khafre (r. 2520-2494 BCE) and Menkaure (r. 2490-2472 BCE). The new tomb shape probably reflects the influence of Heliopolis, the seat of the powerful cult of Re, whose emblem was a pyramidal stone, the ben-ben. The Great Pyramids are symbols of the sun, where Egyptian kings were reborn in the afterlife, just as the sun is reborn each day at dawn. We know that the plateau of Giza, renowned for its three Great Pyramids, was chosen for its ability to withstand the burden imposed by the mass of the construction and for its proximity to the high waters of the inundation. Less than a thousand yards separated the construction site from the harbor area where the blocks coming from the quarry at Tura were unloaded. Moreover, not all the stones had to be brought from elsewhere; the immediate environs of Giza furnished the majority of the blocks needed for the masonry of the interior. Once the king had made up his mind, it was necessary to plan the construction work: the number of stone blocks needed and where they would be extracted, the requisitioning of the work force, and the location of villages for the workmen near the site.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ancient Egyptian Royal Circumcision from the Pyramid Complex of Djedkare
    Ancient Egyptian Royal Circumcision from the Pyramid Complex of Djedkare • XLIX/2 • pp. 155–164 • 2011 mohAmED mEGAhED, hAnA VYmAZALoVÁ ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ROYAL CIRCUMCISION FROM THE PYRAMID COMPLEX OF DJEDKARE ABSTRACT: Male circumcision in ancient Egypt is well documented in representative scenes in tombs, as well as in physical remains of Egyptian people from various periods. Scenes showing the operation of circumcision are however very rare and only a few examples have been preserved from the millennia of Egyptian history. This paper presents another example of such a scene, which was found on a relief fragment discovered in the pyramid complex of the Fifth Dynasty king Djedkare. At the moment, it is the oldest preserved depiction of this operation known so far, and it probably played a ritual function within the king's pyramid complex decoration program. KEY WORDS: Ancient Egypt – Djedkare – Relief – Circumcision INTRODUCTION numerous fragments of reliefs have been found in the late Fifth Dynasty pyramid complex of Djedkare in As well as the other old Kingdom pyramid complexes, South Saqqara (Figure 1) by the Egyptian archaeological Djedkare's pyramid complex was badly damaged over missions between the 1940s and 1980s, when limited and time, and as a result of the reuse of its building materials unsystematic excavations were carried out in the funerary throughout succeeding generations. modern excavation temple under the direction of Abdel Salam mohamed of the monuments have however begun to reveal the hussain, Ahmed Fakhry, and mahmoud Abdel Razek. architectural plan of the sites and have brought to light Results of this work were never fully published and the fragments of decoration programs of the individual fragments of relief decoration have not been available complexes; these provide us with partial information about for the scientific public (see Fakhry 1959: 10, 30, Leclant the kings and their reigns.
    [Show full text]
  • Ankh: Gods of Egypt Rulebook
    RULEBOOK TABLE OF CONTENTS OVERVIEW .................................................................................2 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 3 COMPONENTS .........................................................................4 BASIC CONCEPTS ................................................................... 7 Adjacency ...............................................................................8 Figures .....................................................................................8 Monuments ............................................................................8 Central Dashboard .............................................................9 God Dashboard .................................................................. 10 Devotion ..................................................................................11 Battle Cards ...........................................................................11 SETUP ..........................................................................................12 WINNING THE GAME ..........................................................13 GAMEPLAY ...............................................................................13 ACTIONS ....................................................................................14 OVERVIEW Move Figures ........................................................................15 Summon Figure ...................................................................16 Gain Followers .....................................................................17
    [Show full text]
  • Famous Pharaohs
    Ancient Egyptians: History Information Sheet Famous Pharaohs Name: Khufu Name: Khafra Reigned: 2589 - 2566 BC Reigned: 2558 - 2504 BC Khufu is also known as King Cheops and Khafra is famous for building the is the builder of the Great Pyramid of second of the pyramids at Giza and the Giza. The Giza pyramids are famous as Sphinx which guards his tomb. Some being the oldest of the Seven Ancient historians believe that the head of the Wonders of the World and the only one Sphinx is carved in Khafra’s image. to still be in existence today. Name: Ankhenaten Name: Hatshepsut Reigned:1351 - 1337 BC Reigned: 1472 - 1457 BC Ankhenaten is most remembered for Hatshepsut is remembered not only changing the belief system of ancient because she was a woman (it was very Egypt, if only for a short while. He rare for a woman to be a ruler) but also introduced Aten, a sun god, as the one because of the many accomplishments true god and changed Egypt from a she achieved throughout her reign. kingdom that worshiped many gods to During her reign, trade flourished, the a kingdom that worshiped just one. economy grew and she built and restored many magnificent temples Name: Rameses II and other buildings. Reigned: 1279 - 1213 BC Rameses II is also known as Rameses Name: Tutankhamen the Great. He was a great military ruler Reigned: 1334 - 1325 BC and famously defeated the Hittites to Tutankhamen is not remembered for his regain control of lands that had been reign as king as much as he is famous lost during the reign of Ankhenaten.
    [Show full text]
  • Temples and Tombs Treasures of Egyptian Art from the British Museum
    Temples and Tombs Treasures of Egyptian Art from The British Museum Resource for Educators this is max size of image at 200 dpi; the sil is low res and for the comp only. if approved, needs to be redone carefully American Federation of Arts Temples and Tombs Treasures of Egyptian Art from The British Museum Resource for Educators American Federation of Arts © 2006 American Federation of Arts Temples and Tombs: Treasures of Egyptian Art from the British Museum is organized by the American Federation of Arts and The British Museum. All materials included in this resource may be reproduced for educational American Federation of Arts purposes. 212.988.7700 800.232.0270 The AFA is a nonprofit institution that organizes art exhibitions for presen- www.afaweb.org tation in museums around the world, publishes exhibition catalogues, and interim address: develops education programs. 122 East 42nd Street, Suite 1514 New York, NY 10168 after April 1, 2007: 305 East 47th Street New York, NY 10017 Please direct questions about this resource to: Suzanne Elder Burke Director of Education American Federation of Arts 212.988.7700 x26 [email protected] Exhibition Itinerary to Date Oklahoma City Museum of Art Oklahoma City, Oklahoma September 7–November 26, 2006 The Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens Jacksonville, Florida December 22, 2006–March 18, 2007 North Carolina Museum of Art Raleigh, North Carolina April 15–July 8, 2007 Albuquerque Museum of Art and History Albuquerque, New Mexico November 16, 2007–February 10, 2008 Fresno Metropolitan Museum of Art, History and Science Fresno, California March 7–June 1, 2008 Design/Production: Susan E.
    [Show full text]
  • Was the Function of the Earliest Writing in Egypt Utilitarian Or Ceremonial? Does the Surviving Evidence Reflect the Reality?”
    “Was the function of the earliest writing in Egypt utilitarian or ceremonial? Does the surviving evidence reflect the reality?” Article written by Marsia Sfakianou Chronology of Predynastic period, Thinite period and Old Kingdom..........................2 How writing began.........................................................................................................4 Scopes of early Egyptian writing...................................................................................6 Ceremonial or utilitarian? ..............................................................................................7 The surviving evidence of early Egyptian writing.........................................................9 Bibliography/ references..............................................................................................23 Links ............................................................................................................................23 Album of web illustrations...........................................................................................24 1 Map of Egypt. Late Predynastic Period-Early Dynastic (Grimal, 1994) Chronology of Predynastic period, Thinite period and Old Kingdom (from the appendix of Grimal’s book, 1994, p 389) 4500-3150 BC Predynastic period. 4500-4000 BC Badarian period 4000-3500 BC Naqada I (Amratian) 3500-3300 BC Naqada II (Gerzean A) 3300-3150 BC Naqada III (Gerzean B) 3150-2700 BC Thinite period 3150-2925 BC Dynasty 1 3150-2925 BC Narmer, Menes 3125-3100 BC Aha 3100-3055 BC
    [Show full text]
  • The Iconography of the Princess in the Old Kingdom 119 Vivienne G
    THE OLD KINGDOM ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE HELD IN PRAGUE, MAY 31 – JUNE 4, 2004 Miroslav Bárta editor Czech Institute of Egyptology Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague Academia Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague 2006 OOKAApodruhéKAApodruhé sstrtr ii–xii.indd–xii.indd 3 99.3.2007.3.2007 117:18:217:18:21 Contributors Nicole Alexanian, James P. Allen, Susan Allen, Hartwig Altenmüller, Tarek El Awady, Miroslav Bárta, Edith Bernhauer, Edward Brovarski, Vivienne G. Callender, Vassil Dobrev, Laurel Flentye, Rita Freed, Julia Harvey, Salima Ikram, Peter Jánosi, Nozomu Kawai, Jaromír Krejčí, Kamil O. Kuraszkiewicz, Renata Landgráfová, Serena Love, Dušan Magdolen, Peter Der Manuelian, Ian Mathieson, Karol Myśliwiec, Stephen R. Phillips, Gabriele Pieke, Ann Macy Roth, Joanne M. Rowland, Regine Schulz, Yayoi Shirai, Nigel Strudwick, Miroslav Verner, Hana Vymazalová, Sakuji Yoshimura, Christiane Ziegler © Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague, 2006 ISBN 80-200-1465-9 OOKAApodruhéKAApodruhé sstrtr ii–xii.indd–xii.indd 4 99.3.2007.3.2007 117:18:217:18:21 Contents Foreword ix Bibliography xi Tomb and social status. The textual evidence 1 Nicole Alexanian Some aspects of the non-royal afterlife in the Old Kingdom 9 James P. Allen Miniature and model vessels in Ancient Egypt 19 Susan Allen Presenting the nDt-Hr-offerings to the tomb owner 25 Hartwig Altenmüller King Sahura with the precious trees from Punt in a unique scene! 37 Tarek El Awady The Sixth Dynasty tombs in Abusir. Tomb complex of the vizier Qar and his family 45 Miroslav Bárta Die Statuen mit Papyrusrolle im Alten Reich 63 Edith Bernhauer False doors & history: the Sixth Dynasty 71 Edward Brovarski The iconography of the princess in the Old Kingdom 119 Vivienne G.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origin of the Word Amen: Ancient Knowledge the Bible Has Never Told
    Ghana Journal of Linguistics 9.1: 72-96 (2020) ______________________________________________________________________________ http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjl.v9i1.4 EDITORIAL BOOK CRITIQUE: THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD AMEN: ANCIENT KNOWLEDGE THE BIBLE HAS NEVER TOLD Ọbádélé Bakari Kambon Editor-in-Chief Abstract: The Origin of the Word Amen: Ancient Knowledge the Bible has Never Told is a book that promises to pique the interest of any reader interested in classical Kmt ‘Black Nation/Land of the Blacks’, mdw nTr ‘Hieroglyphs,’ the Akan language, and historical-linguistic connections between the three. Specifically, the book promises to deliver information about how the word imn ‘Amen,’ as attested in classical Kmt ‘Black Nation/Land of the Blacks,’ persists in the contemporary Akan language. While under a steady hand this should be a simple enough thesis to substantiate, unfortunately, the authors’ obvious lack of grounding in historical linguistics, their lack of knowledge of mdw nTr ‘Hieroglyphs’ as well as their lack of understanding the morphology (word structure) of the Akan language all mar the analyses presented in the book. Keywords: Amen, Heru Narmer, historical linguistics, folk etymology Osei, O. K., Issa, J., & Faraji, S. (2020). The Origin of the Word Amen: Ancient Knowledge the Bible has Never Told. Long Beach, CA: Amen-Ra Theological Seminary Press. 1. Introduction In The Origin of the Word Amen: Ancient Knowledge the Bible has Never Told, what should be an open-and-shut case is saddled with a plethora of spurious look-alikes and folk etymologies prompted by attempts to analyze one language with another without actually having studying the language to be analyzed itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Specular Reflection from the Great Pyramid at Giza
    Specular Reflection from the Great Pyramid at Giza Donald E. Jennings Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA (retired) email: [email protected] Posted to arXiv: physics.hist-ph April 6, 2021 Abstract The pyramids of ancient Egypt are said to have shone brilliantly in the sun. Surfaces of polished limestone would not only have reflected diffusely in all directions, but would also likely have produced specular reflections in particular directions. Reflections toward points on the horizon would have been visible from large distances. On a particular day and time when the sun was properly situated, an observer stationed at a distant site would have seen a momentary flash as the sun’s reflection moved across the face of the pyramid. The positions of the sun that are reflected to the horizon are confined to narrow arcs in the sky, one arc for each side of the pyramid. We model specular reflections from the pyramid of Khufu and derive the annual dates and times when they would have been visible at important ancient sites. Certain of these events might have coincided with significant dates on the Egyptian calendar, as well as with solar equinoxes, solstices and cross-quarter days. The celebration of Wepet-Renpet, which at the time of the pyramid’s construction occurred near the spring cross-quarter day, would have been marked by a specular sweep of sites on the southern horizon. On the autumn and winter cross-quarter days reflections would have been directed to Heliopolis. We suggest that on those days the pyramidion of Khafre might have been visible in specular reflection over the truncated top of Khufu’s pyramid.
    [Show full text]
  • FSF #4 Low Res
    Bulletin 1, January, 2015 Bulletin 4, October, 2015 North Africa Horizons NorthNorth AfricaAfrica HorizonsHorizons A monitoring bulletinA monitoring published bulletin by FSF published (Futures by Studies FSF (Futures Forum Studiesfor Africa Forum and the for MiddleAfrica and East) the Middle East) Future of North Africa's Slums: "Slums ofSECURING Hope" or "Slums of Despair"? WHEAT AVAILABILITY What Prospects for North Africa? http://www.foresightfordevelopment.org/fsf/all-pages http://www.foresightfordevelopment.org/fsf/all-pages Contents Introduction 1 Editorial 2 Urbanization and Future Prospects of Slums in NA 5 The Slum Economy:The Base of the Pyramid that Holds The Formal City 14 Building Resilience of Slum Communities 22 Future of North Africa's Slums: "Slums of Hope" or "Slums of Despair"? Introduction For decades, urbanization was probably the most visible future trend and the easiest to forecast. We now know that the future is urban and glimpses of the future can be seen already in North Africa (NA), where some countries are over 80% urbanized. However, the nature of this future is contested. While urban planners look to Dubai and other shiny cities as the model for the future, the realities are very different as most cities in NA have already formed their character; and to many this portrait is ugly and dysfunctional. Indeed many cities are teaming with slums and despite concerted efforts over the years to rid NA cities of slums, they continue to be pervasive future of the city. Slums are the entry point to address the cities’ challenges and there is a need to realize that as long as the urbanization process continues there will never be enough resources to provide decent housing for all.
    [Show full text]
  • Practicing Medicine in Ancient Egypt
    Practicing Medicine in Ancient Egypt Michael R. Zimmerman March 28, 2017 Michael Zimmerman is Adjunct Professor of Biology at Villanova University, Lecturer in Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania, and Visiting Professor at the University of Manchester (UK) KNH Centre for Biomedical Egyptology. et us start by imagining what Albert Einstein called a “thought experiment.” It is the year 5015 CE L and an excavation of an ancient hospital, ca. 2016 CE, uncovers an ancient book, written on paper rather than on the current electronic device. Although the book is in poor condition there is a partial hieroglyphic title, transcribed by an Egyptologist and a paleopathologist as Merck Manual. The book seems to be a compilation of disease descriptions and treatments by a long forgotten Dr. Merck. The diseases are difficult to decipher in an era when humans live to the age of 150 and die only when aged organs fail. It appears that the body could be attacked by minute parasitic organisms, visible only with an ancient tool called a “microscope.” Some cells appear to have taken on a life of their own, destroying the body by causing diseases known by a variety of poorly preserved terms such as “cancer” or “neoplasm.” The task of our future paleopathologist is analogous to that of the difficult undertaking of deciphering ancient Egyptian medical papyri. There are a number of surviving papyri, in various degrees of completeness, which have been studied by physicians and Egyptologists. They have done remarkably well, particularly in that the writing is mostly in the difficult hieratic rather than hieroglyphic text.
    [Show full text]
  • The Seated Cleopatra in Nineteenth Century American Sculpture
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 1997 The Seated Cleopatra in Nineteenth Century American Sculpture Kelly J. Gotschalk Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4350 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. APPROVAL CERTIFICATE The Seated Cleopatra in Nineteenth Century AmericanSculpture by Kelly J. Gotschalk Director of Graduate Studies � Dean, School of the Arts Dean, School of Graduate Studies �////PP? Date THE SEATED CLEOPATRA INNINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICAN SCULPTURE by Kelly J. Gotschalk B.F.A., Virginia Commonwealth University, 1990 Submitted to the Faculty of the School of the Arts of Virginia Commonwealth University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements forthe Degree Master of Arts Richmond, Virginia November, 1997 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Fredrika Jacobs and Dr. Charles Brownell fortheir invaluable guidance andendless encouragement in the preparation of this thesis. I would also like to thank my husband, Tom Richards, and my family for their constant support and understanding. In addition, my sincere thanks to my co-workers, Amanda Wilson, Christin Jones and Laurel Hayward fortheir friendship, proofreadingand accommodating a few spur-of-the-moment research trips. ii CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. iv ABSTRACT ......................................... V JNTRODUCTION.
    [Show full text]
  • "Excavating the Old Kingdom. the Giza Necropolis and Other Mastaba
    EGYPTIAN ART IN THE AGE OF THE PYRAMIDS THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, NEW YORK DISTRIBUTED BY HARRY N. ABRAMS, INC., NEW YORK This volume has been published in "lIljunction All ri~llIs r,'slTv"d, N"l'art 01 Ihis l'ul>li,';\II"n Tl'.ul,,,,,i,,,,, f... "u the I'r,'u,'h by .I;\nl<" 1'. AlIl'll with the exhibition «Egyptian Art in the Age of may be reproduced llI' ',",lIlsmilt"" by any '"l';\nS, of "'''Iys I>y Nadine (:I",rpion allll,kan-Philippe the Pyramids," organized by The Metropolitan electronic or mechanical, induding phorocopyin~, I,auer; by .Iohu Md )on;\ld of essays by Nicolas Museum of Art, New York; the Reunion des recording, or information retrieval system, with­ Grima I, Audran I."brousse, .lean I.eclam, and musees nationaux, Paris; and the Royal Ontario out permission from the publishers. Christiane Ziegler; hy .lane Marie Todd and Museum, Toronto, and held at the Gaieries Catharine H. Roehrig of entries nationales du Grand Palais, Paris, from April 6 John P. O'Neill, Editor in Chief to July 12, 1999; The Metropolitan Museum of Carol Fuerstein, Editor, with the assistance of Maps adapted by Emsworth Design, Inc., from Art, New York, from September 16,1999, to Ellyn Childs Allison, Margaret Donovan, and Ziegler 1997a, pp. 18, 19 January 9, 2000; and the Royal Ontario Museum, Kathleen Howard Toronto, from February 13 to May 22, 2000. Patrick Seymour, Designer, after an original con­ Jacket/cover illustration: Detail, cat. no. 67, cept by Bruce Campbell King Menkaure and a Queen Gwen Roginsky and Hsiao-ning Tu, Production Frontispiece: Detail, cat.
    [Show full text]