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LA POLITIQUE DE DÉFENSE DU CANADA DEPUIS 2001 Sous Le Prisme De La Relation Ottawa-Washington

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LA POLITIQUE DE DÉFENSE DU CANADA DEPUIS 2001 Sous Le Prisme De La Relation Ottawa-Washington BANQUE DES MEMOIRES Master de Sciences Politiques Dirigé par Monsieur le Professeur Olivier Gohin 2017 LA POLITIQUE DE DÉFENSE DU CANADA DEPUIS 2001 Sous le prisme de la relation Ottawa-Washington Arthur SILHOL Sous la direction de Monsieur le Professeur Xavier Latour 1 UNIVERSITÉ PANTHÉON-ASSAS-PARIS II Droit – Économie - Sciences sociales Année universitaire 2016-2017 Master 2 Professionnel Sécurité et Défense LA POLITIQUE DE DÉFENSE DU CANADA DEPUIS 2001 Sous le prisme de la relation Ottawa-Washington Mémoire préparé sous la direction de Monsieur le Professeur Xavier LATOUR Présenté et soutenu publiquement pour l’obtention du Master 2 professionnel Sécurité et Défense par Arthur SILHOL JURY : Président : M. le Professeur Xavier LATOUR Assesseur : Mme. Pascale MARTIN-BIDOU 2 LA POLITIQUE DE DÉFENSE DU CANADA DEPUIS 2001 Sous le prisme de la relation Ottawa-Washington 3 Je souhaite remercier le Professeur Xavier Latour pour sa disponibilité, son soutien et son encadrement lors de la rédaction de ce mémoire. Je tiens également à remercier mes professeurs canadiens Alex McDougall et Norman Hillmer qui ont su, lors de mon année d’études à Ottawa, me transmettre leur passion pour la politique canadienne en matière de défense et de diplomatie. Je désire enfin remercier Monsieur le diplomate Tristan Landry, chef de la section politique à l’ambassade du Canada à Paris, qui a accepté de me recevoir et de m’apporter son éclairage extrêmement utile sur le sujet. L’université n’entend donner aucune approbation ni improbation aux opinions émises dans le mémoire ; ces opinions doivent être considérées comme propres à leurs auteurs. 4 TABLE DES ABBRÉVIATIONS AIEA : Agence internationale de l’énergie atomique ABM : Missile antimissile balistique AECG : Accord économique et commercial global ALENA : Accord de libre-échange nord-américain AMD (WMD) : Arme de destruction massive ANA : Armée nationale afghane ARC : Aviation royale du Canada BMD : Défense antimissile balistique CIA : Central Intelligence Agency CDS : Chef d’Etat-major des Armées COCOVINU : Commission de contrôle, de vérification et d’inspection des Nations-unies COIC : Commandement des opérations interarmées du Canada CPMD (JPBD) : Commission permanente mixte de défense Etats-Unis-Canada CSNU : Conseil de sécurité des Nations-Unies DEW : Distant Early Warning DHS : Department of Homeland Security EEI : Engin explosif improvisé E (N) DAN : Etat (non) doté de l’arme nucléaire EIPF (IBETS) : Equipe intégrée de la police des frontières ELTO : Equipes de liaison et de tutorat opérationnel EPR : Equipe provinciale de reconstruction FIAS (ISAF) : Force internationale de sécurité et d’assistance FOI2 (JTF-2): Deuxième force opérationnelle interarmée FBI : Federal Bureau of Investigation FC : Forces armées canadiennes FLQ : Front de libération du Québec GBMD : Global ballistic missile defence GCIA : Groupe-compagnie d’intervention dans l’Arctique GPALS : Global protection against limited strikes GRC : Gendarmerie royale du Canada ICBM : Missile balistique inter-continental IDS : Initiative de défense stratégique ITW/AA : Tactique intégrée de surveillance et d’évaluation de l’attaque MARV : Maneuvrable Re-entry vehicle MDN : Ministre de la défense nationale NAMSI : North American Maritime Security Initiative NMD : National Missile Defence NORAD : Commandement de la défense aérospatiale de l’Amérique du Nord NPD : Nouveau parti démocratique NPC : Nouveau parti conservateur NPEA : Navire de patrouille extracôtier de l’Arctique OMI : Organisation maritime internationale OMP : Opération de maintien de la paix OEI : Organisation Etat islamique ONU : Organisation des Nations-Unies OTAN : Organisation du traité de l’Atlantique Nord PAC : Plan d’assistance civile PDI (CDP): Plan de défense interallié SAN (NWS) : Système d’alerte du Nord SCRS (CSIS) : Service canadien du renseignement de sécurité SFT : Secteur de la force terrestre SLBM : Sea-launched ballistic missile UNCLOS : Convention des Nations unies sur le Droit de la Mer URSS : Union des Républiques socialistes soviétiques OUDO (WUDO) : Organisation de l’Union de défense de l’Ouest 5 SOMMAIRE Introduction générale TITRE I- LA CONVERGENCE DES INTÉRÊTS STRATÉGIQUES CANADIENS ET AMÉRICAINS CHAPITRE 1 – Vers une défense commune de l’Amérique du Nord CHAPITRE 2 – La coopération Canada- États-Unis en opérations extérieures TITRE II- LA RECHERCHE D’UNE POLITIQUE DE DÉFENSE INDÉPENDANTE CHAPITRE 1 – Le Canada d’abord, l’Amérique ensuite CHAPITRE 2 – Une approche des crises internationales contrastée Conclusion générale 6 INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE « This is not a battle between different faiths, different sects, or different civilizations. This is a battle between barabaric criminals who seek to obliterate human life, and decent people of all religions who seek to protect it. This is a battle between Good and Evil1 ». Ces mots, prononcés par Donald Trump lors de sa visite diplomatique en Arabie Saoudite le 21 mai dernier, incitent à dresser un parallèle significatif avec la posture de Georges Bush après les attentats du 11 septembre 2001. En effet, chaque président, à sa façon, a fait de la lutte contre le terrorisme une priorité nationale. Si le spectre de la menace terroriste a évolué depuis 9/11, il ne s’est pas dissipé. Au contraire, le contexte sécuritaire actuel tend à prouver que le terrorisme a gagné du terrain à l’échelle mondiale et continue de prospérer. Les politiques de sécurité et de défense établies depuis 2001 aux Etats-Unis et au Canada, mais aussi dans de nombreux autres pays, tendent à valider le postulat selon lequel la principale menace à la stabilité aujourd’hui demeure le terrorisme fondamentaliste religieux. Face à cette menace commune, certains experts de la défense canadiens comme E. Sloan et C. David se sont demandé comment s’est articulée et a évolué la coopération militaire entre le Canada et les Etats-Unis dans un nouveau contexte international. Il faut dire à cet égard que l’année 2001 fut une période charnière pour les relations Canada-États-Unis en matière de défense. Ce fut l’année de l’engagement des Forces armées Canadiennes (FC) au côté des Américains et des partenaires de l’Organisation du Traité de l’Atlantique Nord (OTAN) dans une guerre en Afghanistan contre le régime des Talibans. L’année 2001 fut également marquée par des attentats d’une ampleur sans précédent aux États-Unis. Le crash de quatre avions détournés par une mouvance terroriste nommée Al-Qaeda avait causé la mort de près de 3 000 personnes et frappé l’Amérique au cœur. La destruction d’une partie du Pentagone, haut lieu du commandement militaire américain et l’effondrement du World Trade Center, symbole du libéralisme économique tant haï par les responsables des attentats, dissipèrent l’aura d’invincibilité et d’invulnérabilité des Etats-Unis, vainqueurs de la Guerre Froide. Le choc d’une telle agression, au cœur du prétendu sanctuaire nord-américain, entrainerait une réponse idéologique sous la forme 1 Jennifer Calfas, « President Trump speaks out against Terror in Saoudi Arabia », Time Magazine, New York, 21 mai 2017 7 d’une « guerre contre le terrorisme2 » initiée par le président républicain George W. Bush. Aujourd’hui, cette dynamique d’une guerre du Bien contre le Mal semble cimenter à nouveau la stratégie anti-terroriste du 45e président américain et affecte inévitablement les relations Canada - Etats-Unis. En 2001, le monde entier fut témoin des attaques mais aucun Etat plus que le Canada ne ressentit aussi profondément les conséquences politiques et économiques des attentats sur leur allié historique. Les attaques entrainèrent rapidement une fermeture de l’espace aérien américain ainsi que le verrouillage pur et simple de la frontière entre les Etats-Unis et le Canada. Ce shutdown engendra une coûteuse paralysie des échanges entre les deux pays et favorisa un climat de paranoïa nuisible aux bonnes relations de voisinage. À plus long terme, la politique anti-terroriste interventionniste inaugurée par Bush allait conduire le Canada à accroitre sa coopération militaire avec Washington pour sécuriser l’Amérique du Nord et ainsi rassurer son principal partenaire économique. Cette volonté commune d’une sécurisation du continent se traduirait par des initiatives bilatérales, notamment via le North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD) ou multilatérales dans le cadre de l’OTAN ou de l’Organisation des Nations unies (ONU). Pour le Canada, la promesse de participer à la sécurisation de l’Amérique du Nord se cristalliserait par l’utilisation accrue des forces armées aussi bien sur le territoire national qu’en opérations extérieures, au côté des Etats- Unis. Les différents gouvernements canadiens qui se sont succédé depuis 2001 ont établi des politiques de défense distinctes avec des priorités différentes mais dont la substance est restée essentiellement la même: la protection des Canadiens, la coopération Canada- Etats-Unis en matière de défense et enfin la contribution à la paix et à la sécurité internationales3. Entre 2001 et 2017, le Canada a mené des centaines d’opérations militaires domestiques et internationales en partenariat avec les Etats-Unis dans le cadre de la lutte contre le terrorisme mais aussi face à des menaces plus conventionnelles ou encore sous le prisme des Nations-Unies ou d’alliances et de coalitions ad hoc. S’il est notable que le Canada a tenu et continue d’assister militairement les Etats-Unis au nom de la défense de leurs intérêts mutuels, il semble cependant difficile de parler d’un 2 Georges Bush, « State of
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