Somac

An Overview By Karen Roller, PhD, MFT

The Study of the Embodied Soul

• Psychology = “the study • Our physical maer of the soul” comes together at • Somac = “of and with concepon, develops into the body” our nervous system, • Somac Psychology seeks brain, and the body that to repair Descartes’ split will inhabit all of our of “Mind over Maer”, as developmental the mind is inextricably experiences, relaonal linked with our physical and otherwise, unl maer. death. The body carries implicit memory of experience. Historical and Cultural Roots of Somac Psychology • “The term somacs was first introduced into modern psychology by Thomas Hanna with his book Bodies in Revolt. The Greek word soma is defined as ‘the body experienced from within’ and reflects the efforts of modern bodywork praconers and somac movement therapists to move away from the dualisc spling of mind from body, towards a model of integrated funconing of the whole person, psyche and soma. ‘The science of somatology…sees the human spirit as transparently embodied and sees the human body as transparently inspired. Somatology is the holisc science of human experience and behavior (Hanna, 1994:4). Historical and Cultural Roots connued • “The science of somatology is not new: the term was first used during the late sixteenth century when the study of the human being was divided into psychology and somatology. In the late nineteenth century somatology was further divided into the separate studies of anatomy and physiology, structure and funcon becoming unnaturally divorced from each other, and the split between mind and body was thoroughly entrenched into scienfic thinking. Hanna reintroduced the naming of the science of somacs into modern thinking in the 1970s, as a development within the field of humanisc psychology. However, as Johnson claims, somac approaches being pracsed today all have roots that go back to a few individual researchers and praconers of the mid-1800s” (Hartley, 2004, pg. 11). Historical and Cultural Roots connued • “The holisc approach of somatology of course goes back much further than sixteenth-century Western science. It shares common origins with ancient healing, yoga, meditaon, and shamanic pracces from every part of the world, and every period of pre-modern civilizaon that we know of. These ancient tradions took the experience of the embodied self, the integrated bodymind, as fundamental to the pracce of healing and disciplines of psychospiritual development. To go back to the roots of Western , the view of an integrated bodymind or psyche- soma was prevalent in the philosophy and healing pracces of the ancient Greeks” (Hartley, pg. 11). Historical and Cultural Roots connued • “Studying the sources, we see at once that incubaon is for the cure of bodily illnesses alone. You might then ask what it has to do with psychotherapy. In the first place, the sources constantly emphasize that Asclepius cares for soma kai psyche, both body and mind- ‘body and soul’ is the corresponding Chrisan term; and second, bodily sickness and psychic defect were for the ancient world an inseparable unity. The saying mens sana in corpore sano, which is oen misunderstood today, is a later formulaon of this idea. Thus in anquity the ‘symptom’ is an expression of the sympatheia, the consensus, the cognao or coniunco naturae, the point of correspondence between the outer and the inner” (Meier, 1989: iv). Pre-and Peri-Natal Psychology

• PPN Psychology does not start • Mother’s experience during the study of human life at pregnancy is the world of the birth, but rather at concepon developing fetus. The ova that (or pre-concepon). The eventually became half of epigenec (neurochemical, your genec inheritance was emoonal, relaonal, present in your mother during nutrional, psychoacve, her gestaon and birth, and toxic, etc. ) markers that were was exposed to your maternal present during gestaon in grandmother’s pregnancy mother’s womb informed our experience during your epigenec development, and mother’s gestaon. shaped our early sensory • We are not born a tabula rasa. experience . Birth is a transional experience between crical phases of our lifespan development. Aachment Theory

• As social mammals dependent on • We are not in a posion as babies our caregivers to survive, we are to determine whether or not our wired to aach from gestaon caregivers are worthy of our forward. PPN encourages aachment. We aach to whom mindful aachment to in-utero we are given. We are experience- fetuses, as the neurochemical based, sensory-based, cascade experienced by mother is relaonship-based learners who healthier for both mother and are unable to regulate even our child when she is migang stress body temperature at birth. We hormones (e.g., adrenaline, depend on our caregivers to keep catecholemines, corsol) with us within healthy limits bonding and happy/hopeful physiologically, physically, hormones (e.g., oxytocin, emoonally. As newborns, our serotonin, dopamine). It is also only defenses are closing our theorized that since the fetus is eyes, turning our heads, and developing his or her sensory dissociang from sensory system and brain, the fetus’ experience. consciousness is developing too. Neuroanthropology

• Like other species, we have evolved amidst threats • When a young baby is more than 4 feet away from a and dangers that have condioned us to behave in caregiver, its heart rate becomes more irregular, certain ways toward our young and caregivers. leading to a distressed emoonal state. If this lasts Young babies that keep their caregivers in close long enough to need discharge, the baby will call proximity stay more regulated in temperature, out to bring the caregiver into proximity. Babies can heart rate, blood pressure, and emoonal arousal tolerate protest for only so long before the distress than babies who are isolated. This is a foundaonal leads to over-arousal physiologically. Then they shut requirement for the eventual development of down the ANS for survival. Babies who are not able secure aachment; aunement to the to count on co-regulaon from their caregivers are developmental needs of the young that keep the at higher risk for eventual development of insecure baby’s arousal within tolerable limits. aachment. Instead of learning to self-regulate • Baby-wearing, skin-to-skin contact, breast-feeding, (which is a mature, open-loop system which can and co-sleeping are some methods caregivers use include other people in it), they are condioned to to provide for baby’s developmental needs. Babies auto-regulate (which is a closed-loop system that keep caregivers close and borrow the organized cannot tolerate the unpredictability of other adult nervous system to establish increasing self- people). regulaon. PPN research encourages the use of these pracces with a consistent caregiver where possible to keep baby’s arousal within healthy limits. Limbic familiarity supports co-regulaon. Le-eye contact creates co-regulaon. A Lile Bit of Math

• Aachment literature suggests that 2/3 • Insecure aachment does not have to be a individuals benefit from secure (enough) life sentence. If an individual suffering from aachment. About 1/3 meet criteria for insecure aachment is able to be in some version of insecure aachment relaonship (e.g., clinical, friendly, romanc, (ambivalent, avoidant, disorganized). Some familial) with a securely-aached individual toddlers who qualify for secure aachment for 5 years, it is possible for that individual to were studied in their caregiver pairs: the meet criteria for “earned secure caregivers were accurately auning to their aachment”. This speaker postulates that needs (physical, physiological, emoonal, the ethical role of the clinician for most developmental) 2/5 mes, while aempng psychotherapy (as opposed to interviewing to repair the 3/5 mes they missed. In the and counseling ) is to foster “earned secure insecure pairs, the aempt at repair of mis- aachment”, which is tested for qualitavely aunement was not happening. It seems by a cohesive narrave (which reflects that the parents’ aptude of guessing at internal emoonal organizaon, having put needs accurately enough, along with the the emoonal charges of past mis- child’s felt sense of maering enough to aunements etc. to rest). warrant do-overs, is what allows people to grow up more secure. A Lile Bit of

• In-utero development focuses on • Our early development aer birth the replian and mammalian focuses on the limbic poron of levels of the triune brain, leaving the brain, housed in the right a good poron of the neocortex temperoparietal lobe. The right for development aer birth. The hemisphere of the developing real estate that allows for higher brain can receive informaon re: execuve funconing does not how to regulate through the opc develop unl aer birth, and not nerve, which crosses the corpus unl we are about 26 years old callosum and is exposed to the do we have all that real estate. caregiver through the le eye. The paerns to which we are When the caregiver affords le- exposed in that very lengthy eye to le-eye contact with the process determine how internally baby, the two limbic systems organized we become as an adult. come into aunement, and co- Greater internal organizaon regulate. This pracce, over me, allows for greater emoonal allows the developing nervous regulaon, which allows for more system to have a template for sasfying relaonships. self-regulaon. Bruce Perry's images re: Brain Development Developmental/Relaonal Trauma

• Since we depend on caregivers • Trauma that happens in for everything unl we are able to relaonship is likely to be live independently, relaonship triggered in relaonship, and affords a broad swath of needs correcve emoonal opportunity for trauma (the experience in relaonship to be body’s natural response to an discharged and healed. Trauma overwhelming situaon). Neglect, resoluon includes physiological emoonal/physical/sexual abuse, discharge of the and paerns of mis-aunement of overwhelm (catecholemines, during crical developmental corsol, adrenaline), in order for periods all overwhelm the the stored survival energy to be developing individual and can released from the body. Only lead to neurological, then can a neurochemical psychological, emoonal cascade of well-being (dopamine, symptoms. seratonin, oxytocin) and ease become the new baseline for psychological development to occur. “Other” Trauma

• Single-incident shock trauma: a • Complex trauma: mulple calamitous event typified by natural occurrences, and/or mulple “types”, disaster, medical emergency, car and/or compounded events; typified accident, etc. Social mores tend to by losses associated with create few barriers to accurate immigraon, war, and other events empathy and emoonal/physical that have both human and extra- support in these circumstances, so relaonal stressors. Circumstances there is generally lile shame re: can make it difficult to idenfy the large physiological and psychological order of operaons best followed to reacons to these events. This “type” address the mulple events. of trauma tends not to engender as Synergisc effect of stressors. many lasng symptoms effecng relaonships as trauma which occurred within relaonship, except for those with insecure aachment (as they cannot relax into social support as readily). Pre-exisng insecure aachment, compounded by single-incident shock trauma, can lead to PTSD. Resilience

• Resilience is as natural to our • Resilience is fostered in strong inborn state as the experience of social support networks, where trauma in life. Resilience is one can maintain an “open-loop correlated with aachment; system” and receive highly secure individuals are acknowledgment, normalizaon, quicker to bounce back from validaon, and nervous-system to trauma than highly insecure nervous-system regulaon. individuals. The neuro-chemical Physiologically, emoonally arousal of distress lasts longer resonang with a regulated and creates more profound individual helps sele the emoonal dysregulaon in overwhelmed nervous system. insecure people than secure Securely aached individuals people. allow for this readily, and in fact seek it out from generally trustworthy individuals on the whole. Somac Intervenons

• Including the body in therapeuc • Somac praconers increase dialogue. Talking “through” awareness of body-based experience rather than talking “about” pain. in themselves and clients via study, Referencing the client’s felt personal therapy, and expanding sensaons, postures, movements, scope of pracce through ongoing tension, and slowing down the verbal training. It is not necessary to ulize processing to make increased room touch in many somac modalies, for awareness of energy moving (or thus it is not required to earn a holding) in the body. Ulizing license to touch for many somac movement modalies, body-based modalies. However, some somac modalies, and sensory awareness to modalies do require a license to access implicit memory and bring it touch. Some somac praconers into explicit awareness, so that are not licensed psychotherapists, stored experience can be completed but have their own ethical guidelines and released. The pracce is to let go to follow based on their training of recorded experience that causes modality. suffering, disconnecon from self or others, or filters incoming data through the lens of the busy mind. Somac Modalies: a preliminary, non-exhausve list

• Hakomi • Accelerated Experienal-Dynamic Psychotherapy • HeartMath • Adventure and Experienal Therapy • Ideokinesis • Authenc Movement • Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Therapy • Bioenergecs • Jin Shen Jitsu • Biofeedback • Massage • Body Psychotherapy • Mindfulness-Based Stress Reducon • Body-mind Centering • Network Spinal Analysis • Bodynamics • Neurofeedback • Brain Gym • Osteopathy • Breathwork • Prenatal exploraon • Chi Gong • Reichian segment exploraon • Chiropracc • Reiki • Connuum • Relaonal Somac Psychotherapy • Cornell’s Focusing • Rolfing • Cranio-Sacral • Sand Tray • Dance Improv • Sensory Awareness • Dance Movement Therapy • Somac Experiencing • Deeksha • Somac Movement Therapy • Dialeccal Behavioral Therapy • T’ai Chi • Emoonal Freedom Technique • Theraplay • EMDR • Tradional Chinese Medicine • Equine-Facilitated Therapy • Trauma Releasing Exercises • Feldenkrais • Watsu • Gestalt Family Sculpng • Yoga • Zazen Sample Intervenons for Talk Therapy

• Quesons: • Reflecons: • Where do you feel that in your body? • Your hand (arm/foot/shoulder, etc) just did this • What kind of sensaon is it? (mirror back the movement) right now, while you • How big is (e.g., that ngling; the cramp; the pinch; were sharing that detail of the story….. the ache; the throbbing; the heavy stone, etc)? • You just took a really sharp/big/round breath when • What is happening (e.g., along your spine, in your you shared that part of the story. jaw, with your breath) as you relate that story • That was a lot to hold (showing arms as if around a today? big beach ball). • How does that feel in your muscles/bones/joints/ • That was a big let-go (showing arms dropping big connecve ssue, etc. right now? beach ball). • Can you make that sensaon/movement bigger/ • I noce your face get really so when you talk smaller/louder/smoother, etc? about (X). • What happens when you breath into that • The corrugator muscles on your forehead furrow (sensaon)? when you talk about (X). • What does that (sensaon) need right now? • I noce your posture did this (mirror back) as you • If it were to speak, what would that (sensaon/ menoned (X). movement) say right now? • It seems like your hands/feet/etc want to do (mirror • What color would it be? What shape? How heavy? back ) when you talk about this. What sound would it make? • I’m nocing my guts are geng ght/my breathing • What happens if you let it get as big as it wants to is geng shallow/my fists are clenched, etc when I get? What happens if you slow it down? hear this. • • Where does that sensaon/movement want to go (Non-verbal placement of hand over heart, belly, or right now? other mirroring gesture, including exhale). • Let’s just sit with that for a moment, shall we? (Modeling me to digest what has been processed). References

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