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Hydrology of Lebanese Catchments in the Mediterranean Context Merheb Mohammad

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Hydrology of Lebanese Catchments in the Mediterranean Context Merheb Mohammad Hydrology of Lebanese catchments in the Mediterranean context Merheb Mohammad To cite this version: Merheb Mohammad. Hydrology of Lebanese catchments in the Mediterranean context. Environmental Sciences. AgroParisTech, 2015. English. tel-01262314v2 HAL Id: tel-01262314 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01262314v2 Submitted on 26 Jan 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Doctorat ParisTech T H È S E pour obtenir le grade de docteur délivré par L’Institut des Sciences et Industries du Vivant et de l’Environnement (AgroParisTech) Spécialité : Sciences de l’Eau Mohammad MERHEB Soutenue le 09 octobre 2015 Hydrologie des bassins versants Libanais dans le contexte Méditerranéen Directeur de thèse : Nicolas BAGHDADI, Directeur de Recherche, Irstea, Montpellier Co-directeurs de la thèse : Chadi ABDALLAH, Chercheur, CNRS, Liban et Roger MOUSSA, Directeur de Recherche, INRA, Montpellier Jury M. Christophe CUDENNEC Professeur, Agro-Campus Ouest, Rennes Rapporteur M. Francesc GALLART Directeur de Recherche, CSIC, Barcelone Rapporteur Mme Marie-George TOURNOUD Professeur, Université de Montpellier Présidente M. Nicolas LE MOINE Maître de conférences, Université Paris VI Examinateur M. François COLIN Professeur, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier Invité AgroParisTech Irstea - UMR TETIS Maison de la Télédétection, 500 rue JF Breton, 34090 Montpellier cedex 5 ACKNOWLEGMENT My sincere thanks go to the Authorities of the Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research (LCNRS) represented by the Secretary General Dr. Mouin Hamzé, who have supported my scholarship and to the CEDRE project (PHC CEDRE 2013) for their financial support of this work. Thanks extend to the staff of the Lebanese National Centre for Remote Sensing represented by its director Dr. Ghaleb Faour, especially for Rouya Hdeib, Samar Hijazi and Samah Termos, for their help in the data collection and preparation. Special thanks to Dr. Nicolas Baghdadi who accepted me as his student, supported and guided this work. To my scientific mentor, deep thanks go to Dr. Chadi Abdallah, without whom this PhD could not have been launched, for his continuous encouragement, support and valuable guidance through my dissertation and all other works. Deep thanks also to Dr. Roger Moussa for his enormous help and participation in this work and for being a co-advisor of this thesis. Thanks also for Dr. François Colin for his tremendous help and contribution to this thesis. Thanks go to Dr. Charles Perrin for his comments that were of great value to this work. Many thanks go to Dr. Francesc Gallart and Dr. Christophe Cudennec for accepting reviewing this work; and for Dr. Marie-George Tournoud and Dr. Nicolas Le Moine for their participation in the jury. I also want to thank my friends and colleagues Mohammad El-Hajj and Ibrahim Fayad for their help and for the wonderful times we shared together during the years of this PhD. My deep gratitude goes to my mother Zalfa Merheb, my sisters Rim, Rouba, Zeinab, Nazek, and to my friend and brother Abed El Rahman Hassoun for their encouragement and support throughout this work. i ii Résumé Le Liban est un petit pays montagneux à climat typiquement méditerranéen avec une grande variabilité spatiale des précipitations dont une quantité substantielle est sous forme de neige. La majorité des terrains libanais sont karstiques. En plus, le pays est fortement urbanisé avec une grande pression anthropique sur les ressources en eau. En outre, les bassins versants libanais manquent de longues séries de données à cause de l’arrêt des mesures durant la guerre civile (1975-1990) et l’après guerre (1990-2000). Ce travail vise à comprendre les caractéristiques de la réponse hydrologique des bassins versants libanais dans le contexte méditerranéen et à classer ces bassins en fonction de leurs propriétés physiques et hydrologiques. La thèse est structurée en trois parties : une revue bibliographique de l’hydrologie méditerranéenne, une analyse des données hydrologiques du Liban et la comparaison au contexte méditerranéen, et finalement un essai de classification et de modélisation des bassins versants Libanais. La première partie concerne une synthèse bibliographique basée sur 152 articles portant sur l’hydrologie méditerranéenne (article accepté dans Hydrological Sciences Journal). Les études ont été classées selon trois catégories d’objectifs : étude du bilan hydrologique, les crues et la sécheresse. La méthodologie adoptée porte aussi bien sur l’étude des processus hydrologiques à l’échelle d’un bassin versant particulier que des études de régionalisation sur plusieurs bassins versants. La zone d'étude est divisée en trois parties : nord-ouest (NWM), est (EM) et sud (SM) Méditerranée. L'analyse montre les disparités régionales : fortes intensités des pluies et des crues dans la région NWM, faibles écoulements et longues périodes de sécheresse en SM, et une situation intermédiaire pour EM. Une tendance à la réduction des ressources en eau entraînées par les pressions anthropiques et climatiques et un régime de précipitations plus extrêmes sont également perceptibles. Les bassins versants montrent des réponses hydrologiques très hétérogènes dans le temps et l'espace. La modalisation du fonctionnement hydrologique de ces bassins est souvent difficile accompagnée de grandes incertitudes dans les prévisions. Cependant, peu de modèles ont été développés pour répondre aux spécificités des bassins méditerranéens. Les études de régionalisation sont rares et les résultats des différentes études difficilement transposables d’une zone à une autre. Des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour améliorer la compréhension des processus hydrologiques en milieu méditerranéen et pour tenir compte des spécificités régionales. La deuxième partie porte sur l’analyse des données cartographiques et pluie/débit des bassins libanais et la comparaison de ces bassins aux bassins méditerranéens étudiés précédemment. Vingt huit bassins versants libanais sont étudiés sur la période 2001-2011. Une base de données cartographique et hydrologique a été constituée. Les données cartographiques concernent le relief, les cours d’eau, le sol, iii la géologie, la présence du karst, et l’occupation du sol. Les données pluie/débit concernent l’analyse des données pluviométriques (32 stations à pas de temps mensuel et journalier quand disponible), les données du couvert neigeux, l’évapotranspiration (à partir des images satellites MODIS à pas de temps mensuel) et les débits (vingt quatre stations à pas de temps journalier et quatre stations à pas de temps mensuel). Ces données pluie/débit sont comparées à une base de données de la période précédant la guerre civile. L’acquisition de données pluie/débit était un véritable défi. Ces données ne sont pas toujours disponibles pour la même période et une partie étant payante (données pluviométriques). A partir de ces données, nous avons établis des indicateurs pour décrire les caractéristiques physiques des bassins versants et les caractéristiques de la réponse hydrologique. Ensuite, les réponses hydrologiques des bassins versants libanais sont comparées à celles des autres bassins versants méditerranéens. A l’échelle du bilan annuel, les valeurs du coefficient de ruissellement sont élevées à travers tout le pays. À l'échelle de l'événement de crue, comme pour les autres régions méditerranéennes, les précipitations pendant un seul événement peut représenter jusqu'à 40 % du total annuel des précipitations. Le débit de pointe spécifique diminue avec la surface du bassin versant. Le coefficient de ruissellement à l’échelle de l’événement de crue est beaucoup plus élevé que les valeurs observées enregistrées dans l’EM et est dans la gamme des bassins versants NWM. La troisième partie présente un essai de classification et de modélisation des bassins versants libanais en fonction de leurs caractéristiques physiographiques et hydrologiques. Les variables définies à partir de l'analyse des données ont été utilisées pour la classification. Trois classifications ont été menées sur la base des indicateurs physiques, hydrologiques et physiques et hydrologiques. Cinq classes de bassins physiquement et hydrologiquement similaires ont été identifiées. Enfin, un essai de modélisation au pas de temps mensuel en utilisant le modèle GR2M a été entrepris. Plusieurs approches de régionalisation ont été comparées. La discussion porte sur l'analyse du fonctionnement hydrologique de chaque bassin versant et de chaque classe de bassins. Mots-clefs hydrologie; Liban ; basin versant Méditerranéen ; bilan annuel; pluie-débit; sécheresse; modélisation; régionalisation ; classification iv Résumé substantiel Introduction L’hydrologie libanaise Situé sur la rive orientale de la mer Méditerranée. Le Liban est un petit pays montagneux à climat typiquement méditerranéen avec d'importantes variations locales en raison de son relief important. Le pays est fortement urbanisé avec une grande pression anthropique sur les ressources en eau. En outre, les bassins versants libanais sont pauvrement-jaugés
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