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Salgado, C. 2004. Latitudinal Variation in Palatability of Salt Marsh Plants

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Salgado, C. 2004. Latitudinal Variation in Palatability of Salt Marsh Plants LATITUDINAL VARIATION IN PALATABILITY OF SALT-MARSH PLANTS: CONSTITUTIVE OR INDUCED? --------------------------------------------------- A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston --------------------------------------------------- In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science --------------------------------------------------- By Cristiano Salgado May 2004 LATITUDINAL VARIATION IN PALATABILITY OF SALT-MARSH PLANTS: CONSTITUTIVE OR INDUCED? _____________________________________ Cristiano de Souza Salgado APPROVED: _____________________________________ Dr. Steven C. Pennings, Chairman _____________________________________ Dr. Blaine Cole _____________________________________ Dr. Evan Siemann – Rice University _____________________________________ Dr. Gerard Wellington _____________________________________ Dean, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Blaine Cole, Dr. Evan Siemann, and Dr. Gerard Wellington for their helpful suggestions; Chad McNutt, Juan Jiménez, Lisa Iwahara, Chuan-Kai Ho, Amy Kunza, Liza Johnson, and Nilam Davé for their assistance in the field and/or greenhouse; the students, staff and faculty of the Department of Biology and Biochemistry at the University of Houston; everybody at the University of Georgia Marine Institute on Sapelo Island; my good friend and former English teacher Eric Shade; my parents and sisters for their constant encouragement. And a very special thanks to Dr. Steven Pennings for his always present guidance and support. iii LATITUDINAL VARIATION IN PALATABILITY OF SALT-MARSH PLANTS: CONSTITUTIVE OR INDUCED? --------------------------------------------------- An Abstract of a Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston --------------------------------------------------- In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science --------------------------------------------------- By Cristiano Salgado May 2004 iv ABSTRACT A central biogeographic theory argues that consumer-prey interactions are more intense, and prey defenses better developed, at lower latitudes. Along the Atlantic Coast of the United States, southern salt marsh plants are less palatable than northern conspecifics. To test the hypothesis that latitudinal variation in palatability would occur in the absence of geographically-different environmental cues (i.e., that differences in palatability are constitutive rather than induced by climate or herbivore damage), I grew high- and low-latitude individuals of three species of salt marsh plants from seeds (Solidago sempervirens) or rhizome cuttings (Distichlis spicata and Spartina alterniflora) in a common-garden greenhouse environment, and compared their palatability to herbivores over time. I also quantified leaf toughness and nitrogen content of those plants in order to help explain results of feeding assays. My results document a pattern for northeastern salt marsh plants to be more palatable than southeastern conspecifics after being germinated in a greenhouse or kept under common-garden conditions for several clonal generations, suggesting that the latitudinal variation of salt marsh plants observed in the field is constitutive rather than induced by environmental cues. Latitudinal variation in plant traits depended on the plant species. Toughness varied as a function of latitude for Spartina and Distichlis, with southern plants being tougher than northern conspecifics across clonal generations. For all generations of Spartina and for seed- propagated Solidago, northern plants had higher nitrogen content than southern plants. Results are consistent with the theory that herbivory is a strong selective pressure that might be shaping geographical variation in plant palatability. However, many other v factors, such as differences in growth season length and external disturbances could be of crucial importance in mediating this latitudinal pattern of palatability. Understanding the genetic and environmental bases of intraspecific variation and how they covary on broad geographic scales can provide important clues to how organisms adapt to different and changing environments. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................ VIII INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................................... 6 Collection sites................................................................................................................ 6 Plants and herbivores ..................................................................................................... 8 Feeding trials................................................................................................................ 11 Field experiment ........................................................................................................... 14 Toughness and Nitrogen content measurements........................................................... 15 RESULTS ............................................................................................17 Feeding trials................................................................................................................ 17 Spartina alterniflora ................................................................................................. 17 Distichlis spicata....................................................................................................... 17 Solidago sempervirens.............................................................................................. 18 Toughness measurements............................................................................................ 26 Spartina alterniflora ................................................................................................. 26 Distichlis spicata....................................................................................................... 26 Solidago sempervirens.............................................................................................. 26 Nitrogen content........................................................................................................... 30 Spartina alterniflora ................................................................................................. 30 Distichlis spicata....................................................................................................... 30 Solidago sempervirens.............................................................................................. 30 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................36 Proximate and ultimate causes of latitudinal variation in plant palatability in Atlantic Coast salt marshes ........................................................................................................ 40 LITERATURE CITED ..............................................................................49 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Consumers housed individually with a choice of an undamaged leaf from a northern plant and one from a conspecific southern plant............................................................. 13 Figure 2: Southern and northern leaves of Solidago, Distichlis and Spartina after being offered to herbivores in paired-choice feeding assays................................................................. 13 Figure 3: S. alterniflora - Consumption of northern vs. southern leaves........................ 19 Figure 4: S. alterniflora - Difference in consumption of northern vs. southern leaves .. 20 Figure 5: D. spicata - Consumption of northern vs. southern leaves (Orchelimum fidicinum as consumer) ............................................................................................. 21 Figure 6: D. spicata - Consumption of northern vs. southern leaves (Dicromorpha elegans as consumer) ................................................................................................ 22 Figure 7: D. spicata - Difference in consumption of northern vs. southern leaves (Orchelimum fidicinum as consumer)....................................................................... 23 Figure 8: D. spicata - Difference in consumption of northern vs. southern leaves (Dicromorpha elegans as consumer) ........................................................................ 24 Figure 9: S. sempervirens - Consumption of northern vs. southern leaves (laboratory and field experiments) ..................................................................................................... 25 Figure 10: S. alterniflora - Toughness of northern and southern plants......................... 27 Figure 11: D. spicata - Toughness of northern and southern plants............................... 28 Figure 12: S. sempervirens - Toughness of northern and southern plants ...................... 29 Figure 13: S. alterniflora - Nitrogen content of northern and southern plants ............... 31 Figure 14: D. spicata - Nitrogen content of northern and southern plants ..................... 32 Figure 15: S. sempervirens - Nitrogen and chlorophyll content of northern and southern plants......................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 16: S. sempervirens - Correlation
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