Micología General CATALOGACIÓN EN LA PUBLICACIÓN

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Micología General CATALOGACIÓN EN LA PUBLICACIÓN 1 | Micología General CATALOGACIÓN EN LA PUBLICACIÓN Estrada Salazar, Gloria Inés Micología general / Gloria Inés Estrada Salazar, Martha Cecilia Ramírez Galeano. Manizales: Centro Editorial Universidad Católica de Manizales, 2019 345 páginas: ilustrado Incluye referencias bibliográficas Incluye glosario ISBN 978-958-52337-1-3 1. Micología – Historia 2. Hongos 3. Hongos demartofitos 4. Hongos contaminantes 5. Hongos biocontroladores CDD 616.96901 BIBLIOTECA UCM MICOLOGÍA GENERAL Autores Gloria Inés Estrada Salazar · Martha Cecilia Ramírez Galeano ISBN: 978-958-52337-1-3 Marzo de 2019 Copyright© UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE MANIZALES Editor: Cárol Castaño Trujillo Corrección de estilo: Centro Editorial UCM Diseño: Unidad de Marca UCM Todos los derechos reservados. Ninguna parte de esta publicación puede ser reproducida, almacenada en sistema recuperable o transmitida en ninguna forma por medios electrónico, mecánico, fotocopia, grabación u otros, sin la previa autorización por escrito del Centro Editorial Universidad Católica de Manizales y de los autores. Los conceptos expresados de este documento son responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores y no necesariamente corresponden con los de la Universidad Católica de Manizales y da cumplimiento al Depósito Legal según lo establecido en la Ley 44 de 1993, los Decretos 460 del 16 de marzo de 1995, el 2150 de 1995, el 358 de 2000 y la Ley 1379 de 2010. ©Centro Editorial Universidad Católica de Manizales Carrera 23 No. 60-63 http://www.ucm.edu.co/centro-editorial/ [email protected] Manizales - Caldas Hecho en Manizales, Caldas · Colombia Agradecimientos Las autoras expresan su gratitud a la Universidad Católica de Manizales y al programa de Bacteriología, por la oportunidad dada para construir este libro donde se plasma el esfuerzo para aportar una importante experiencia en la elaboración de material de apoyo para bien de la comunidad académica. También agradecen a las instituciones y autores en cuyas evidencias gráficas y textuales se basa el libro. Contenido Presentación 16 Unidad 1. Generalidades 18 1.1 Micología 19 1.1.1 Historia de la micología 19 1.2 Hongos 36 1.2.1 Características de los hongos 37 1.2.2 Mecanismo de acción de los hongos 39 1.2.3 Morfología de los hongos 40 1.2.3.1 Hongos filamentosos o mohos 40 1.2.3.2 Hongos levaduriformes 41 1.2.3.3 Transformaciones del micelio 42 1.2.4 Reproducción de los hongos 49 1.2.4.1 Reproducción asexual de los hongos 49 1.2.4.1.1Formas más comunes de reproducción asexual 50 1.2.4.2 Reproducción sexual de los hongos 56 1.2.4.3 Necesidades fisiológicas de los hongos 61 1.2.5 Factores ambientales que influyen en el crecimiento de los hongos 63 1.2.6 Nutrición y crecimiento de los hongos 65 1.2.7 Clasificación de los hongos 72 1.2.8 Aislamiento de hongos 77 1.2.8.1 Aislamiento de hongos de muestras clínicas 77 1.2.8.2 Aislamiento de hongos de muestras vegetales 80 1.2.8.3 Inducción a la esporulación para recuperar hongos de tejido vegetal 85 1.2.8.4 Aislamiento de hongos de suelo 86 1.2.8.5 Trampas o cebos para recuperar hongos del suelo 89 1.2.9 Determinación de características morfológicas de hongos recuperados de diferentes muestras 93 1.2.10 Microcultivos de hongos 101 1.2.11 Cultivos de hongos recuperados 108 1.2.12 Parásito, patogenicidad y parasitismo de hongos en plantas 110 1.2.12.1 Pruebas de patogenicidad 110 1.2.13 Inoculación del hongo patógeno en tejido vegetal sano 112 1.2.14 Mecanismos de infección de hongos fitopatógenos 113 1.2.15 Variabilidad de los hongos fitopatógenos 115 1.2.16 Identificación de hongos fitopatógenos 115 1.2.16.1 Identificación de hongos filamentosos 116 1.2.16.2 Identificación de hongos levaduriformes 116 1.2.16.3 Auxonograma 117 1.2.16.4 Zimograma 118 1.2.16.5 Sistemas semiautomáticos para la identificación de hongos levaduriformes 118 1.2.16.6 Sistemas automáticos para la identificación de hongos levaduriformes 119 1.2.16.7 Sistemas rápidos para la identificación de hongos levaduriformes 120 1.2.17 Mantenimiento y preservación de hongos 120 1.2.17.1 Principio que sustenta la preservación de microorganismos 121 1.2.17.2 Congelación 121 1.2.17.3 Liofilización 122 1.2.17.4 Sustancias crioprotectoras o criopreservantes 122 1.2.17.5 Glicerol 123 1.2.17.6 Preservación de hongos en glicerol al 10% y a temperatura de congelación 123 1.2.17.7 Transferencia periódica o subcultivo 124 1.2.17.8 Suspensión en agua destilada o en agua de mar estéril 124 1.2.17.9 Desecación sobre sustratos inertes 125 1.2.17.10 Desecación en papel de filtro 125 1.2.18 Viabilidad de los hongos preservados 125 1.2.18.1 Recuento de colonias 125 1.2.18.2 Determinación de viabilidad con azul de tripano 126 1.2.18.3 Germinación de esporas del hongo 128 1.2.19 Medios de cultivos sintéticos para hongos 131 Unidad 2. Hongos de importancia clínica 136 2.1 Hongos dermatofitos 138 2.1.1 Clasificación de hongos dermatofitos 139 2.1.2 Dermatofitosis 141 2.1.3 Aislamiento, identificación y clasificación de hongos dermatofitos 142 2.1.3.1 Muestras para aislar hongos dermatofitos 142 2.1.3.2 Aislamiento de hongos dermatofitos 143 2.1.3.3 Identificación morfológica de hongos dermatofitos 143 2.1.3.4 Identificación de dermatofitos mediante técnicas adicionales 144 2.1.3.5 Patogenia 145 2.1.3.6 Manifestaciones clínicas 146 2.1.3.7 Tinea capitis 146 2.1.3.8 No inflamatorias 147 2.1.3.9 Inflamatorias 147 2.1.3.10 Tiña fávica 147 2.1.3.11 Tinea corporis 148 2.1.4 Género trichophyton 149 2.1.5 Género microsporum 161 2.1.6 Género epidermophyton 177 2.1.7 Género keratinomyces 179 2.1.8 Hongos que producen micosis superficiales 183 2.1.9 Hongos que producen micosis subcutáneas 188 2.1.10 Hongos que producen micosis sistémicas 200 2.1.10.1 Coccidioidomicosis 201 2.1.10.2 Histoplasmosis 201 2.1.10.3 Paracoccidioidomicosis 201 2.1.10.4 Blastomicosis 201 2.1.10.5 Muestras clínicas de micosis sistémicas 201 Unidad 3. Hongos contaminantes 209 3.1 Hongos contaminantes filamentosos 210 3.2 Hongos contaminantes levaduriformes 211 3.3 Otros hongos contaminantes 222 3.4. Antifúngicos 223 Unidad 4. Hongos de importancia fitopatológica 226 4.1 Hongos fitopatógenos 227 4.2 Enfermedades producidas por hongos en plantas 227 4.3 Consecuencia de las enfermedades causadas por hongos fitopatógenos 228 4.4 Síntomas de enfermedades causadas por hongos en plantas 228 4.5 Diagnóstico de enfermedades en plantas 236 4.6 Hongos fitopatógenos inferiores 237 4.7 Hongos fitopatógenos superiores 246 Unidad 5. Hongos biocontroladores 263 5.1 Control biológico 264 5.2 Controladores biológicos 265 5.3 Tipos de control biológico 265 5.4 Hongos como agentes de control biológic0 265 5.4.1 Hongos depredadores 266 5.4.2 Hongos parasíticos 266 5.4.3 Hongos antagonísticos 266 5.5 Hongos parásitos de insectos 266 5.6 Hongos entomopatógenos 266 5.6.1 Mecanismo de infección de los hongos entomopatógenos 267 5.6.2 Ventajas del uso de hongos entomopatógenos 268 5.6.3 Desventajas del uso de hongos entomopatógenos 269 Unidad 6. Hongos de importancia industrial 277 Glosario 290 Referencias 305 Figuras Figura 1. Soma de los hongos 41 Figura 2. Hongo en forma de plasmodio 42 Figura 3. Tejido prosénquima de algunos hongos 43 Figura 4. Tejido pseudoparénquima de algunos hongos 43 Figura 5. Haustorios 44 Figura 6. Rizomorfos 44 Figura 7. Formación de conidias 45 Figura 8. Formación de esporangios 46 Figura 9. Esporodoquio 46 Figura 10. Rizoides 47 Figura 11. Picnidio 47 Figura 12. Acérvulo 48 Figura 13. Clamidospora 48 Figura 14. Esclerocios 49 Figura 15. Esporangióforo y esporangiosporas 50 Figura 16. Conidióforo y conidias 51 Figura 17. Artroconidias o artrosporas 51 Figura 18. Clamidosporas o clamiconidias 52 Figura 19. Levaduras en gemación 52 Figura 20. Blastosporas 53 Figura 21. Simpodulosporas 53 Figura 22. Fialosporas 54 Figura 23. Anelospora 54 Figura 24. Porosporas 55 Figura 25. Aleurioconidio 55 Figura 26. Reproducción sexual de los hongos 58 Figura 27. Oospora estructura de origen sexual de algunos hongos 59 Figura 28. Zygospora, estructura de origen sexual de algunos hongos 59 Figura 29. Ascostromas 60 Figura 30. Cleistotecio 60 Figura 31. Peritecio 60 Figura 32. Apotecio 61 Figura 33. Basidio y basidiosporas 61 Figura 34. Fases de desarrollo de un microorganismo 66 Figura 35. Recuento de células con hemocitómetro o cámara de Neubauer 68 Figura 36. Cámara de Neubauer o hemocitómetro 69 Figura 37. Determinación de la biomasa del hongo 71 Figura 38. Medición del crecimiento del hongo en caja de Petri 72 Figura 39. Diferentes formas de esporas 76 Figura 40. Toma de muestra y contenedor adecuado para recogerla 78 Figura 41. Contenedores para recolectar muestras 79 Figura 42. Siembra de muestras para el aislamiento de hongos 80 Figura 43. Cámaras húmedas con muestras vegetales 81 Figura 44. Aislamiento de hongos de síntomas de muestras de tejido vegetal 82 Figura 45. Aislamiento de hongos de signos de muestras de tejido vegetal 84 Figura 46. Trampa para inducir la descarga de ascosporas 85 Figura 47. Aislamiento de hongos de suelo 87 Figura 48. Siembra directa de suelo para aislar hongos fitopatógenos 88 Figura 49. Método para aislar hongos del suelo con porta-objetos impregnados de agar agua 90 Figura 50. Trampas o cebos con medios de cultivo sintéticos para aislar hongos del suelo 92 Figura 51.
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