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Geography, Environment and Population

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Geography, Environment and Population GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT AND POPULATION Macao Yearbook 2018 Geography, Environment and Population Location The Macao Special Administrative Region (MSAR) is an integral part of the People’s Republic of China. Situated at the mouth of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and bordering Guangdong Province, Macao is 60 kilometres from Hong Kong, and located at latitude 22º12’40”N and longitude 113º32’22”E. Macao time is eight hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. The MSAR consists of the Macao peninsula and two islands: Taipa and Coloane. Three bridges – Nobre de Carvalho Bridge, Friendship Bridge (Ponte da Amizade) and Sai Van Bridge – link the peninsula to Taipa; while the COTAI Reclamation Area links Taipa and Coloane islands. According to Chief Executive Notice No.128/2015 dated 20 December 2015: as stipulated in Order No. 665 of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, the Macao Special Administrative Region comprises land and marine areas, with the land area comprising the Border Gate Macao Checkpoint Building section and the Canal dos Patos section, and the marine area comprising six sections: the Inner Harbour section, Cotai channel section, southern Macao waters section, eastern Macao waters section, artificial island section, and northern Macao waters section. The boundary to the west is meridian 113º31’41.4”E, to the east 113º37’48.5”E, to the south parallel 22º04’36”N, and to the north 22º13’01.3”N. Area Due to reclamation along its coastline, Macao’s total land area has grown from 11.6 square kilometres in 1912, when measurements were first taken, to 30.8 square kilometres in 2017. The Macao peninsula accounts for 9.3 square kilometres (30.2 percent) of the current area, Taipa island for 7.9 square kilometres (25.6 percent), Coloane island for 7.6 square kilometres (24.7 percent), COTAI Reclamation Area for six square kilometres (19.5 percent), and the campus of the University of Macau for one square kilometre. According to Chief Executive Notice No.128/2015 dated 20 December 2015: as stipulated in Order No. 665 of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, the Central People’s Government explicitly determines that the area of waters of the Macao Special Administrative Region is 85 square kilometres. Geology and Topography Macao mainly comprises flat land, terraces and hills. The area of flat land (including reclaimed land) is 21.7 square kilometres, accounting for 70.4 percent of the total; granite hills cover six square kilometres, or 19.5 percent; and terraces cover 1.2 square kilometres, or 3.9 percent. The terraces are historically areas of denudation, extending along St Augustine, Luis de Camoes Garden, the hill behind Mong Ha Kun Iam Tong Temple, Russa Hill, and the southern part of Taipa island. Their relatively small area, low elevation (20-25 metres) and gentle slopes mean that most of the terraces are fully utilised. The remaining land – including reserves, monument sites and forests – occupies approximately 1.9 square kilometres, accounting for 6.2 percent of the total land area. The elevation of Macao increases from the north to the south. Guia Hill, in the north, is the highest point on the Macao peninsula, with an altitude of 90 metres. To the south, Alto de Coloane is the highest hill on Coloane island, as well as the highest point in Macao, with an altitude of 437 Macao Yearbook 2018 170.6 metres. Taipa Grande, the main peak of Taipa island, has an altitude of 158.2 metres. Coastline Assessment Due to the development of Macao’s coastal areas, reclamation of the New Urban Area and the completion of the Zhuhai-Macao Port Artificial Island of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, the Cartography and Cadastre Bureau is now assessing the coastline of the Macao SAR, and conducting a comprehensive investigation and survey on the current status of Macao’s coastline, to facilitate sustainable use and development of the Macao’s land and marine resources, and provide important scientific data for formulating maritime planning and management. Climate Macao is situated in a subtropical zone, with the Asian continent to the north and a wide tropical sea to the south. In winter, Macao experiences northerly winds, cold and dry weather and low rainfall, due to a cold continental high-pressure system at medium and high latitudes. In summer, Macao is mainly subject to south-westerly winds, hot and wet weather and heavy rainfall, due to the influence of oceanic tropical weather systems. The reverse of wind directions in winter and summer, together with minimal temperature variations during the day, give Macao a marine monsoon climate. According to the climate normals of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), calculated with 30 years of data, the average annual precipitation in Macao between 1981 and 2010 was more than 2,000 millimetres, with most rainfall occurring between April and September. June had the most precipitation – an average of 363.8 millimetres; while January had the least – an average of 26.5 millimetres. Macao has an average annual temperature of 22.6ºC. The coolest month is January, when it averages 15.1ºC. Most years, Macao has a short cold weather period when temperatures fall below 5ºC. The average monthly temperature exceeds 22ºC during seven months of the year, indicating that Macao has a short winter but a long summer. Macao is frequently hit by typhoons. The typhoon season starts in May and ends in October, with July to September as its peak period. Weather Overview General Situation In 2017, Macao’s average annual temperature and the relative humidity were slightly higher than the climate normal, while the total rainfall and the total evaporation level were significantly lower than the climate normal, and the total hours of sunshine was slightly above the climate normal. Eight tropical cyclones affected Macao in 2017. They were: Severe Tropical Storm Merbok from 11 to 13 June; Tropical Storm Roke from 22 to 23 July; Typhoon Hato from 22 to 23 August; 438 Geography, Environment and Population Tropical Storm Pakhar from 26 to 27 August; Severe Tropical Storm Mawar from 31 August to 4 September; Typhoon Doksuri from 13 to 15 September; a tropical depression from 24 to 25 September; and Typhoon Khanun from 13 to 16 October. Macao suffered from serious damage by Typhoon Hato, during which Typhoon Signal no.10 was issued for the first time since Macao suffered a direct hit by Typhoon York in 1999. Typhoon Signal no.8 was also issued in Macao during the closest approach of Severe Tropical Storm Pakhar and Typhoon Khanun. As regards storm surge warnings, a black storm surge warning was issued during the direct hit by Typhoon Hato, while yellow storm surge warnings were issued during the passage of Severe Tropical Storm Pakhar and Typhoon Khanun. Summary of Severe Weather Warnings Issued in 2017 No. of Warning Warning / Signal Type Frequency Reports Issued No. 1 Alert Signal 8 50 No. 3 Strong Wind Signal 4 20 No. 8 Northeast Gale Signal 3 16 No. 8 Southeast Gale Signal 2 8 Tropical Cyclone Warning No. 8 Southwest Gale Signal 0 0 No. 8 Northwest Gale Signal 0 0 No. 9 Increasing Gale Signal 1 2 No. 10 Typhoon Signal 1 3 All Signals Lowered 8 8 Strong Monsoon Warning (Black Ball) 15 34 Rainstorm Warning 4 16 Thunderstorm Warning 71 168 Storm Surge Warning 3 23 Temperatures Macao had an average annual temperature of 23ºC during 2017, which was 0.4ºC higher than the climate normal. The highest and the lowest average temperatures were 28.7ºC in August and 16ºC in February, respectively. The hottest day was 22 August, when the temperature rose to 38ºC, the highest temperature recorded since 1930; whereas the coldest day was 18 February, when the temperature fell to 7.1ºC. 439 Macao Yearbook 2018 Relative Humidity The average relative humidity during 2017 was 81 percent, which was 2.2 percentage points higher than the climate normal. July saw the highest monthly average relative humidity at 87 percent; whereas the lowest was 65 percent in December. Rainfall Total rainfall during 2017 was 1,783.2 millimetres, which was 274.9 millimetres or about 13 percent less than climate normal. The highest monthly rainfall was recorded in September at 367.2 millimetres, 147.7 millimetres above normal. The lowest monthly rainfall was recorded in December, at 0.2 millimetres. The highest daily rainfall was recorded on 4 September, at 166.2 millimetres. Evaporation The total evaporation level in 2017 was 801.9 millimetres, which was 143.2 millimetres less than the climate normal. The evaporation levels in February and December 2017 were slightly higher than the climate normal, while the evaporation levels of other months in the year were all lower than the climate normals. Sunshine During 2017, Macao had 1,775.1 hours of sunshine, 1.2 hours less than normal. The most hours of sunshine were recorded in August, totalling 217.7 hours, 22.3 hours above normal. The least hours of sunshine were recorded in March, amounting to 58.2 hours, which was 13.3 hours less than normal. Wind During 2017, Macao was subject to predominantly north-northeasterly winds in January; northerly winds in February, April and from October to December; easterly winds in March, May, July and September; and southerly winds in June and August. Wind speeds averaged 10.8 kilometres per hour. Weather Services Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau The Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau (SMG) is supervised by the Secretary for Transport and Public Works. It provides weather reports, monitors air quality, and conducts research into climate, climate change and earthquakes.
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