Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa the Birds of the Western Palearctic
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa The Birds of the Western Palearctic Volume I • Ostrich to Ducks Stanley Cramp Chief Editor KEL Simmons I J Ferguson-Lees Robert Gillmor PAD Hollom Robert Hudson E M Nicholson MA Ogilvie PJS Olney KH Voous Jan Wattel OXFORD LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Page 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 35 STRUTHIONIFORMES 37 STRUTHIONIDAE ostriches 37 Struthio camelus Ostrich 37 GAVIIFORMES 42 GAVIIDAE divers 42 Gavia stellata Red-throated Diver 43 Gavia arctica Black-throated Diver 50 Gavia immer Great Northern Diver 56 Gavia adamsii White-billed Diver 62 PODICIPEDIFORMES 65 PODICIPEDIDAE grebes 65 Podilymbus podiceps Pied-billed Grebe 67 Tachybaptus ruficollis Little Grebe 69 Podiceps major Great Grebe 78 Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe 78 Podiceps grisegena Red-necked Grebe 89 Podiceps auritus Slavonian Grebe 97 Podiceps nigricollis Black-necked Grebe 105 PROCELL ARIIFORMES 112 DIOMEDEIDAE albatrosses 113 Diomedea melanophris Black-browed Albatross 113 Diomedea chlororhynchos Yellow-nosed Albatross 115 Diomedea chrysostoma Grey-headed Albatross 115 Diomedea nigripes Black-footed Albatross 116 Diomedea exulans Wandering Albatross 116 Diomedea epomophora Royal Albatross 117 PROCELLARIIDAE fulmars, petrels, shearwaters 118 Macronectes giganteus Southern Giant "Petrel 119 Fulmarus glacialis Fulmar 121 Daption capense Cape Pigeon 128 Pterodroma neglecta Kermadec Petrel 129 Pterodroma leucoptera Collared Petrel 129 Pterodroma mollis Soft-plumaged Petrel 129 Pterodroma hasitata Black-capped Petrel 129 Contents Bulweria bulwerii Bulwer's Petrel 132 Bulweria fallax Jouanin's Petrel 135 Calonectris diomedea Cory's Shearwater 136 Puffinus gravis Great Shearwater 140 Puffinus griseus Sooty Shearwater 143 Puffinus puffinus Manx Shearwater 145 Puffinus assimilis Little Shearwater 151 Puffinus Iherminieri Audubon's Shearwater 155 HYDROBATIDAE storm-petrels 155 Oceanites oceanicus Wilson's Storm-petrel 156 Pelagodroma marina White-faced Storm-petrel (Frigate Petrel) 159 Hydrobates pelagicus Storm Petrel 163 Oceanodroma leucorhoa Leach's Storm-petrel 168 Oceanodroma monorhis Swinhoe's Storm-petrel 173 Oceanodroma castro Madeiran Storm-petrel 174 PELECANIFORMES 178 PHAETHONTIDAE tropicbirds 178 Phaethon aethereus Red-billed Tropicbird 179 SULIDAE boobies, gannets 183 Sula dactylatra Masked Booby 183 Sula leucogaster Brown Booby 185 Sula bassana Gannet 191 PHALACROCORACIDAE cormorants, shags 199 Phalacrocorax carbo Cormorant 200 Phalacrocorax aristotelis Shag 207 Phalacrocorax nigrogularis Socotra Cormorant 214 Phalacrocorax pygmeus Pygmy Cormorant 216 Phalacrocorax africanus Long-tailed Cormorant 219 ANHINGIDAE darters 222 Anhinga melanogaster Darter 223 PELECANIDAE pelicans 226 Pelecanus onocrotalus White Pelican 227 Pelecanus crispus Dalmatian Pelican 233 Pelecanus rufescens Pink-backed Pelican 237 FREGATIDAE frigatebirds 239 Fregata magnificens Magnificent Frigatebird 240 CICONHFORMES 244 ARDEIDAE bitterns, herons 245 BOTAURINAE bitterns 246 Botaurus stellaris Bittern 247 Botaurus lentiginosus American Bittern 252 Contents Ixobrychus exilis Least Bittern 254 Ixobrychus minutus Little Bittern 255 Ixobrychus eurhythmus Schrenck's Little Bittern 260 Ardeirallus sturmii Dwarf Bittern 261 ARDEINAE tiger-bitterns, egrets, herons 262 Nycticorax nycticorax Night Heron 262 Butorides striatus Green-backed Heron 269 Butorides virescens Green Heron 272 Ardeola ralloides Squacco Heron 273 Ardeola grayii Indian Pond Heron 278 Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret (BufF-backed Heron) 279 Egretta gularis Western Reef Heron 286 Egretta garzetta Little Egret 290 Egretta intermedia Intermediate Egret 296 Egretta alba Great White Egret 297 Ardea melanocephala Black-headed Heron 302 Ardea cinerea Grey Heron 302 Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron 312 Ardea purpurea Purple Heron 312 Ardea goliath Goliath Heron 318 CICONIIDAE storks 320 Mycteria ibis Yellow-billed Stork 322 Ciconia nigra Black Stork 323 Ciconia ciconia White Stork 328 Leptoptilos crumeniferus Marabou 336 THRESKIORNITHIDAE ibises, spoonbills 337 Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis 338 Geronticus eremita Bald Ibis 343 Threskiornis aethiopicus Sacred Ibis 347 Platalea leucorodia Spoonbill 352 PHOENICOPTERIFORMES 358 PHOENICOPTERIDAE flamingoes 358 Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo 359 Phoenicopterus minor Lesser Flamingo 366 ANSERIFORMES 368 ANATIDAE wildfowl 368 ANSERINAE whistling ducks, swans, true geese, freckled ducks 370 DENDROCYGNINI whisding ducks 370 Dendrocygna bicolor Fulvous Whistling Duck 370 ANSERINI swans, true geese 370 Cygnus olor Mute Swan — 372 Contents Cygnus columbianus Bewick's Swan 379 Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan 385 Anser fabalis Bean Goose 391 Anser brachyrhynchus Pink-footed Goose 397 Anser albifrons White-fronted Goose 403 Anser erythropus Lesser White-fronted Goose 409 Anser anser Greylag Goose 413 Anser indicus Bar-headed Goose 422 Anser caerulescens Snow Goose 422 Branta canadensis Canada Goose 424 Branta leucopsis Barnacle Goose 430 Branta bernicla Brent Goose 436 Branta ruficollis Red-breasted Goose 442 ANATINAE ducks 444 TADORNINI sheldgeese, shelducks 445 Alopochen aegyptiacus Egyptian Goose 447 Tadorna ferruginea Ruddy Shelduck 451 Tadorna tadorna Shelduck 455 CAIRININI perching ducks 464 Plectropterus gambensis Spur-winged Goose 465 Aix sponsa Wood Duck 465 Aix galericulata Mandarin 465 ANATINI dabbling ducks 471 Anas penelope Wigeon 473 Anas americana American Wigeon 481 Anas falcata Falcated Duck 483 Anas strepera Gadwall 485 Anas formosa Baikal Teal 494 Anas crecca Teal 494 Anas capensis Cape Teal 504 Anas platyrhynchos Mallard 505 Anas rubripes Black Duck 519 Anas acuta Pintail 521 Anas querquedula Garganey 529 Anas discors Blue-winged Teal 537 Anas clypeata Shoveler 539 Marmaronetta angustirostris Marbled Teal 548 AYTHYINI pochards 552 Netta rufina Red-crested Pochard 553 Aythy a ferina Pochard 561 Aythya collaris Ring-necked Duck 569 Aythya nyroca Ferruginous Duck (White-eyed Pochard) 571 Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck 577 Contents Aythy a marila Scaup 586 SOMATERIINI eiders 593 Somateria mollissima Eider 595 Somateria spectabilis King Eider 605 Somateria fischeri Spectacled Eider 611 Polysticta stelleri Steller's Eider 613 MERGINI scoters, sawbills, other sea-ducks 618 Histrionicus histrionicus Harlequin 620 Clangula hyemalis Long-tailed Duck 626 Melanitta nigra Common Scoter 634 Melanitta perspicillata Surf Scoter 642 Melanitta fusca Velvet Scoter 644 Bucephala albeola Bufflehead 650 Bucephala islandica Barrow's Goldeneye 652 Bucephala clangula Goldeneye 657 Mergus cucullatus Hooded Merganser 666 Mergus albellus Smew 668 Mergus serrator Red-breasted Merganser 673 Mergus merganser Goosander 680 OXYURINI stiff-tailed ducks 688 Oxyura jamaicensis Ruddy Duck 689 Oxyura leucocephala White-headed Duck 694 REFERENCES 701 INDEXES Scientific names 717 English names 719 French names 720 German names 721 Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa The Birds of the Western Palearctic Volume II • Hawks to Bustards Stanley Cramp Chief Editor K E L Simmons Robert Gillmor PAD Hollom Robert Hudson E M Nicholson M A Ogilvie P J S Olney C S Roselaar K H Voous DIM Wallace Jan Wattel OXFORD LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Page 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 ACCIPITRIFORMES 5 ACCIPITRIDAE hawks, vultures, eagles 5 Pernis apivorus Honey Buzzard 13 Elanus caeruleus Black-winged Kite (Black-shouldered Kite) 23 Milvus migrans Black Kite 27 Milvus milvus Red Kite 36 Haliaeetus vocifer African Fish Eagle 44 Haliaeetus leucoryphus Pallas's Fish Eagle 46 Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle 48 Gypaetus barbatus Lamergeier (Bearded Vulture) 58 Neophron percnopterus Egyptian Vulture 64 Necrosyrtes monachus Hooded Vulture 71 Gyps bengalensis White-backed Vulture 73 Gyps fulvus Griffon Vulture 73 Gyps rueppellii Ruppell's Vulture 81 Torgos tracheliotus Lappet-faced Vulture 83 Aegypius monachus Black Vulture 89 Circaetus gallicus Short-toed Eagle 96 Terathopius ecaudatus Bateleur 103 Circus aeruginosus Marsh Harrier 105 Circus cyaneus Hen Harrier 116 Circus macrourus Pallid Harrier 126 Circus pygargus Montagu's Harrier 132 Melierax met abates Dark Chanting Goshawk 144 Accipiter gentilis Goshawk 148 Accipiter nisus Sparrowhawk 158 Accipiter badius Shikra 169 Accipiter brevipes Levant Sparrowhawk 173 Buteo lineatus Red-shouldered Hawk 176 Buteo buteo Buzzard 177 Buteo rufinus Long-legged Buzzard 190 Buteo hemilasius Upland Buzzard 196 Buteo lagopus Rough-legged Buzzard 196 Aquila pomarina Lesser Spotted Eagle 203 Aquila clanga Spotted Eagle 211 Aquila rapax Tawny Eagle and Steppe Eagle 216 Contents Aquila heliaca Imperial Eagle 225 Aquila chrysaetos Golden Eagle 234 Aquila verreauxii Verreaux's Eagle (Black Eagle) 245 Hieraaetus pennatus Booted Eagle 251 Hieraaetus fasciatus Bonelli's Eagle 258 PANDIONIDAE osprevs 265 Pandion haliaetus Osprey 265 FALCONIFORMES 277 FALCONIDAE falcons and allies 277 Falco naumanni Lesser Kestrel 282 Falco tinnunculus Kestrel 289 Falco sparverius American Kestrel 300 Falco vespertinus Red-footed Falcon 302 Falco columbarius Merlin 308 Falco subbuteo Hobby 316 Falco eleonorae Eleonora's Falcon 327 Falco concolor Sooty Falcon 334 Falco biarmicus Lanner 338 Falco cherrug Saker 344 Falco rusticolus Gyrfalcon 350 Falco peregrinus Peregrine 361 Falco pelegrinoides Barbary Falcon 378 GALLIFORMES 382 TETRAONIDAE grouse 383 Bonasa bonasia Hazel Grouse 385 Lagopus lagopus Willow Grouse and Red Grouse 391 Lagopus mutus Ptarmigan 406 Tetrao tetrix Black Grouse