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Genetic Heterogeneity Intuberous Sclerosis: Phenotypic Correlations

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Genetic Heterogeneity Intuberous Sclerosis: Phenotypic Correlations J Med Genet: first published as 10.1136/jmg.27.7.418 on 1 July 1990. Downloaded from 4184 Med Genet 1990; 27: 418-421 Genetic heterogeneity in tuberous sclerosis: phenotypic correlations I M Winship, J M Connor, P H Beighton Abstract sistently present in families in whom the gene for There is increasing evidence for genetic hetero- TSC is not on 9q34. We conclude that confetti geneity in tuberous sclerosis (TSC) on the basis of depigmentation and nuchal skin tags may be clinical linkage analysis in affected kindreds. We have per- pointers to an alternative locus for TSC. formed a detailed assessment of an affected South African family in which there is no evidence of linkage to chromosome 9 markers. The affected persons have atypical clinical features, namely Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is inherited as an autosomal prominent nuchal skin tags, a confetti pattern of dominant trait and is characterised by multisystem hypopigmentation of the skin of the lower legs, and hamartosis. The areas of predilection are the skin, absence of ungual fibromata. Further investigation central nervous system, kidneys, and heart, while of these unusual phenotypic features is warranted in other organs are less frequently affected.' Certain skin order to determine whether these lesions are con- lesions are pathognomonic of TSC (adenoma seba- ceum, periungual fibromata, shagreen patches, fibrous facial plaques). Other skin changes may be copyright. MRC Unit for Inherited Skeletal Disorders, Department suggestive (ash leaf macules) or compatible with the of Human Genetics, University of Cape Town Medical diagnosis of TSC in the appropriate clinical setting School, Observatory 7925, South Africa. (cafe au lait macules, poliosis, guttate hypopigmenta- I M Winship, P H Beighton tion, fibromas, fibrous skin tags). Department of Medical Genetics, Glasgow University, Linkage analysis initially showed a locus for TSC Duncan Guthrie Institute, Glasgow. on 9q.2 In particular, Sampson et a!3 reported positive J M Connor linkage in seven out of eight families studied (lod http://jmg.bmj.com/ Correspondence to Dr Winship. score 6- 1) with the Abelson oncogene (9q34). Subse- quent investigations have indicated greater hetero- Received for publication 2 October 1989. geneity on the basis of linkage data with a probable Revised version accepted for publication 31 January 1990. second locus on 1 lq.4 We have now undertaken I 2 on September 28, 2021 by guest. Protected IIL11 1 2 III 1-12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 IV 1-8 v ,9 Figure I A pedigree ofthe affec tefamily. J Med Genet: first published as 10.1136/jmg.27.7.418 on 1 July 1990. Downloaded from Genetic heterogeneity in tuberous sclerosis: phenotypic correlations 419 - I.. - ..., .1:" .... - i 0 Il 1 Figure 2 Multiple acrochordons (skin tags) at the base ofthe neck of(a) patient lII19 and (b)patient III22. copyright. Figure 3 Guttate hypopigmentation on the legs of(a)patient III19 and (b) III-22. patient http://jmg.bmj.com/ ¶k~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N on September 28, 2021 by guest. Protected further clinical evaluation of the eighth family in the South African family of mixed ancestry were studied 3 series of Sampson et al, which showed no linkage to (fig 1). Details of the phenotype of each person, as 9q. Phenotypic differences which we document in this well as a description of one affected member (I113), article may correlate with the linkage data and provide now dead, are shown in the table. The significant skin clinical indicators for the recognition of genetic lesions, illustrated in figs 2 to 4 are the numerous skin heterogeneity. tags at the base of the neck of 1-3 11119, III 21, and I11122, as well as the whorled pattern of confetti-like depigmentation on the limbs of the two young men. Case reports Periungual fibromata were absent in all affected Four affected persons in two generations of a rural subjects. J Med Genet: first published as 10.1136/jmg.27.7.418 on 1 July 1990. Downloaded from 420 Winship, Connor, Beighton Histological examination was undertaken on skin s.; lesions from III-19 and III21, using standard fixation and haematoxylin and eosin stains. The ash leaf spot .., and shagreen patch biopsied from III-21 showed the ..... i characteristic histological changes, as did the adenoma sebaceum and cafe au lait macule of III 19. Sections of skin from the whorls of confetti depigmen- tation on the leg of III- 19 showed reduction in pigment in the basal melanocyte layer. The skin tag excised from the neck of III19 contained papilloma- tous lesions lined by unremarkable epidermis. The soft tissue core was mildly oedematous with slight prominence of vascularity. Delicate collagen fibrils produced a glial appearance, suggestive of adenoma sebaceum. Indirect ophthalmoscopy showed an infratemporal phakoma in the fundus of III 19. III-21 and IV-9 had an identical pattern of unilateral patchy atrophy of the retina, while III22 had diffuse bilateral retinal atrophy. Limited sketelal surveys were undertaken on all affected subjects. Radiographs of the skull of the Figure 4 A whorled pattern ofconfetti depigmentation and a adults showed calcification typical of TSC. Sclerotic cafe'au lait macule on the leg ofpatient III- 19. areas were evident on the third right metatarsal of Phenotypic features of the four affected family members and description of patient IIf3, now dead. copyright. 11-3 11119 111-21 III-22 IV 9 Skin Adenoma sebaceum Centrofacial Centrofacial Centrofacial Centrofacial Centrofacial Shagreen patch Low back - Small, low back 2, low back Ash leaf macules - 3, legs Multiple, arms, legs, back Multiple Multiple Periungual fibromata - - au lait macules - Multiple - - - Cafe http://jmg.bmj.com/ Acrochordons Multiple, base neck* Multiple, base neck' 4, base neck Multiple, base neck:' Confetti depigmentation Arms, legs* Legs* - Legs' Whorled depigmentation - Legs Renal Symptoms Unknown Angiomyolipomata Unknown Bilateral - Right interpolar Cysts Unknown CNS on September 28, 2021 by guest. Protected Epilepsy Grand mal - - Petit mal Mental retardation - - - Severe CT scan Unknown SCP SCP SCP SCP Dentition Pitting Unknown Slight - Slight Ophthalmological Astrocytoma Unknown Right intratemporal Retinal atrophy Unknown - Patchy, right eye Diffuse, bilateral Patchy, right eye Other - Right traumatic retinal detachment Skeletal Skull Unknown Calcification Calcification Calcification Calcification Hands - Mild cortical thickening middle phalanges Feet - Sclerotic area L 1st - - Sclerotic metatarsal area Pelvis *Denotes unusual features. SPC=subependymal paraventricular calcification. J Med Genet: first published as 10.1136/jmg.27.7.418 on 1 July 1990. Downloaded from Genetic heterogeneity in tuberous sclerosis: phenotypic correlations 421 IV-9 and cortical thickening of the first left metatarsal or Gardner's syndromes. They do differ, however, and the middle phalanges of both hands of III 19. from the cutaneous neurofibromas of neurofibromato- Ultrasonic scan of the kidneys undertaken in III 19 sis. Further studies are warranted to elucidate fully and III-22 showed hyperechoic masses consistent with the histology of the tags of TSC. the angiomyolipomata of TSC. No renal cysts were Guttate or speckled hypopigmentation is occasio- identified. CT scan of the skull showed multiple foci nally seen in normal adults. Butterworth8 reported a of subependymal and paraventricular calcification in single case of this white 'freckling', suggesting that all affected subjects. this may be a feature of TSC. A comprehensive survey of 23 affected persons recorded three with a confetti- like hypopigmentation of the legs.9 No affected Discussion persons showed these pigmentary changes in either Many of the features in this family were entirely the early study of 103 patients6 nor in the earlier typical of TSC, but the affected subjects were unusual South African study.7 by virtue of multiple nuchal skin tags and guttate More striking than the morphology of the confetti- depigmentation of the skin of the legs. like lesions was the whorled patterning of this pig- Acrochordons, or skin tags, are not uncommon in mentary loss (fig 4) reminiscent of the lesions of the general population. They may be multiple and hypomelanosis of Ito. To the best of our knowledge small on the neck and axillae, or larger, solitary, this streaked patterning of hypopigmentation has not pedunculated growths on the lower trunk. Multiple previously been described in TSC. tags are often associated with obesity; histologically In conclusion, two unusual clinical features of TSC identical tags' are also a consistent feature of have been observed in a family in whom the gene for Gardner's and Cowden's syndromes. TSC is not linked to 9q34. Further linkage analysis is The histological examination of small skin tags under way in search of an alternative locus for TSC. shows papillomatosis, hyperkeratosis, and irregular We submit that detailed documentation of clinical acanthosis with occasional horn cysts. The larger stigmata in affected families may yield important lesions have less marked epidermal changes; the con- pointers in the recognition of genetic heterogeneity. nective tissue stalk is composed of loose collagen copyright. fibres and may contain dilated capillaries filled with We thank Professor L Handler, Professor B Cremin, erythrocytes. and Dr K Stoner for radiographical investigation. We Multiple skin tags have been reported in TSC.5 A are grateful to Elaine Lavin and Gillian Shapley for study of 29 affected persons5 described nuchal preparing the manuscript and Sister Luzanne Boyes acrochordons in 'a few' of these subjects. In a study of for drawing the pedigree. Our investigation was 103 affected persons,6 19 adult patients (18-4%) had supported by the Medical Research Council, the http://jmg.bmj.com/ soft fibrous tags on the neck, axillae, and eyelids. The Harry Crossley Foundation, the Mauerberger Fund, histological changes noted in these lesions were of an and the University of Cape Town Staff Research angiofibromatous appearance with increased cellu- Fund. larity, resembling the facial lesions of the patients studied.
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