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IN CANCER by KATHARINE MELISSA FUNCTION OF HEMATOPOIETIC- AND NEUROLOGIC-EXPRESSED SEQUENCE 1 (HN1) IN CANCER By KATHARINE MELISSA LAUGHLIN SALAS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2009 1 © 2009 Katharine Melissa Laughlin Salas 2 I dedicate this work to my dad, mom, brother and four grandparents. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I deeply thank my mentor, Dr. Jeffrey K. Harrison, for his time investment and continuous guidance. I especially thank him for encouraging me to become a more critical thinker and a more independent scientist, for helping me polish my presentation and scientific writing skills, and for constantly pushing me to go beyond my own limits. I thank my committee members, Dr. Brian K. Law, Dr. Tomas C. Rowe, Dr. Wolfgang J. Streit and Dr. Edwin M. Meyer, for their helpful counsel, suggestions and support, as well as for providing reagents or instruments that were necessary for this study. I am also very thankful to my undergraduate mentor, Dr. Susan Semple-Rowland, for always looking out for me, even after all these years, and for her valuable advice, encouragement and continuing mentorship. I thank my labmates, Defang Luo and Che Liu, for their company, conversations and technical aid. I also thank everyone who has helped me with parts of this investigation or that have provided reagents or cell lines for this work. I especially thank Dr. Gerry Shaw for providing the excellent antibodies against Hn1, Irene Zolotukhin and Dr. Kenneth Warrington for making and providing the viruses used in this study, Drs. Jingxin Qiu and Anthony Yachnis for providing and analyzing the human glioma tissues, Dr. Vincent Hearing for the antibodies against melanogenic proteins, Drs. Miguel Seabra and Alistair Hume for the antibodies against Rab27a, Nicole Parker and Deniz Ucar for providing cell extracts, Roxana Weil and Rebekah Baskin for technical assistance, Neal Benson for helping with flow cytometry analyses, and Doug Smith for training me to use the confocal microscope. I am also very thankful to all my close friends who made these years pleasant, entertaining, lively and unforgettable, and to everyone who inspired me or helped me learn new things. This includes my IDP buddies (Peter and May Chen, Yesy DelValle, Gretchen Lopez, Amanda DuBose, Grace Ha, Amy Chen, Issam McDoom, Jason and Cara Weinstein, Joey and Roslyn 4 Frank-Brown, and Shankar and Swetha Sadasivan), my niñas (Karine, Keith, Jhoanna, Marien, Romina, Meyleen, Maite and Keli), the Peña-Ochoa-Ramani-Mata family, Miguel Charcos, Enrique Coizeau, Andresito Varela, Alok Gupta, Hosea Mba, my neighbor Josefina, my Avignon buddies, my closest friends from high and middle school, my childhood friends Carlos Manuel and Gabriela, the children at Bal Vihar, and everyone else that forms an important part of my life. Most importantly, I am very grateful to my family. I thank my grandparents, Basil “Pie” Laughlin, “Abuelita” Carolina Angeli, Norman “Papipo” Salas, and Matilde “Mamaty” Rojo, for their love, for encouraging me to become a scientist, and for always having so much faith in my success. Gracias! I thank my brother Kristian for teaching me so much about life, for inspiring me and for being my little buddy. I thank Michu, Pistacho, and Pitufo for their wonderful company and unconditional love during some of the most difficult times. I thank Spark too, for being sweet. I also thank my cousins, aunts and uncles for making my life more complete. Above all, I thank my parents for their love, for always giving me their complete support in anything and everything I decide to do, for giving me their trust and love, for sharing their wisdom, and for encouraging me to never give up, but to also enjoy every moment of my life. Of course, I am also eternally thankful to God for guiding me through every step in my life, for all the blessings and all the opportunities I have been given and for the strength to continue. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................ 9 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 14 Hematopoietic- and Neurologic-Expressed Sequence 1 ........................................................... 14 Does the Amino Acid Sequence of Hn1 Provide Clues about Its Function? .......................... 14 Hn1 Interactions .......................................................................................................................... 16 Hn1 Expression Paradigms ......................................................................................................... 18 Cancer .......................................................................................................................................... 20 Glioma.......................................................................................................................................... 20 Murine GL261 Model of Glioma ....................................................................................... 22 Human Glioma Cell Lines .................................................................................................. 23 Melanoma .................................................................................................................................... 23 Melanocyte Biology, Melanosome Transport and Secretion ............................................ 24 Murine B16.F10 Melanoma Model .................................................................................... 26 Human Melanoma Cell Lines ............................................................................................. 27 Other Human Cancer Cell Lines ......................................................................................... 28 Differentiation ............................................................................................................................. 30 RAW264.7 Cells .................................................................................................................. 31 HEK293 Cells ...................................................................................................................... 32 Significance and Specific Aims ................................................................................................. 32 2 METHODS .................................................................................................................................. 41 Cell Culture.................................................................................................................................. 41 Northern Blot Analysis ............................................................................................................... 42 Development of Anti-Hn1 Antibodies ....................................................................................... 42 Western Blot Analysis ................................................................................................................ 43 Development of siRNA Against Hn1 ........................................................................................ 44 GL261 and B16.F10 Tumor Preparations ................................................................................. 46 In Situ Hybridization Analysis ................................................................................................... 47 Immunohistochemistry ............................................................................................................... 48 Immunoprecipitation Analysis ................................................................................................... 49 In Vitro Cell Proliferation Assay ................................................................................................ 51 Cell Cycle Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 51 Tumor Volume Calculation ........................................................................................................ 52 Quantification of Melanin........................................................................................................... 52 HGF Stimulation of Phosphorylated-ERK (p42/44 MAPK).................................................... 53 6 Treatment of B16.F10 cells with MAPK Pathway Inhibitors .................................................. 53 Treatment of B16.F10 Cells With Forskolin and α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone........ 53 Treatment of RAW264.7 Cells With RANKL .......................................................................... 54 Transfection of HEK293 Cells ................................................................................................... 54 Statistical Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 55 3 HN1 EXPRESSION IN THE MURINE GL261 GLIOMA MODEL ..................................... 57 Introduction ................................................................................................................................
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