Att Överleva I Av- Och Ombokningarnas Tid

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Att Överleva I Av- Och Ombokningarnas Tid Att överleva i av- och ombokningarnas tid En kvalitativ studie av hur två hotell och två resebyråer anpassat sig till och hanterat effekterna av Covid-19 pandemin Av: Ebba Hansell och Wurood Harbi Handledare: Kjell Ljungbo Södertörns Högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper C-uppsats 15 hp Företagsekonomi med inriktning på marknadsföring Höstterminen 2020 0 Förord Efter fyra månader av hårt arbete och många telefonsamtal har vi med stor lättnad blivit färdiga med vår C-uppsats. Processen har varit prövande men också otroligt lärorik och vi lämnar detta arbete bakom oss med blandade känslor. Vi är mycket tacksamma för alla respondenter som deltagit i studien för denna uppsats, utan era värdefulla åsikter hade denna uppsats inte blivit till. Vi vill även tacka Catherine Bråkenhielm, jurist & familjemedlem, som bidragit med många värdefulla åsikter och rådgivning som hjälpt oss i skrivandet av denna uppsats. Stort tack till er alla! Ebba Hansell Wurood Harbi _____________ _____________ 1 Sammanfattning Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att belysa hur den kris som Covid-19 pandemin skapat har påverkat hotell och resebyråers digitala taktiska respektive planerade strategiska marknadsföring, samt den krishantering som tillämpats av företagen under denna pandemin och de lärdomar de dragit av denna kris. Teori: Den teoretiska referensramen för denna studie innefattar marknadsförings-, krishanterings- och organisationsteori. Inom marknadsföring har SCRM samt RACE marketing planning framework modellerna tillämpats och inom krishantering har krisprocessen och kriskurvan modellerna. Vad gäller organisationsteori har fokus varit på organisatoriskt lärande och teorierna single-, double- och triple-loop learning samt learning in crisis. Metod: Studien omfattar en kvalitativ undersökning av två hotell och två resebyråer grundad på en semistrukturerad intervjumetod. Slutsatser: Covid-19 pandemin har tvingat respondenterna att vara flexibla och att göra kortsiktiga anpassningar av sina marknadsföringsmetoder. Den taktiska marknadsföringen har skett genom en ökad användning av digitala kanaler som lyhört anpassats till kundernas behov av hälsa och säkerhet. Det var ännu för tidigt för att bedöma eventuella förändringar i den strategiska marknadsföringen men några respondenter förväntade sig ett större fokus på värde begrepp som hälsa och trygghet. Samtliga respondenter har i praktiken ägnat sig åt krishantering och de flesta respondenterna hade någon form av förberedda krisplaner, som dock inte varit anpassade till en så omfattande och djup kris som den förevarande. Samtliga respondenter verkar ha fått en större insikt i vikten av att ha en effektiv och tät intern och extern kriskommunikation. Den yttre situationen har skapat ett stort tryck på respondenterna och har givit dem lärdomar som de möjligen inte hade fått under normala omständigheter, inklusive att på ett flexibelt och lättrörligt sätt anpassa sig till nya och föränderliga situationer. Även om Covid-19 pandemin framkallat mycket stress och ångest så har den även haft positiva effekter som kan ge upphov till mer varaktiga förändringar. Nyckelord: Covid-19 pandemin, kris, krishantering, organisatoriskt lärande (organisational learning), hotellbranschen, resebyråbranschen, lärande under en kris (learning in crisis), taktisk marknadsföring, strategisk marknadsföring. 2 Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is to shed some light on how some hotels and travel agencies in the Swedish tourism and hospitality industry have adapted to and managed the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic, particularly in terms of strategic and tactical digital marketing as well as crisis management, and the lessons learned from this crisis. Theory: The theoretical foundations for this paper include digital marketing theories, crisis management and organizational theory. In marketing theory, the SCRM and the RACE marketing planning framework models have been applied and in terms of crisis management, the crisis management process as well as the crisis curve models have been applied. In terms of organizational theory, focus has been on organizational learning and the theories single-, double- and triple-loop learning as well as learning in crisis. Method: This study is a qualitative study of two hotels and two travel agencies based on semi- structured interviews. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the Covid-19 pandemic has forced the respondents to be flexible and to make short-term adjustments to their marketing tactics. The tactical marketing has included an increased use of digital channels and an adaptation of their marketing to their customers' needs for health and safety. It was too early to assess any changes in strategic marketing, but some respondents planned to place a greater focus on value concepts such as health and safety. In practice, all respondents were engaged in crisis management and most of the respondents had some form of prepared crisis plans, which, however, were not adapted to such an extensive and protracted crisis as the Covid-19 pandemic. All respondents seemed to have gained greater insight into the importance of having effective and frequent internal and external crisis communication. The external situation has put a great deal of pressure on the respondents and has given them lessons that they might not have acquired under normal circumstances, including a capacity to adapt flexibly and easily to new and changing situations. Although the Covid-19 pandemic has caused a lot of stress and anxiety, it has also had positive effects that could trigger changes in their longer term strategic marketing. Keywords: Covid-19 pandemic, crisis, crisis management, organizational learning, hotel industry, travel agency industry, learning in crisis, tactical marketing, strategic marketing. 3 Innehållsförteckning 1. Introduktion 1 1.1. Bakgrund 1 1.1.1. Pandemier och andra kriser 1 1.1.2. Covid-19 pandemin 1 1.1.3. Effekterna av Covid-19 pandemin på hotell- och resebyråbranscherna 2 1.2. Problemdiskussion 3 1.2.1. Marknadsföring 3 1.2.2. Krishantering och organisatoriskt lärande 4 1.3. Syfte 5 1.4. Frågeställningar 5 1.5. Avgränsningar 6 2. Teori 7 2.1. Marknadsföring 7 2.1.1. Digital marknadsföring - RACE marketing planning framework 7 2.1.2. Strategisk marknadsföring 8 2.1.3. Taktisk marknadsföring 9 2.1.3.1. Digitala brevlådor 9 2.1.3.2. Sociala medier 9 2.1.3.3. Kundhantering (SCRM) 10 2.2. Krishantering 10 2.2.1. Kriser 10 2.2.2. Krishantering 11 2.2.3. Krisprocessen 11 2.2.4. Kriskurvan 12 2.3. Organisationsteori och organisatorisk lärande 13 2.4. Krishantering och organisatorisk lärande 14 2.4.1. Learning in Crisis 15 4 2.7. Teori syntes 15 2.7.1. Övergripande mål 15 2.7.2. Marknadsföring 15 2.7.3. Kris och krishantering 16 2.7.4. Organisatorisk lärande 16 3. Metod 18 3.1. Fallstudie 18 3.2. Forskningsmetod 18 3.3. Intervjumetod 19 3.3.1. Semistrukturerad intervjumetod 19 3.3.2. Urval 20 3.3.3. Datainsamlingsmetod 21 3.4. Ontologi 21 3.5. Epistemologi 22 3.6. Kriterier vid bedömning av kvalitativa studier 22 3.6.1. Trovärdighet 23 3.6.2. Äkthet 24 3.7. Allmänna dataskyddsförordningen (GDPR) 24 4. Empiri 25 4.1. Utvalda företag 25 4.1.1. Hotell 25 4.1.2. Resebyråer 25 4.2. Resultat 27 4.2.1. Effekter på marknadsföringen 27 4.2.1.1. Flexibla, taktiska anpassningar 27 4.2.1.2. Digital taktisk marknadsföring 27 4.2.1.3. Taktisk marknadsföring av hälsa, säkerhet och trygghet 28 4.2.1.4. Taktiska, innovativa marknadsföringskampanjer 28 4.2.1.5. Taktisk vård av kundrelationer (CRM och SCRM) 29 4.2.1.6. Effekter på den strategiska marknadsföringen 29 4.2.2. Kris och krishantering 30 5 4.2.3. Organisatoriskt lärande och LiC 31 5. Analys 33 5.1. Anpassningar i marknadsföringen 33 5.1.1. Ökad användning av digitala medel 33 5.1.2. The RACE marketing planning framework 33 5.1.3. SCRM 34 5.1.4. Förväntade förändringar i den strategiska marknadsföringen 35 5.2. Kris och krishantering 35 5.2.1. Krishanteringsprocessen och krishantering (CM) 35 5.2.2. Kriskurvan 37 5.3. Organisatorisk Lärande 37 5.3.1. Single-loop - lärande 38 5.3.2. Double - och triple-loop lärande 38 5.3.3. Learning in Crisis 39 6. Diskussion 41 6.1. Anpassningar i marknadsföringen 41 6.2. Krishantering 42 6.2.1. Kriskurvan och krisprocessen 42 6.2.2. Krisförberedelser 42 6.2.3. Hur man hanterar en pågående kris 43 6.3. Loop lärande och lärande i kris 43 6.4. Bestående effekter av krisen 44 7. Slutsatser 45 7.1. Krishantering 45 7.2. Organisationsteori och lärande 46 8. Kritik 47 8.1. Metodkritik 47 8.2. Empirikritik 48 8.3. Teorikritik 48 9. Förslag på fortsatta studier 50 6 9.1. Rädsla, trygghet och säkerhet 50 9.2. Morality marketing 50 9.3. Krishantering 51 9.4. Organisatoriskt lärande 51 10. Forskningsetiska riktlinjer och etiskt förhållningssätt 52 10.1. Informationskravet 52 10.2. Samtyckeskravet 52 10.3. Konfidentialitetskravet 53 10.4. Nyttjandekravet 53 Referenslista 54 Bilagor 59 Intervjuguide - Hotell 60 Uppföljningsfrågor 61 Intervjuguide - Resebyråer 62 Uppföljningsfrågor 63 Figurförteckning Figur 1: RACE marketing planning framework (Chaffey 2020) 18 Figur 2 : Kriskurvan (Cullberg & Lundin 2006) 19 Figur 3: Loop learning (Roux, Murray & van Wyk… 20 7 Förkortningar och betydelse av använda termer Covid-19 Sjukdom som orsakas av viruset SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) enligt beslut av WHO 2020-03-11 BNP Bruttonationalprodukt CM Krishantering (Crisis management ) är de systematiska åtgärder och metoder som vidtas då någon form av kris inträffar CRM Hantering av kundrelationer
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