Marketing Fragment 6 X 10.Long.T65

Cambridge University Press 052182026X - Children in the Visual Arts of Imperial Rome Jeannine Diddle Uzzi Index More information

INDEX

Boldface page numbers refer to illustrations.

Abundantia,personiﬁed,on Trajanic alimenta and domestic portraiture, 189 coins, 37 problems in determining, 25–27 Achilleus,Sextus Ruﬁus,funerary relief of, 175, ratio to height, 217n.9 178–179 Agricola (Tacitus), 6–7, 211n.53 actors Agrippa, Marcus, 144, 146, 151, 219n.27, adult, 117, 119 219n.37 children playing at being, 172 Agrippina, 144 instruction of juvenile, 184 Aldrete, Gregory S., 54 non-Roman captive children analogous to, aliens, costume of, 29 118, 140 alimenta, 42–44, 197n.12, 198n.18 adlocutiones, 53, 197n.12 Arco di Portogallo scene, 199n.44 Anaglypha Traiani/Hadriani panel, 77, coinage, 36, 36–37, 37, 78, 80, 169, 77–83, 207n.14 200n.45, 201n.46, 203nn.17–18 Arco di Portogallo panel, 202nn.13–14 criteria for eligibility, 199n.43 children present at, 73–74, 156, 162 as imperial publicity, 43 on coinage, 54–56, 58, 73, 202n.2, as motif, vs. congiarium-liberalitas, 200n.45 203n.25 relief on Arch of Trajan at Beneventum, in monumental sculpture, 56–60 41–45, 43 adoration scenes, 209n.25 relief on Arch of Trajan at Beneventum, Adults and Children in the Roman Empire 203n.18 (Wiedemann), 10 scene on Arch of Trajan at Beneventum, adventus 197n.4 of Augustus,13 B.C., 142 scholarly marginalization of scenes of, 44 children present at, 73–74 alimentary programs, imperial, 14. See also on coinage, 209n.26 alimenta; congiaria aediles, and congiaria, 34 altar, funerary, of child, 176 Aelius Aristides, 7–8, 192n.16 Anaglypha Traiani/Hadriani, 76–83, 77, 79, Aemilius Buca,L., 219n.33 168, 206n.8, 221n.16 Aemilius Paulus Lepidus, 208n.7 adlocutio panel, 207n.14 Aeneas, 147, 150 as Grand Style, 206n.6 carrying Anchises, 100 Anchises, carried by Aeneas, 100 age Anderson, Benedict, 2–3, 191n.4 costume indicative of, 196n.59 Andreae, Bernard, 21, 116 of diminutive non-Roman adults, 197n.65 Angelicoussis, Elizabeth, 49, 201n.60

235

236 INDEX

Annona, personified, 45 Arch of Titus, 203n.22 on Trajanic alimenta coins, 37 Arch of Trajan at Beneventum, 168, 221n.16 Anthesteria, 12, 193n.7 alimenta relief, 203n.18 Antonia the Elder, 144, 145, 217n.10 alimenta relief on, 197n.4 Antonia the Younger, 62, 144 Currie’s discussion of, 15 Antoninus Pius hierarchy of scale on, 31 celebrates ludi saeculares, 66, 204n.59 largesse scene on, 41–45 and Faustina’s fertility, 168 non-Roman children on, 164, 167 ludi decennales medallion, 68–69 non-Roman women on, 164, 165 puellae Faustinianae coinage, 46, 46–47, 47, patronage, 18 169 triumph frieze, 112, 112–114, 113 Antonius, Julius, 144 Arco di Portogallo, 168, 193n.5, 221n.16 Antonius, Lucius, 144, 217n.9 adlocutio panel, 56–60, 57, 59, 73, Aphrodite, 220n.13 202nn.13–14 Apollodorus and Trajan, as patrons, 18 Ariadne, 149 apotheosis. See also Arco di Portogallo: adlocutio Ariarathes’ son educated at Rome, 5 relief Ariès,Philippe, 192n.4 depictions of, 203n.22 Aristotle on education, 25 of the Empress Sabina, 58, 59 Ars Poetica (Horace), 17 Appian, 68, 110 art aquilae, 104 message of, 19, 20 Ara gentis Iuliae, 150, 219n.33 official, 17–18 Ara Pacis, 142–155 and official memory, 20–21 controversial child on, 26 patronage, 18 Currie’s discussion of, 15 private and domestic, 171–172 non-Roman children on, 146–151, 167, 170 social cohesion promoted by, 16 non-Roman mother and child, south frieze, Art and Text in Roman Culture (Elsner), 15 164 Art as Culture (Hatcher), 16 north frieze, 147, 147–148, 151–154, Art in Coinage (Sutherland), 18 219n.40 Art of Persuasion, The (Evans), 17 patronage for, 18 Ascanius, 150 procession with children, ii Atina, largesse distributed at, 52 Smith’s skepticism about, 219n.29 atria, 189 south frieze, 145, 146, 146–147, 148–151, auctoritas, 109 164, 210n.52 audience valorizes imperial family, 168 of domestic vs. official imagery, 189–190 Arch of Constantine, 221n.16 for official art, 17, 18–19 adlocutio panel, 60 Augustus congiarium panel, 49, 50, 198n.15 acknowledging submission, 88, 90 congiarium relief, 197n.4, 201n.60 barefoot, 218n.20 largesse panel of Marcus Aurelius, 47–49, celebrates ludi saeculares, 66 48 congiaria of, 34 submission panel of Marcus Aurelius, and the decennalia, 68 209n.37 deified, altar of, in Trajan’s Column sacrifice Arch of Marcus Aurelius submission panel, 85, scene XCI, 64 86, 86 depicted as priest, 217n.11 Arch of Septimius Severus at Lepcis Magna, largesse of, 163 214n.18 and marriage legislation, 14 friezes as official memory, 21 and marriage of Polemon and Dynamis, non-Roman children on, 167 218n.27 shows non-Roman child taken captive, 1 pacifies Gaul, 153 triumph frieze, 114–116, 115 pro-child, pro-family legislation of, 51 (See Arch of Septimius Severus at Rome, 114 also Julian Laws; Papian-Poppeian Laws)

INDEX 237

and Roman education of foreign children, on equestrian ﬁgures, 93 105–106, 210–211n.53 on gestures, 21–22, 67, 85, 199n.39, as title, 221–222n.17 209n.25, 218n.23 tomb of, 168 on Hadrianic adlocutio coin, 203n.25 Avita, funerary relief of, 175, 175 on Hadrian’s presence on Arch of Trajan at Beneventum, 201n.47 Bacchus, initiation into cult of, 223n.28. See also on largesse scenes, 38–39, 50 Dionysus on the largitio motif, 198n.30 barbarians, costume of, 29 on rejection of suppliants, 92–93 bare feet, 218n.20 on the sella curulis, 33 Basila, Titus Helvius, 52 bulla, 29–30, 143, 196nn.59–60, 211n.53 battle scenes, 120–141 buttocks larger proportion on Column of Marchus suppliant, 89 Aurelius than on Trajan’s Column, 167 buttocks, bare, non-Roman children’s, 148 relief from Temple of Apollo at Bassae, on Ara Pacis, 147, 151 193n.8 on Boscoreale cup, 152, 154 Beard, Mary, 22, 215n.38 Byzantium, 62 Bellum Civile (Julius Caesar), 73 Bellum Gallicum (Julius Caesar), 73–74 caduceus, 150, 175, 176, 178, 179, 219n.34 Bennett, Julian, 199–200n.44, 200n.45 Caesar Berchem, Denis van, 34, 35 Julius, see Julius Caesar Bernhart, Max, 209n.26 as title, 221–222n.17 betrothal, age of, 195n.41 Calcagus, on Roman dissension, 6–7 bigae, 70 calcei, 196n.59 Boatwright, Tolly Caligula, adlucatio coinage of, 54 on adlocutio scene from Arco di Portogallo, camilli/ae, 27, 31–32, 62, 128, 143, 144, 203n.22 205n.68, 217n.11 on Anaglypha Traiani/Hadriani, 76, 78 Camposanto sarcophagus, 95–96, 96, on childless emperors, 168 152–153 on Hadrian’s emulation of Trajan, cape, 29, 30, 61, 64, 87, 98, 112, 125, 138, 178, 200n.45 214n.12, 222n.17 Bocchus, king of Mauretania, 85 Caprino, C., 209n.25 Bonfante Warren, Larissa, 196nn.59–60, captivity scenes 199n.40, 210n.48 Column of Marcus Aurelius, 132–134, boots, 148 134 Boscoreale cup, 88, 88–90, 89, 100, 104–105, Vigna Amendola sarcophagus, 137–138 153, 154, 159, 167, 210n.48, 220n.4 Caracalla, 221–222n.17 Kuttner’s benign reading of, 212n.59 coinage of, 210n.46 Bosporus, kingdom of, 219n.27 carmen saeculare, 67 bound hands, 84, 87, 96, 126, 134, 137, 139, Carmen Saeculare (Horace), 68 208n.7, 215n.41 Carp, Teresa C. Braund, David, 5, 6, 105, 106 on deﬁnition of childhood, 23 breast, exposed, of non-Roman woman, 130, on the puer senex, 25 132, 154, 170 Carthage, education of Massinissa at, 5 breast, exposed,of non-Roman woman, Casa del Cenacolo tondo portraits, 179–180 213n.11 Cassius Dio, 68 Bremen, Riet van, 74–75 on alimentary programs, 199n.42 Brilliant, Richard, 54, 197n.12 on Julius Caesar’s congiaria, 34 on the adlucatio posture, 54 on marriage of Polemon and Dynamis, on Boscoreale cup, 90 218n.27 on coins as propaganda, 19 Catullus, 28 on emperor’s enlarged hand in scene L from Ceres, 45 Trajan’s column, 198n.20 Cethegus, M. Cornelius, congiarium of, 34

238 INDEX

childhood adventus, 209n.26 definitions and markers of, 23–32 alimenta, 78, 80, 169, 200n.45, 201n.46, definitions and visual markers of, 23–32 203nn.17–18 and gender inequities, 26 and Anaglypha Traiani/Hadriani groupings, language defining, 28 207n.14 Childhood, Class and Kin in the Roman World Augustan, with submission scenes, 85, 88, (Dixon), 10, 15 88, 152 children of Caracalla, 210n.46 commemorative images of, 188–189 with children and Vestals, 205n.68 costume as status marker of, 21 commemorative, of Marcus Aurelius, 46 defined by body appearance, 26 congiarium, 35, 35–36, 78, 198n.17, difficulties in determining age of, 25–27 200–201n.46 in funerary art, 14 depicting larger works, 206nn.4–5 of imperial family, 32 depicting Perseus’ submission, 208n.7 of Medea, 31 of Elagabalus, 210n.46 mythological, 30–31, 196n.63, 218n.19 of equestrian Trajan, 94 non-Roman, see non-Roman children felicitas temporum and fecunditas, 201n.54 Roman, see Roman children frequency of depiction of children on, slave, 29, 31 221n.16 as symbol of the disempowered, 14 Hadrianic adlocutio, 55, 55–56 Children and Childhood in Roman Italy (Rawson), liberalitas, 39, 55, 78, 198n.30 11–12, 15, 171 ludi, 66–67, 67, 204n.50, 221n.16 “Children as Cultural Symbols” (Rawson), 15 Pax quinarius, 219n.33 choes, 12, 193n.12 as propaganda, 18–19 Cicero, M. Tullius puellae Faustinianae, of Antoninus Pius, 46, approves Caesar’s population-growth policy, 46–47, 47 51 restituta, 39, 39–40, 51, 81, 198n.28, 199n.36 on education of his children, 192n.3 Roman women’s hairstyles depicted on, 62 on possession of images of seditious persons, Sabina’s hairstyle on, 203n.35 19 showing deified emperors, 206n.3 on the Roman family, 162 submission scene of Sulla on, 85 Cichorius, Conrad, 61, 62 Coleman, K. M., 117 Circus Maximus, on Trajanic adlocutio coin, 54 collar, 30. See also torque cities Column of Marcus Aurelius, 11 ambiguous, on Trajan’s Column, 62–64 adoration scene XXXI, 209n.25 personified, 41–43, 162 ambiguous gesture of child on, 22 protected by children’s songs, 68 apotheosis scene on pedestal, 203n.22 Civil War, American, 2 artistic intention, 19 Claudius battle scenes, 120, 121, 129–130, 131, 132, celebrates ludi saeculares, 66 133, 134–135, 139, 164, 215n.38, deified, altar to, in Trajan’s Column sacrifice 215n.40, 216n.41 scene XCI, 64 battle scene XX, 164 cloak, 122, 132, 175, 197n.3 Beard on “joke” scene, 215n.38 clothing, see costume captivity scenes, 132–134, 134, 139, cockfights, 172, 223n.32 164 coin calculation plate multiple roles of children on, 21 on Arch of Constantine, 50 submission scenes, 96–98, 97, 197n.3 on congiarium coins, 35 and Trajan’s Column compared, 167 coin purse, 222n.16 Zanker’s taxonomy of images, 213n.2 in funerary portraits, 175, 176, 178 Column of Trajan, 11, 128, 168, 221n.16 coins battle scenes, 120, 121, 122, 123–124, 124, adlocutio, 54–56, 58, 73, 202n.2, 203n.25 124–127, 127, 139, 214n.13

INDEX 239

and Column of Marcus Aurelius compared, barbarian, 29 167 distinguishing Roman from non-Roman Currie’s discussion of, 15 children, 157 enlarged hand in scene L, 198n.20 gendered, of Roman children, 195n.55 multiple roles of children on, 21 non-Roman, in Ludovisi sarcophagus relief non-Roman children on, 167 submission scene, 210n.45 patronage for, 18 of observers in sacrifice scene XCI, Trajan’s procession scenes, 70, 71, 71–72, 205n.69 Column, 64–65 Roman vs. non-Roman costume on, 30 of personified Germania, 208n.9 sacrifice scenes, 61–63, 63, 64–66, 72–73, reflective of status, 72 158, 210n.52 Roman, as marker of age and gender, sacrifice scene XCI, 64–66, 65 196n.59 separation of scenes in, 92 of Roman children on Trajan’s Column, 72 submission scenes, 87, 91, 91–93, 93, 93–94, as sign of Romanization, 210n.48 107, 152, 219n.38, 219n.40 as status marker, 21 towns shown on, problem of identification Crawford, J. R., 218n.16 of, 204n.35 crown, turreted, of Italia on restituta coin, 38 Commodus, 49, 201n.60 cuirasses, images on non-Roman children from, conclamatio, 172, 173 216n.46 congiaria, 197n.5, 197n.12 Cumae, stele from, showing equestrian figure, of Augustus, 34, 35 93 coinage, 35, 35–36, 36, 36, 78, 198n.17, Currie, Sarah 200–201n.46 on children representing the disempowered, Constantine’s, in panel on Arch of 193n.13 Constantine, 49, 50 on child’s body as aesthetic object, 193n.12 of Julius Caesar, 34 on “Dacian” children on Trajan’s Column, 61, and liberalitas coins, 39 72 as motif, vs. alimenta, 200n.45 on dominion parallels in Roman depictions as outgrowth of aediles’ dole, 34 of children, 15 panel on Arch of Constantine, 197n.4, on equating of children and barbarians, 198n.15 212n.58 Pliny’s description of, 10–11 on feminization of the non-Roman, 165 sportula and rotulus emblematic of, 80 on gender ambiguities in depiction of of Trajan, 34, 44, 81 children, 27–28 Constantine on gift-giving at the Anthesteria, 193n.7 in adlocutio panel on Arch of Constantine, 60 on non-Roman children as spolia, 110 in congiarium scene on Arch of Constantine, on politics of child body, 13–14, 50 117 Constitutio Antoniana, 161 on real vs. mythological children, 30–31 contrapposto posture, emperor’s, in adlocutio on “Romanized barbarians,” 66 scenes, 54, 56, 58, 78, 80 on Trajan’s Column children, 129 Corinth, 62 curule chair, see sella curulis Cornelius Statius, M., sarcophagus of, 172–173, 173 Dacian triumph, Trajan’s, 44 cornucopia D’Ambra, Eve, 163–164 on alimenta coinage, 37 de Beauvoir, Simone, 28 corteo agonistico, 69 debt-burning relief, Anaglypha Traiani/ costume, 195n.57. See also bulla; cape; crown; Hadriani, 77, 79, 82, 206–207n.12, footwear; kerchiefs; leggings; paenula; palla; 206n.8 paludamenta; stola; toga praetexta; toga pura; De Caro, Stefano, 223n.23 toga virilis; torque; tunic Decebalus, 126 See also ricinium sister taken captive, 90, 208n.15

240 INDEX

decorative/genre scenes, children in, 183–188, of foreign princes at Rome, 5, 6, 189 105–106 deification of emperors, 80, 82, 83 of non-Roman children at Rome, 210n.53, altars of, 64, 206n.3, 218n.20 220n.4 and bare feet, 218n.20 scenes of, with children, 175, 179–180, Dennison, Walter, 67, 204n.50 184–185 on processions, 68 as subjugation, 211n.53 dextrarum iunctio, 85, 207–208n.6 Edwards, Catharine in funerary relief, 176, 177 on infames, 117 relief depicting, 222n.16 Eirene, 219nn.33–34 diadem, 29, 148 Elagabalus, coins of, 210n.46 Diadumenianus, 221n.17 elbow, bent, 71 dies lustricus, 25 of adults receiving largesse, 35, 36 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 68 of child in sacrifice scene, 62 Dionysus, 149 Ellul, Jacques, 157 initiation into cult of, 223n.28 on images of public gatherings, 53 display, of non-Roman bodies, 170 on propaganda, 17 distribution tray, in scene of largesse, 41, 44 emperors Diva Sabina, 58 deified, 64, 80, 82, 83, 206n.3, 218n.20 Dixon, Suzanne, 10 “Empire of Adults, the” (Currie), 15 document, speaker reading from, 58, 78, 92, 99, ephebia, 223n.27 175, 209n.37 epic-documentary vs. Grand Style reliefs, dolphin, nude boy with, 187, 188 206n.6 Domaszewski, A. von, 62 Epitome (Zonaras), 212n.2 Domitia, 144 equestrian figures Domitian Marcus Aurelius, on Arch of Marcus altar to deified, in Trajan’s Column sacrifice Aurelius, 93 scene XCI, 64 in submission scene XC, Trajan’s Column, 93, cool to suppliants, 208–209n.22 94 curtails free speech, 200n.45 trampling non-Romans, 102 and the ludi saeculares, 66–67, 67 Equus Domitiani, 79 third Capitoline Contest held under, 222n.20 ethnicity, physical markers of, 29 Domitius Ahenobarbus, Gnaeus, 144, 145, euergetism, 74 217n.10, 217n.12 Evans, Jane De Rose, 117 Domitius Ahenobarbus, L., 144, 145, 217n.10 on propaganda, 17 dove, 222n.17 Evans, John K., 10 Drusus the Elder, 90, 144, 145 exposure, of rejected newborn, 211n.55 Drusus the Younger, 218n.15 Eyben, Emil, 23–24, 194n.31 duck, in child portrait, 178 Duncan-Jones, Richard, 42, 51 face Dwyer, Eugene, 188 upturned, of suppliant, 85, 87, 89, 95 Dynamis, queen of Bosporus, 149, familia, 162, 189 218–219n.27, 219n.33 family dynasty, imperial, 74–75, 116, 118 conquered, as pathetic motif, 214n.25 children of, on Ara Pacis, 143 destruction of non-Roman, 99, 120, 127, 135, Dyrrhachium, 62 136, 138, 139, 141, 166, 208n.19, 217n.48 imperial, 168, 169–170, 194n.21 (See also ear, grasping by, 47, 201n.57 dynasty) East-West theme, on Ara Pacis, 219n.33 issues of, increasingly public under Augustus, education 14 Aristotle’s two periods of, 25 non-Roman, at mercy of Rome, 150

INDEX 241

preservation of non-Roman in submission funerary art, 174–176 scenes, 208n.19 freedmen’s, 14 Roman, 161–162, 162 (See also familia) public audience of, 190 Family in Ancient Rome, The (Rawson), 10 funus imperatorum, 203n.26 fasces, 90 father-child groups Gaius Caesar, 144, 147, 148, 217n.11, 218n.18, pairs, in offering scenes, 164–165 218n.20, 221–222n.17 suppliant non-Roman, 92, 94, 96, 98, Galba, 198n.28, 199n.36 100 restituta coinage of, 38, 39, 40 Fathers and Daughters in Roman Society (Hallett), games. See also ludi saeculares 10 children’s, 66–70, 172, 173 fathers, Roman, 162. See also paterfamilias public, Roman children at, 156, 162 Faustina the Elder, 46, 169 gardens, as public space, 189 Faustina the Younger, 45, 46, 168 Gardner, Jane, 10 fecunditas coin motif, 201n.54 Gaul Felicitas, 32 pacified by Augustus, 153 felicitas temporum coin motif, 201n.54 Romanization of, 6 fercula, 70, 114 Gazda, Elaine K., on the Villa of the Mysteries, Ferris, Iain, 193n.15 223n.28 fetus, 28 Gellius, Aulus, 205n.68 fig tree, in Roman Forum (ficus Ruminalis), 77, Gemma Augustea, 210n.46 207n.12, 207n.16 gender fillet, 71 ambiguities in depictions of, 27–28 Florescu, F. B., 121, 128, 215n.28 costume as marker of, 196n.59 footwear, 196n.59 inequities in, and definitions of childhood, absence of, 218n.20 26 mulleus, 29 Genius Populi Romani, 56 forgetting, 2. See also memory; remembrance Genius Senatus, 56 Forum, Roman, 77, 79 genre/decorative scenes, children in, 183–188, Foss, Clive, 199n.36 189 on Augustan submission coin, 88 Germania, personification of, 208n.9 on coins as propaganda, 18–19, 40 Germanicus, 144, 145 on Hadrianic adlocutio coin, 55 gestures Foucault, Michel, on definition of childhood, of acceptance of submission, 100 24–25 of adults offering children, 46, 88, 89, 90, 91, Frascati sarcophagus, 209n.26 94, 98, 100, 106–107, 162, 164–165, freedmen, 196n.58 220n.14 children of, and the bulla, 196n.60 backward glance, 121, 122, 133, 134, 151, frequency of depiction, of Roman vs. 155 non-Roman children, 166, 221n.16 child offering father, in Via di Pietra panel, Frere, Sheppard, 61 100 on ambiguity of Trajan’s Column cities, 63 of children connecting parents in funerary on Decebalus’ sister, 90 reliefs, 176 on patronage, 18 of children on Domitian’s ludi saeculares coins, on submission scenes on Trajan’s Column, 67 91, 93–94 of children receiving largesse, 34, 36, Fronto, on his grandson, 192n.3 37 funerals as coherent language, 22–23 attendance of young men at, 203n.26 connecting adults to children, 42 of Augustus, 203n.26 cradling drapery to receive largesse, 34, 39, Handrian’s oration for Plotina, 59 45, 48, 51 presence of children at, 74 drapery pocket to receive, 197n.3

242 INDEX

gestures (cont.) liberalitas coinage of, 39, 39 of emperor acknowledging submission, 88, piety towards deified Trajan, 82 90 portrait from Hieraptyna, 197n.65 fugitive, of non-Roman children, 98 restituta coins, 39, 39–40, 40 grasping by ear, 47, 201n.57 Hadrian and the City of Rome (Boatwright), 76 hand-on-head, 199n.39, 215n.37, 218n.23 hair, 195n.57 of indifference to suppliants, 92–93, 94, 95, of Avita, on funerary relief, 175 98, 99, 107–108 of camillae, 27 of largesse, 33–34, 35–36, 37, 38, 42, 49 of captive child, 112 of non-Romans in battle scenes, 121 of Dacian child, 214n.12 of observers in sacrifice scene XCI, Trajan’s female Roman, 29 Column, 64–65 of girl on north frieze of Ara Pacis, 143 in procession scenes on Trajan’s Column, 71 men’s and boys’, in Trajan’s Column sacrifice reading from document, 58, 78, 92, 99, 175, scenes, 62 209n.37 of non-Roman child on Ara Pacis, 146, and rhetorical training, 22 151 of submission, 85, 90, 91–92, 100, 104, 122, non-Roman, general characteristics, 29 132, 141, 152, 155, 207n.3 of non-Romans, on Boscoreale cup, 89 symbolic of status, 21–22 non-Roman women, 63–64, 90 waving, 209n.25 of non-Roman women, 215n.34 Geta, 221–222n.17 of officiant child at Villa of the Mysteries, gladiators, 117, 119 185 in processions, 70 in portraits at House of the Vetii, 180 glance, backward, 121, 122 of Roman boys, 29 Gnecchi, F., 68–69 of Roman child in Arco di Portogallo relief, Golden, Mark, 193n.12 56 grain, stalks of, on Trajanic alimenta coins, 37 Roman men’s, in procession scenes Grand Cameo of France, 210n.46, 214n.25 LXXXIII-LXXXIV, Trajan’s Column, 71 Grand Style vs. epic-documentary reliefs, Roman vs. non-Roman, 29, 30 206n.6 Roman women’s, in Trajan’s Column sacrifice Grania Faustina, funeral altar for, 176 scenes, 62, 63–64 Greece, classical, depictions of children from, seizing by, 126, 130, 139, 167 12–13 Hallett, Judith, 10 Gregory, Andrew P., 9 Hamberg, Per Gustav, 35, 40–41, 197n.5, on markers in individual images, 21 197n.12 on orientation towards symbols, 194n.24 Hammond, Mason on political images, 19 on Anaglypha Traiani/Hadriani, 78, 79, 80, on visual propaganda, 17 81, 206n.8 on Zanker’s definition of visual imagery, on deified emperors on coins, 206n.3 194n.23 hand-on-head gesture, 199n.39, 218n.23 Gruen, Erich S., 193–194n.16 hands. See also manus guardianship, and gender differences of wards, bound, 84, 87, 96, 126, 134, 137, 139, 26–27 208n.7, 215n.41 enlarged, as sign of generosity, 37, 198n.20 Hadrian extended, of emperor acknowledging accessibility of, 200n.45 submission, 88 adlocutio coinage of, 54–55 palm up, in submission, 85, 91, 94, 98, 100 adlocutio coins, 54–55 shaking, with emperor (dextrarum iunctio), 85, on Arch of Trajan at Beneventum, 201n.47 207–208n.6 in Arco di Portogallo relief, 56–60 Hands, A. R., 34, 43 childless, 168 Hannestad, Niels, 20, 58, 130, 203n.22 funeral oration for Plotina, 59 Hatcher, Evelyn Payne, 16

INDEX 243

Haverfield, Francis, 3, 159 Imagined Communities (Anderson), 2–3 height-age ratio, 217n.9 imperial triumphs, 110–119 Helbig, Wolfgang, 45, 46 imperium, 93, 198n.20 Hellenistic depictions of children, 12–13 benevolent, 212n.59 Henzen, W., 79 and enlarged hand of emperor, Herod the Great, 105 198n.20 heroic nudity, 172 indifference, Roman, to non-Romans’ gestures, Héron de Villefosse, A., 152, 210n.48 92–93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 107–108, 155, hierarchy of scale, 195n.56, 210n.47 208–209n.22, 219n.18, 219n.40 in submission scenes, 85, 87, 88, 91, 99, 104, indifference, Roman, towards non-Romans’ 208n.7, 210n.49 gestures, 153–154 Hill, Philip V., 18 infames, 117, 118, 151 himation, 184 intention, artistic, 19–20 Hingley, Richard, 3–4, 191n.5 of domestic child portraiture, 190 Historia Augusta, 199n.42 Italia, personified, 79, 80, 143, 162 History of Sexuality, The (Foucault), 24–25 on alimenta coins, 37, 43 Holliday, Peter J., 193–194n.16, 212n.1 on Trajanic restituta coins, 37–38 Horace (Q. Horatius Flaccus), 17 ius liberorum, Augustus’, 202n.69 Carmen Saeculare, 68 horse, see equestrian figures Jashemski, Wilhelmina, 178, 181, 188 House of Camillus, Pompeii, sculpture of boy Josephus, Flavius, 105, 213n.12 with rabbit, 188 Juba II, 110 House of Julia Felix, Pompeii, terracotta niche Julia Domna, 205n.68 sculptures at, 188 Julia Minor, 144, 145 House of M. Lucretius Fronto, Pompeii, tondo Julian Laws, 14, 26, 51 portraits in, 179, 179, 180 Julia, wife of Agrippa, 144, 145 House of Puer Successus, Pompeii, 177–179 Julio-Claudian frieze fragment, 111, 111–112, marble sculpture of boy, 222n.17 114, 149, 164, 167, 212–213n.4 House of Sextus Pompeius Axiochus, Pompeii, Julius Antonius, 144 terracotta sculpture of boy at, 188 Julius Caesar House of the Gilded Cupids, Pompeii, herm deified, altar of, in Trajan’s Column sacrifice portrait of boy, 181, 182 scene XCI, 64 House of the Labyrinth, Pompeii, cockfight family values of, 14, 51 mosaic, 186, 186–188 intoduces goddess Pax, 219n.33 House of the Small Fountain, Pompeii, North African triumph, 110 fisherboy sculpture at, 188 and origin of decennalia, 68 House of the Vetii, Pompeii, child portraits at, on presence of children at adlocutiones and 180–181 adventus, 73–74 hunting, 172 temple of, see Temple of Divus Julius Huskinson, Janet, 171, 172, 173, 192n.4, Juvenal, on the pompa of the ludi, 205n.67 223n.32 juventus, at Pompeii, 223n.27

“Iconography of Childhood, The” (Rawson), Kampen, Natalie 15 on the “conquered family” motif, 214n.25 identity, Roman, 3–8, 155. See also Romanitas; on patronage of public art, 20 Romanization on women’s images in Roman art, 165 deﬁned by depiction of non-Roman other, kerchiefs, 64 158 Kleiner, Diana E. E., 14 narrative of, 2 on the Anaglypha Traiani/Hadriani, 82 and ofﬁcial art, 17–18 on Arch of Constantine adlocutio, 60 ideology and republican imagery, on the Arch of Trajan at Beneventum, 44 193–194n.16 on Arco di Portogallo, 193n.5, 202n.13

244 INDEX

Kleiner, Diana E. E. (cont.) leggings, 29, 30, 87, 95, 96, 98, 112, 125, 127, on the Arco di Portogallo relief panel, 130, 134, 138 56–57, 58 legislation Augustan, on family, 169 (See also compares Trajan’s Column and Column of Julian Laws; Papian-Poppeian Law) Marcus Aurelius, 129–130 defining male maturity, 194n.31 on frontality, 201n.59 pro-family, Augustus’ (See also ius liberorum) on gender ambiguities in depiction of child, legitimacy 27 and parent’s social status, 166 on hierarchy of scale, 31 status of child’s, recorded at alimentary on imperial largesse scenes, 197n.4 distributions, 163 on Mantua sarcophagus, 95 Lehmann-Hartleben, Karl, 202n.2, 204n.35 on patronage, 18, 20 Lepper, Frank, and Sheppard Frere, 18, 61, 63, Kleiner, Fred S. 90, 91, 93–94 on the Arco di Portogallo adlocutio, 58 Lewis, Naphtali, 204n.59 knee, bent, 67, 85, 89, 91, 96, 98, 113 Lex Plaetoria, 194n.31 Koeppel, Gerhard M., 197n.12, 206n.6 Lex Villia annalis, 194n.31 koinon, 8 Liber, 207n.16 Kuttner, Ann, 37 liberalitas, 197n.12 on adlocutio panel from Anaglypha coinage, 35, 36, 39, 39, 46, 55, 78, 198n.30 Traiani/Hadriani, 207n.14 as motif, vs. alimenta, 200n.45 on the Anaglypha Traiani/Hadriani Liberalitas, personified, 35, 36, 45, 201n.46 adlocutio/alimenta panel, 78 liberi, 28 on the Ara Pacis, 142, 152, 220n.4 Libertas, personified, 198n.28 on barbarian and his child as symbols of on restituta coins, 40 beaten enemy, 118 lictors, 62, 78, 80 on the Boscoreale cup, 88–89, 90, 104–105, Life of Aemilius Paulus (Plutarch), 110 152, 159, 212n.59, 220n.4 Life of Sertorius (Plutarch), 211n.53 on the Julio-Claudian frieze fragment, liminal children, 196n.63 212–213n.4 Lintott, Andrew, 7, 192n.16 on Julio-Claudian triumphal frieze fragment, Livia Augusta, 146, 151, 165 111 Livy (Titus Livius) on the Ludovisi sarcophagus, 104–105 on congiarium of Scipio and Cethegus, 34 on Romanization, 160 on education of foreign princes at Rome, 5, on triumphs, 110 6 on propitiatory procession of 207 B.C., 68 Laberius Maximus, 90, 208n.15 Locke, John, on definition of childhood, 24 ladder, in congiarium coins, 35, 36 Los Angeles County Museum of Art language sarcophagus, 102–103, 103 of empire and largesse, 44–45 Lucilla, daughter of Faustina the Younger, 45 imperial, visual, 156 Lucius Caesar, 144, 148, 218n.18, 218n.20, of largesse, 47 221n.17 of Romanitas, 155 ludi decennales, 68–69 of submission, 94 ludi saeculares largesse children at, 66–68 coinage showing scenes of, 35, 35–41, 36, coins commemorating, 221n.16 37, 39, 46, 46–47, 47 commemorative coinage, 204n.50 need-blind, 197n.9 Ludovisi sarcophagus, 103, 104–105, 153 Roman children receiving, 72, 159, 162 lusus Troiae, 69 scenes of, 1, 41–45, 45, 45–47, 47–50, 48, 49, 50–52 Macrinus, 221n.17 women largely absent from scenes of, 162 Macrobius, on freedmen wearing toga praetexta, largitio, 198n.30 29

INDEX 245

maenads, 149 mythological children, 30–31, 196n.63, Maiuri, Amedeo, 177–178, 183, 184, 185, 218n.19 223n.27 manes, 14 narrative, and memory, 2–3 Manson, Michel, 13 nation formation, 2–3, 191n.4 Mantua sarcophagus, 95, 152–153, 167 “nation-Thing,” 4, 5, 6, 158 manumission, 196n.58 Natural History (Pliny), 26 manus, 166 Nebentriclinium mosaic, House of the Labyrinth, Marcella Maior, 144 186, 186–188 Marciana, 62 negotium, 165 Marcus Aurelius Néraudau, Jean-Pierre, 192n.4 adlocutio panel of, 58 Nero Column of, see Column of Marcus Aurelius congiarium coins of, 35, 35–36 commemorative coinage of, 46 in scenes of largesse, 42 congiarium scene on Arch of Constantine, Nerva 201n.60 alimentary programs, 199n.42 and Faustina’s fertility, 168 childless, 168 on his daughter, 192n.3 congiarium coins, 36, 36 relief panels from Arch of Constantine, restituta coinage of, 38, 39 47–49, 48, 50, 98–99, 99, 100, 209n.37, in scenes of largesse, 42 219n.40 Nonius Pius, C., funerary relief of, 176, relie panels from Arch of Constantine, 178–179 162 non-Roman adults. See also non-Roman women marital status, and childhood of Roman girls, associated with female, 140, 149, 157 27 diminutive, 197n.65 (See also hierarchy of Marriage, Divorce, and Children in Ancient Rome scale) (Rawson), 10 men in sacrifice scene XCI, Trajan’s Column, Mars Ultor, 213n.7 64 Marsyas, statue of, in Roman Forum, 77, 82, political impotence of, 141 207n.12, 207n.16 receiving distribution, 197n.3 Massinissa, education of, 5 non-Roman children material culture, and Romanitas, 8 on Ara Pacis, 146–155, 210–211n.52 Matheson, Susan B., 27 on Arch of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna, Matidia, 62 1, 115–116, 220n.1 Mattingly, H., 38 associated with women, 65, 162, 164, 166, McCormick, Michael, 109 218n.25 Medea, children of, 31 in battle scenes, 120–121, 130–135 memory, official, and official art, 20–21. See also captive, 157 forgetting; remembrance on Column of Marcus Aurelius, 96–98, message, of work of art, 19, 20 220n.1 Messalina, 62 dead, 123, 124, 139 Metellus, Q., 51 as display, 111, 118, 140, 157 Millett, Martin, 159–160 educated at Rome, 5, 6, 105–106, Minerva, 35, 36 210–211n.53, 220n.4 Mommsen, Theodor, 3, 67 in family groups, 84, 91–92, 98, 162 mosaic cockfight scene, House of the fugitive, 98, 125, 157, 164 Labyrinth, 186, 186–188 as future of their ethnos, 84, 110–111 mother-child pairs, non-Roman, 137–138 as future slaves, 157 on Column of Marcus Aurelius, 130–135 as hostages, 106, 126, 139, 211n.53 on Via Tiburtina sarcophagus, 136, 137 images on cuirasses, 216n.46 mulleus, 29 limited in control of own bodies, in triumph music, personification of, 184 scenes, 117

246 INDEX

non-Roman children (cont.) of dead child in battle scene XXXVIII of naked, 94, 122, 138 Trajan’s Column, 123 offered to emperor, 88, 88 exposed breast of non-Roman women, 130, in paternalistic relationship with emperor, 132, 154, 170, 213n.11 157 exposed shoulder and legs, of boy on south as prisoners of war, 84 frieze of Ara Pacis, 148 restricted to scenes of submission, triumph, of feet, 218n.20 and battle, 72 heroic, of child on Via Collatina as spolia, 84, 110, 120, 121, 140 sarcophagus, 138 as stock characters in sculpture, 113–114 of marble boy at House of Puer Successus, in submission scenes, 88, 89, 90, 94–96, 222n.17 96–98, 101, 157 of mythological children, 218n.19 symbolic of impotent other, 84 of non-Roman children’s buttocks, 89, 147, as symbols of impotent other, 118 151, 152, 154 on Trajan’s Column, 61, 64–66 partial, as sign of foreigner, 148 in triumphal scenes, 112–113, 121 partial, of captives on Sarcophagus of as trophy, 151 Helena, 215n.41 as unwilling actors, 140 partial, of fisherboy at House of the Small vs. diminutive non-Roman adults, 195n.56 Fountain, 188 as witnesses of violence, 120, 121, 126, 131, partial, of woman offering child on Uffizi 134, 135, 141 sarcophagus, 94 non-Roman women of Puer Successus, Pompeii, 178, 178 captive, in metope LIV of Tropaeum Traiani, of Roman matrons in funerary art, 163–164 128 undraped non-Roman women, 94, 95, 101, as display, 111 134, 135, 136, 140, 154 with exposed breast, 130, 132, 140, 213n.11 to waist, of Genius Populi Romani, in Arco di fugitive, in scene XX of Column of Marcus Portogallo relief, 56 Aurelius, 130 numismatic images, see coins hairstyles, 63–64, 90, 215n.34 on Los Angeles County Museum of Art Oliver, James H., 7–8, 192n.16 sarcophagus, 102 Otho, emperor, 19 offering children, 220n.14 partially undraped, 94, 95, 101, 134, 135, paenula, 80, 199n.40 136, 140, 154 paenulati, 60, 79. See also plebeians sexualization of, 140, 157, 170, 213n.11 relationship to togati analogous to in submission scenes, 90–91, 98 Roman/non-Roman dichotomy, 158 in triumph scenes, 112, 116 paintings, triumphal, 212n.1 on Uffizi sarcophagus, 94 palla, 62, 72 visibility in depictions of non-Roman family, paludamenta, 90, 93, 94, 98, 101, 103, 104 162 Panegyricus (Pliny the Younger), 10–11, nuces castellatae, 173 157 nudity Papian-Poppeian Law, 14, 26, 51 bare-chested non-Roman men, 96, 170 parents, on children’s sarcophagi, 173, 174 of boy in Villa of the Mysteries education Parkin, Tim, 202n.69 scene, 184–185 Parthenon frieze procession, 12, 60, 213n.7 of boy with dolphin, House of L. Caecilius patera, 64 Capella, 187, 188 paterfamilias, 189 of child offered by non-Roman mother, 94 appoints guardian for daughter, 27 of children in funerary art, 172, 175, 176, emperor as, towards conquered non-Romans, 178 107 of children on Tropaeum Traiani, 122, and puer, 25, 28 128 Patrae, 62

INDEX 247

patria potestas, 107, 163, 211–212n.57, Polybius, on state funerals, 203n.26 211nn.54–55 pomegranate, 176, 178 Patriarchy, Property, and Death in the Roman Family pompa, 68 (Saller), 10 of ludi, 70, 205n.67 patronage, 20 triumphalis, 110, 203n.26 and alimenta, 43 Pompeianus, 98 Paul, on age of Roman girls’ marriage, 195n.41 Pompeii, child portraits from, 177–189, Pax, personified, 149, 150, 219nn.33–34 223n.27 pedum, 184 Pomponius Dionysius, M., 192n.3 Penates, 150 pontifices, and processions, 68 peregrines, costume of, 29 Pontus, kingdom of, 218–219n.27 Perseus, Aemilius Paulus’ capture of, 110, portraits, domestic, 177–183 208n.7 posteritas, 28 petasos, 179 post-Severan succession, 169–170 Petersen, E., 22 posture, 195n.57 pets, in funerary art, 173, 175 of audience, on adlocutio coins, 54–55 Philip I (the Arab), 204n.59 of children on ludi saeculares coin, 67 celebrates ludi saeculares, 66 contrapposto, emperor’s, in adlocutio scenes, 54, Phraates 56, 58, 78, 80 accompanied to Rome by wives, 106 distance between emperor and non-Romans, sons educated at Rome, 210n.53 108 pietas, 107 dragging children, 125, 214n.18 Pietas, personified, 32 of figures on Antonine decennalia medallion, pigeon, in child portrait, 178 68–69 pileus, 92 fleeing, 125–126, 126 pinakes, 184 frontal, 49, 50, 60, 101, 111, 115, 155, plebeians, 60 201n.59 and the tunic, 42 as marker of child’s function, 21 Plecket, H. W., 23 mounted, see equestrian figures Pliny the Elder, on size of children, 26 of observers at sacrifice, 62 Pliny the Younger and processional patterns, 113–114 Panegyricus, 10–11, 157 of recipients of imperial largesse, 35, 36, 37 on registration at alimentary distributions, of suppliants, 85 163 princeps iuventutis, 221n.17 on restoration of freedom of speech, 200n.45 princes, foreign, educated at Rome, 5, 6 on Trajan’s congiaria, 52 processions. See also adventus; triumphs on Trajan’s congiaria, 34 on Ara Pacis, 142 Plotina, 59 ludi, 67, 69, 69–70 Plutarch on Parthenon frieze, 12, 60 on Aemilius Paulus’ triumph, 110 propitiatory, of 207 B.C., 68 on captive children as slaves, 118 relative sizes of persons depicted in, 20 on education of foreign children, 211n.53 Roman children in, 156, 162 Poetovio, 62–63 triumphal distributions during, 34 Polemon, married to Dynamis, 218–219n.27, progenies, 28 219n.33 Pro Marcello (Cicero), 51 political imagery, 16–17 propaganda political stability, and child images, 169–170 coins as, 18–19 Politics (Aristotle), 25 pro-child, pro-family, 51 Pollini, John, 144 and triumphals, 117 on age-height ratio, 217n.9 and triumphs, 109, 110, 213n.12 on Ara Pacis, 26, 148, 150–151 visual, 17 Pollitt, J. J., 12–13, 13 propago, 28

248 INDEX

Proserpina, 45 depicted with fathers, 218n.25 proskynesis, 85 different sizes representative of all, 50 prostitutes, 117, 119 elite’s concern for, 15, 40, 41, 52, 73 providentia, 199n.35 emblematic of family, in funerary art, 176 provinciales, 66 in family contexts, 161–162 puberty, 26 female, 27, 46, 47, 62, 64 nation-formation likened to, 2–3 imperial, 143–146, 197n.1 public gatherings, 53–75 legal status of, 193n.5 Roman children at, 156 literature on, 9–12, 13–22 women largely absent from scenes of, 162 naming conventions, 195n.39 public/private dichotomy in home space, in processions, 67–68, 69–70, 156, 162, ii 189–190 at public games, 67, 156, 162 puellae Faustinianae, 46–49, 75, 162, 169 receiving largesse, 1, 34, 35, 35–36, 36, puella/puera, 28 36–37, 37, 41–45, 80, 159 puer recitation contests, 180 relative to paterfamilias, 25, 28 at sacriﬁces, 61–66, 156, 162, 202n.1 senex, 25 sarcophagi of, 171, 172–174, 173, 174 puer Successus, Pompeii, 178, 178, 222n.17 in scenes of public gatherings, 53, 156 putti, 13, 30–31, 184, 196n.63 socialization of, 73, 74 (See also adlocutiones; processions; sacriﬁces) Quintilian on education, 25 and stability of imperial government, 74–75 submissive gestures rare from, 207n.3 rabbit, sculpture of boy with, at House of symbolic of investment in Rome’s future, 34, Camillus, 188 38, 40, 41, 51, 52, 56, 82–83, 117–118, Ravenna, 62 157, 188 Rawson, Beryl, 10, 11–12, 171 and the Vestal Virgins, 205n.68 on children’s visibility and Roman ideology, Roman Children’s Sarcophagi (Huskinson), 171, 15 172 on coin motifs commemorating women, Roman Family in Italy, The (Rawson and Weaver), 201n.54 10 on House of Fronto child portraits, 179–180 Roman Family, the: Status, Sentiment, and Space on the Villa Albani reliefs, 45 (Rawson and Weaver), 15 reason, age of, and childhood, 24 Roman Household, The (Gardner and recitation contests, 222n.20 Wiedemann), 10 Reinhold, Meyer, 204n.59 Romanitas, 1, 16, 33, 154, 155, 156, 159, 161. rejection of suppliants, 92–93, 98 See also Romanization remembrance, 2. See also forgetting; memory and material culture, 8 Renan, Ernest, 2, 7 performative, in images of children, 157 Res Gestae (Augustus), 18, 34, 106, 149, 163 Romanization, 3–8, 191n.5 restituta coins, 37, 37–39, 40, 51, 198n.28, costume signifying, 210n.48 199n.36 depicted in scene XCI, Trajan’s Column, 66 Hadrianic, 81 as less than benign process, 159–161 “restoration” motifs, 38, 41, 198n.28. See also non-benign aspects of, 108 restituta coins of non-Roman children, 157 rhetoric, 192n.16 Roman Mother, The (Dixon), 10 rhetorical Romanus, 195–196n.57 training in, and gesture, 22 Roman women ricinium, 143 in Anaglypha Traiani/Hadriani Roman children adlocutio/alimenta panel, 78 at adlocutiones, 55–56, 56–57, 60, 156, on Hadrianic restituta coins, 39 162 hairstyles, 62, 63–64, 203n.35 age of girls’ marriage, 195n.41 in imperial largesse scenes, 37, 38

INDEX 249

limited rights of, 220n.8 sarcophagi on Marcus Aurelius panel from Arch of battle scenes on, 130, 167 Constantine, 48, 162 Camposanto, 95–96, 96, 152–153 marginalized in scenes of sacrifice, 75 children’s, 171, 172–174 mothers, eclipsing of by female divinities, Frascati, 209n.26 163–164 of Helena, 215–216n.41 on puellae Faustinianae coins, 46, 47 Los Angeles County Museum of Art, restricted political rights of, 163, 165 102–103, 103 on Trajan’s Column, 62, 63–64, 65 Ludovisi, 103, 104, 153 Roma, personified, 37, 38, 40, 143, 162, Mantua, 95, 152–153 198n.28 Uffizi, 94, 95, 152–153 rooster Vatican, 101–102, 102 in boy’s funerary relief, 175 Via Collatina, 137, 138–139, 167 in cockfight mosaic, House of the Labyrinth, Via Tiburtina, 135, 135–136 187 Vigna Amendola, 137–138 Rose, Charles Brian, 144, 148, 194n.21, Saturninus, tribune, 19 217n.11, 218–219n.27, 219n.37, 222n.17 Scaevola, Mucius, on Roman naming on Ara Pacis, 151–152 conventions, 195n.39 Rossi, Lino, 121–122 scepter, 78 rotulus, 80 Scipio, P. Cornelius, congiarium of, 34 Rüdiger, U., 76 scroll Ryberg, Inez Scott, 44 in child portraits at Casa del Cenacolo, on the Amiternum ludi procession relief, 179–180 69 of instructor of child actor, 184 on Antonine decannalia medallion, 68 scroll, speaker reading from, 58, 78, 92, 99, on city in Trajan’s Column scenes LXXXIII 175, 209n.37 and LXXXIV, 63 sella castrensis, 54, 85, 90, 208n.14 on imperial sacrifice scenes, 61 sella curulis,33, 35, 37, 39, 46, 49, 54, 77–78, 81, on the Julio-Claudian frieze fragment, 85, 197n.2, 201n.60 212–213n.4 Septimius Severus on Marcus Aurelius submission panel, Arch arches of, see Arch of Septimius Severus at of Constantine, 209n.37 Lepcis Magna; Arch of Septimius Severus, on mixed ethnicity of observers in Trajan’s Rome Column sacrifice scene XCI, 64 celebrates ludi saeculares, 66, 221n.16 on scenes of parents offering children, Sertorius, 211n.53 100 servi, 28. See also slaves on towns of Trajan’s Column, 204n.39 Settis, S., 61, 66, 91 sexual ethics, and definition of childhood, Sabina, 62 24–25 apotheosis of, 203n.22 shameful, the, 117 hairstyle of, on sestertius, 203n.35 Sherwin-White, A. N., 195–196n.57 Sabina, empress, 56, 58 shoes, 58 lack of, 215–216n.41 (See also bare sacrifices feet) Roman children at, 156, 162, 202n.1 shoulders, undraped, of non-Roman women, scenes on Trajan’s Column, 61–66, 94, 95, 101, 134, 135, 136, 140, 154 158 shoulders, undraped, of non-Roman women, Saecular Games, see ludi saeculares 154 Saecular Hymn (carmen saeculare), 67 Sibylline Books, 68 of Horace, 68 signa, 96 Saller, Richard, 10, 107, 211n.55, 212n.57 Simon, Erika, 149–150 Salona, 62 singing, personification of, 184 sandals, 29 Sirmium, 62

250 INDEX

size, relative, of persons depicted, 20 succession, imperial, 74–75, 168 as determinant of childhood, 30 Hadrian’s, legitimated in depiction on Arch different, of Roman children, to represent all, of Trajan at Beneventum, 201n.47 50 post-Severan, 169–170 hierarchy of, on Trajanic alimenta coins, 37 Suetonius and social importance, 31 on Augustus’ largesse, 163 slaves, 28 on education of foreign princes at Rome, 105 children, 29, 31 on extension of congiaria, 51 future of non-Roman children as, 157 suffimenta, 67 and hierarchy of scale, 210n.47 Sulla, Faustus Cornelius, submission scene on Smith, R. R. R., 219n.29 coin of, 85 socialization, of non–Romans, see Romanization Sulpicius Maximus, tomb of, 180, 222n.20 of Roman children, 73, 74 (See also suppliants, posture of, 85. See also submission: adlocutiones; processions; sacrifices) scenes of soldier, Roman, as intermediary between supplicatio, 153 emperors and suppliants, 153 Sutherland,C. H. V., 18 sportula, 80 Sydenham, E. A., 38 status audience divided by,in sacrifice scene XCI, tabbing, sculptural, 213n.7 Trajan’s Column, 65–66 Tablet of Veleia, 163 of children on alimentary programs, on tablina, 189 Tablet of Veleia, 163 Tacitus costume as marker of, 21 on Calcalgus and Romanitas, 6–7 crowd organized by, in Anaglypha on children at Neronian adventus, 74 Traiani/Hadriani adlocutio/alimenta panel, 80 on non-Roman child hostages, 211n.53 ethnopolitical, of child, and artistic context, on the Vestals, 205n.68 156 tarabostes, 92, 208n.21 gestures symbolic of, 21–22 Tarracina alimenta relief, 199n.35 non-Roman children’s, 157 Tarrying with the Negative (Zizek), 4–5 non-Roman women’s lower, 140 tavola agonistica, 69 physical markers of, 29 Tellus, personified, 143, 150 Stewart, Andrew, 12 Temple of Apollo at Bassae, battle relief from, stirps, 28 193n.8 stola, 41, 47, 62, 72, 144, 205n.70 Temple of Apollo, Rome, 67, 68 Strabo Temple of Divus Julius, 54, 59, 78, 80, 202n.8 on non-Roman child hostages, 211n.53 Temple of Isis, Pompeii, child officiant portrait, on Phraates’ wives, 106 185 Strack, P. L., 38, 39, 40, 54, 58–60, 81, 203n.25 Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, 67, Stucchi, S., 62 205n.68 submission Terra Mater, personified, 143, 150 Boscoreale cup scene, 88, 88–90, 89 theater, Roman and education at Rome, 211n.53 gesture in, 22 gestures of, see gestures: of submission status of actors in, see actors increasingly violent depictions of, 167 thumb, and good will, 209n.25 non-Roman father-son groups, 92, 94, 96, Tiberius, 90 98, 100 Titius, Sextus, 19 panel from Arch of Marcus Aurelius, 85, 86, Titus, deified, altar of, in Trajan’s Column 86 sacrifice scene, 64 sarcophagus scenes, 94–96 toga, 30, 47, 56, 64, 67, 71, 143, 195n.55, scenes of, 90–91, 90–94, 94–96, 96–98, 211n.53 100–102, 100–103, 101, 102, 162, 164, praetexta, 29, 196n.59 210n.49 pura, 29, 196n.59 threat of violence implict in, 107 virilis, 23, 25, 26

INDEX 251

worn by girls, 195n.43 tunic, 29, 30, 42, 47, 61, 62, 64, 89, 95, 96, 98, worn by male children on Arch of Trajan, 41 112, 115, 125, 127, 130, 134, 138, 146, togati/paenulati dichotomy, analogous to 148, 151, 196n.59 Roman/non-Roman contrast, 158 turtle, in boy’s funerary relief, 175 Tomb of Augustus, 122 Tomb of Sulpicius Maximus, 180 Uffizi sarcophagus, 94, 95, 152–153, 167 tondo portraits urbanism, under Roman rule, 8 Casa del Cenacolo, 179–180 Use of Pleasure, The (Foucault), 24–25 House of Fronto, 179, 179, 180 Torelli, Mario, 44, 76, 80–81, 142, Varro, on Roman naming conventions, 195n.39 206–207n.12, 207n.16 Vatican sarcophagus, 100–102, 102, 167 torque, 30, 146, 147, 148, 152, 196n.61, Venus 218n.15, 219n.39 Genetrix, 32, 163–164 Torre del Campanero, 76 vs. Aphrodite, 220n.13 Toynbee, Jocelyn M. C., 29–30, 196n.62, Verus, Lucius, 46, 56, 208n.22 218n.16 Vespasian Trajan altar to deified, in Trajan’s Column sacrifice accessibility of, 200n.45 scene XCI, 64 adlocutio coinage, 54 restores Temple of Jupiter Optimus alimenta coinage, 36, 36–37, 37, 169 Maximus, 205n.68 alimentary programs questioned, 199n.42 triumph, 213n.12 childless, 168 Vestal Virgins, 205n.68 Column of, see Column of Trajan Vesuvius, Plinian eruption of, 177 congiaria of, 11, 81 vexilla, 86, 95, 96, 98, 103, 104 Dacian triumph, 44 Via Collatina sarcophagus, 137, 138–139, deified, 80, 82, 83 167 enlarged hand, 198n.20 Via di Pietra panel, Antonine, 100, 101 in largesse scene on arch at Beneventum, 42 Via Tibutina sarcophagus, 136, 136–137 as officiant in sacrifice scene LXXXVI, Victory, personified, 94, 95, 101 Trajan’s Column, 62 Vigna Amendola sarcophagus, 137–138, 173 as officiant in Trajan’s Column sacrifice scene Villa Albani reliefs, 45, 45–49, 162 XCI, 63–66 Villa of Poppeia, Oplontis, boys’ portrait heads as patron, 18 from, 181, 181–182, 182, 182–183, 185 providentia commemorated, 199n.35 Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, 184–185, restituta coins of, 37, 37–38, 39 223n.28 shown receiving submission of captive, 87 Villa Poppeia, Oplontis similarity of Anaglypha and coinage motifs, boys’ portait heads from, 223n.23 78 violence, increasing, in later imperial art, triclinia, 189 167–168 Trieste, 62 Virtus, personified, 95 triumphal paintings, 212n.1 visual imagery, social functions of, 16–17 triumphs, 109–119 vitae necisque potestas, 211n.534. See also patria Dacian, Trajan’s, 44 potestas distributions to public during processions, 34 imperial, 212n.3 Walker, Susan, 175 Tropaeum Traiani, 120, 121, 139, 214n.7 War, Women, and Children in Ancient Rome (Evans), Florescu’s arrangement of metopes, 215n.28 10 metope LIV, 128, 129 Weaver, P. R. C., 10 metope XL, 124, 125, 127, 128, 139 Weinstock, Stefan, 150 metope XLI, 127, 128 “What Is a Nation?” (Renan), 2 metope XLII, 127, 128, 128 Wiedemann, Thomas E. J., 10, 25, 193n.5 metope XLIII, 122, 123, 127, 128, 217n.48 Withee, Diana, and Thera fresco fragments, Troy Game (lusus Troiae), 69 26

252 INDEX

women wreaths, on boys in domestic portraits, 179, mythological, in scenes of largesse, 58 180 non-Roman, see non-Roman women Roman, see Roman women Yavetz, Zvi, 51 wealth of, and emergence into public space, Younger, John, 213n.7 74–75 Woolf, Gregory Zanker, Paul, 16–17, 22, 88, 99, 165, 194n.23, on alimenta, 42, 43, 199–200n.44, 213n.2, 215n.34, 220n.1 199n.43 Zara, 62 on patronage, 43 Ziˇzek,Slavoij,ˇ 4–5, 6, 158, 191n.5 on Romanitas and Romanization, 3–4, 6, 8, on belief in “nation-Thing,” 8 160, 161 Zonaras, 212nn.2–3 on Trajanic “subsistence allowance,” 36 Zosimus, 67, 68