SEPTEMBER

22 IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin AUGUST 2011

dogged reformer, President Rousseff’s on August 24th Rousseff reportedly Brazil: Dilma’s disapproval rate has doubled to 25% pledged not to fire any more ministers. since her inauguration in January, Even if she can hold her coalition dilemma and the overall approval rate for her together, Dilma’s honeymoon is over, government recently slipped below and the attempt to fossick corruption the all-important 50% threshold. from government ranks is the reason. Sean Goforth Elder political voices are charging To fall from the frying pan into the Professor, Coastal Carolina University, her with being naïve, incompetent, coals, Brazil’s economy is overheating. United States or both. While this is normal fare in Inflation is at the outer band that the democratic politics, given Rousseff’s central bank has set for tolerable lack of previous political experience it price rises, and the government Looking back on the momentous erodes her authority more than other could easily fall into a serious budget gains chalked by Brazil’s former leaders in such positions. deficit should commodity prices fall. President Luiz Inácio ‘Lula’ da Silva, On a practical level, it is making her Curbing consumer credit, mitigating it is easy to fall into the habit of coalition harder to manage. inflows of hot money, and diversifying projecting forward based on past In August the Party of the Republic left Brazil’s economy away from iron ore trends. Unfortunately, this is specious Rousseff’s coalition. It’s a relatively and soybeans will require a sustained reasoning. Brazil’s momentum could insignificant party whose most commitment by Rousseff’s team of easily carry the country off the tracks. salient leader was the Transportation truly skilled technocrats. The hard and thankless task of Minister that Rousseff fired. But As domestic pressures mount, Brazil’s moving Brazil forward is frustrating murmurs are growing that if more foreign policy is losing thrust. Lula President Dilma Rousseff. officials are sent packing, the PMDB positioned Brazil as Latin America’s Rousseff’s troubles span both the – the largest partner of Rousseff’s superpower, a major financier of domestic and international arenas. Worker’s Party – will break with the African development projects, and At home, the fight against corruption President. The PMDB is widely seen an arbiter of Iran’s nuclear program. has become a pointed political issue. as a beneficiary of graft across Brazil. He also set the stage for expansion Last month Agriculture Minister First, though, erstwhile allies into a new frontier: Palestinian Wagner Rossi got sacked, the fourth retaliated by leaking reports of independence. In December 2010, one cabinet minister to be replaced by corruption among Rousseff’s inner month before Dilma took office, Lula Rousseff in 72 days. Below the level of circle. José Dias, a political consultant recognized the state of Palestine along cabinet chief, the trend is even more in Brasília, likens Rousseff’s actions to Israel’s pre-1967 borders, causing a unsettling: nearly 100 officials from hitting a “wasp’s nest”. In an interview snowball of such declarations across the agriculture, tourism, and defense with Reuters, he goes on to say: “This South America. Since then, Brazilian ministries have been either fired corruption sweep is snowballing out foreign policy has gotten mired in or arrested on corruption-related of control, it’s extremely dangerous. efforts to chastise Chinese and US charges under Rousseff’s watch. She’s already lost her legislative monetary policies. Yet Rousseff’s attempt to “clean up” agenda, and now she risks growing Presuming Brazil’s economy does not is backfiring.R ather than appearing a instability”. With her allies howling, come apart at the seams and Rousseff IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 2

is able to halt the slide in poll numbers, Sunlight is said to be the best CPLP is a source of information, her reform-oriented agenda may still disinfectant. Attacking corruption and also of cooperation, namely in fall victim to Brazilian voters’ inflated is an enviable way for Rousseff to terms of educational training and expectations. There aren’t many improve government services while other exchanges. As an organization, parallels in Latin America (because distinguishing her government and especially with the growing democracy is still relatively new to from that of her predecessor. Still, ascendance of Brazil as an economic the region), so perhaps an example for political and pragmatic reasons and democratic giant in the South, from the United States is instructive. President Rousseff might consider the CPLP has the potential to be an President George H. W. Bush (1989- returning to Lula’s shadow. important promoter of best practices 1993) followed Ronald Reagan, a in all the Portuguese-speaking man who received credit for putting countries. America’s economy on track for an Back in 2010, Equatorial Guinea was era of growth that carried it into the not accepted as a member in the CPLP twenty-first century, not to mention Equatorial plenary meeting, held in Luanda. winning the Cold War. There’s a feat. At the time, the CPLP members Except Reagan is only partially Guinea fakes issued a statement laying out two responsible: the end of stagflation fundamental reasons for refusing came because Paul Volcker, installed this petro-dictatorship membership as Federal Reserve chairman by reforms to enter to the club. Firstly, Equatorial Guinea Jimmy Carter, broke the back of is not a Portuguese-speaking country inflation by mercilessly jacking up the CPLP – it is a Spanish speaking country. interest rates. Carter paid the political Despite the fact that President price for Volcker’s boldness; Reagan Marina Costa Lobo Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo enjoyed the benefit. O ( n the fiscal Science Researcher, Institute of Social had issued a decree which declared front, Reagan’s policy decisions Sciences, University of Lisbon that Portuguese was henceforth to produced mixed results, at best.) And be the third official language a few the aura of Reagan winning the Cold days before the decision on entry to War is a tad overblown. Sure, the Great Last year, Equatorial Guinea almost the CPLP was about to be made, this Communicator told Mikhail Gorbachev became a member of the Community was deemed insufficient evidence.O n to tear down the Berlin Wall, but of Portuguese-speaking Countries the other hand, the regime also has the Soviet Union dissolved under (CPLP). The CPLP, an international one of the worst records in terms of President Bush’s watch, and it is Bush organization created in 1996, includes human rights abuses in Africa. – not Reagan – that deserves credit the following countries at present: Over the years, Equatorial Guinea for beginning the re-incorporation of , Brazil, Cape Verde, , is the country that has been most Germany, Eastern Europe, and Russia Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe, insistent on joining the club. It is both into the global economy. and Timor Leste. In its statutes, it one of the richest countries in Sub- Like Bush, Rousseff’s presidency purports to be an organization of Saharan Africa, and one of the most owes to a predecessor’s tailcoats. Portuguese-speaking countries repressive dictatorships. President And like Bush, Rousseff finds herself which aims to promote cooperation Obiang has been in power for the last governing a country with a new mass in all policy areas and the Portuguese 30 years. Recently, the country has of soft power; the major question language. been trying to gain some international that remains is how to parlay that Despite being cash-poor, the CPLP credibility. At present, Equatorial soft power. Bush chose a meek is a transcontinental organization Guinea’s membership would send route; Dilma should become a re- that has some potential. Brazil a strong signal to others that only born apostle of Lula. She can ignite sees it as a stepping-stone for its economic criteria matter for the a regional free trade agreement, and international ambitions, namely in CPLP, whereas political and language become the world’s sponsor of African Africa. For Angola, an oil-rich regime requirements can be ignored at will. development and sustainable energy with a dismal track record in terms Despite vetoing its entrance in 2010, production. Obviously, the latter two of political liberties and civil rights, the CPLP encouraged Equatorial would build on initiatives started by it constitutes a forum in which to Guinea to make changes in order to Lula, but making progress on these gain some international credibility. be able to become a member of the fronts will prove an easier task than In Portugal, the CPLP is part of a CPLP in the medium term. In that ambling through policy outlets like strategy of multiplying alliances context, in May this year a CPLP cracking down on corruption or (Atlantic, European, Portuguese- delegation went to visit the capital of cajoling monetary policies in Beijing speaking) in order to gain some soft Equatorial Guinea, Malabo, to check and Washington. power. For the other members, the on the progress made since 2010. IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 3

Following the official visit, head of Korea, Somalia, Sudan, Turkmenistan the delegation ambassador Luís and Uzbekistan. Fonseca made a statement declaring In Equatorial Guinea there is no himself very satisfied and indicating freedom of association, all protests that everything is being done to allow are forbidden, arbitrary and illegal Equatorial Guinea’s entrance into detentions are frequent, and there the CPLP in 2012. It would indeed is no freedom of the press. Both in be excellent if the CPLP exerted terms of the internal dynamics of the a positive influence on Equatorial CPLP and its values, the entry of one Guinea’s dictatorial political regime. of the most repressive dictatorships Unfortunately, the announced of Sub-Saharan Africa would signal reforms are far from ensuring this. a total lack of respect for political Do more citizens of Equatorial Guinea and language criteria to existing speak Portuguese since last year? And members and would undermine the have human rights abuses ceased? organization’s core values, while The answer is no, on both counts. legitimizing a rogue state. Concerning the use of the Portuguese language, Executive Secretary of the CPLP Domingos Simões Pereira stated during the CPLP summit in Luanda last July: “there is the will for Equatorial Guinea to introduce Portuguese language as lectureships in universities, and the creation of a center for Portuguese language in Malabo”. This seems hardly sufficient to consider a country Portuguese- speaking. As for the issue of political freedoms, ambassador Fonseca highlighted optimistically that a constitutional revision was being prepared to include “a limitation to the number of Presidential mandates, the creation of a Senate, a new legislative Chamber, and the creation of an Accounts Tribunal”. Just as last year they tried to make Portuguese an official language by issuing a decree, this year the plan is to institute democracy via constitutional reform, while maintaining the human rights abuses, the lack of political pluralism, and repression intact. It is worth noting that the country’s Constitution already safeguards human rights, but they are violated repeatedly. Indeed, the optimism that the CPLP shows in relation to Equatorial Guinea contrasts sharply with international organizations’ worries about the state of civic and political freedoms in the country. Freedom House has included the country in this year’s “Worst of the Worst” list, which indicates the most repressive societies, and includes the likes of Burma, Eritrea, Libya, North IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 4

São Tomé and Príncipe: in the third attempt and after twenty years, a former autocrat returns to the presidency

Gerhard Seibert Center of African Studies (CEA), ISCTE – University Institute of Lisbon

On August 7th, in the run-off for the presidential elections, and transport of the ballot papers.1 In addition, the seventy-five years old , the Portuguese Electoral Administration sent two experts country’s first post-independence President, defeated to provide the CEN with technical assistance during the candidate for the ruling Independent Democratic Action electoral process. (ADI) (sixty-nine years old), with Only three of the initial fourteen candidates were 52.9% of the votes against 47.1%. Pinto da Costa has endorsed by political parties, while the others were become one of several formear African authoritarian all independent contenders. In early April, the major rulers who, after departure from power, came back to opposition party Liberation Movement of São Tomé the presidential palace several years later through the and Príncipe/Social Democratic Party’s (MLSTP/PSD) ballot box. Like Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria, Pinto da National Council nominated forty-five years old Aurélio Costa returned to the presidency after a lean period of Martins as the party’s presidential candidate. Martins, a twenty years becoming his country’s third democratically former journalist who made a fortune as a businessman elected President, succeeding (1991- in Angola, had been elected as the MLSTP/PSD’s new 2001) and (2001-2011). party president with 73% of the votes on January 15th In mid-April outgoing President Menezes fixed the date 2011. However, his nomination was fiercely contested by for the election of his successor on July 17. After two two other contenders for the party nomination: former consecutive terms in office, constitutionally he could Prime Minister and vice-president of the National not run for a third term. A few years ago, there was no Assembly (fifty-two years old), and doubt for many in São Tomé and Príncipe that the most former Minister of Defense Elsa Pinto (forty-five years suitable candidate for his succession was Francisco da old), both claiming that the nomination process had Silva, the widely respected and popular president of the been irregular. However, both women’s criticisms were National Assembly (2006-2010). However, when he died immediately rejected as ungrounded by the MLSTP/ of cancer after a three-year struggle in April 2010 the PSD’s political commission. Consequently, Maria das question about Menezes’s succession was open again. Neves and Elsa Pinto both decided to run as independent In the months preceding the elections, the National candidates for the presidency. Electoral Commission (CEN) registered 13.842 new During a meeting of the ADI’s national council in early voters, increasing the total number of voters in the May, Prime Minister , son of former small country from 78.796 in the legislative elections of president Miguel Trovoada, embarrassed his followers August 2010 to 92.638, of whom 8.598 were registered in by suggesting that he was available to run for the the four constituencies abroad, Angola (3.536), Portugal presidency. His intentions were immediately rejected (3.528), (1.389) and Equatorial Guinea (145). The by his own party members, who did not accept that CEN’s US$1 million budget for voter registration and Trovoada would abandon the government only eight the elections was co-financed by 40% by Japan, which months after his election as Prime Minister. A week made counterpart funds stemming from the sale of food later, the ADI nominated Evaristo Carvalho, president aid available, and UNDP with US$100.000. Portugal promised some US$25.000 for equipment, printing 1 Personal information from CEN president Víctor Correia (26 July 2011). IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 5

of the National Assembly and the party’s vice-president, In 1996 and 2001 Pinto da Costa was his party’s nominee as presidential candidate. Known for his close ties with for the presidential elections. In 1996 he lost by a narrow the Trovoada family, Carvalho did not initially have any margin against incumbent Miguel Trovoada in the second intention of running for the presidency, but he quickly round. In 2001, he was clearly defeated by Fradique accepted Patrice Trovada’s choice. Still last year, in a de Menezes in the first round. In 1998, Pinto da Costa television interview, Carvalho had declared that he felt returned as chairman of the MLSTP/PSD, a position too old to occupy senior political positions and only he maintained until 2005 when he retired from active accepted becoming speaker of Parliament after having politics. His adversaries have frequently criticized Pinto been pressured by his party. da Costa, an economist trained The Democratic Convergence in former , for Party (PCD), the third largest Manuel Pinto da Costa, his lack of initiative in creating party, nominated forty-six businesses and jobs after he years old Delfim Neves, the who years ago admitted lost power in 1991. Given his party’s vice-president and age, this year’s election, twenty former Minister of Public political responsibility years after his departure from Works, as presidential for the mismanagement the presidency, was his last candidate. Delfim Neves, a chance to return to the highest successful businessman, had and economic collapse office. led Fradique de Menezes’s Pinto da Costa, who years ago election campaigns both of his country during admitted political responsibility in 2001 and 2006. During a for the mismanagement and meeting, the Democratic the repressive socialist economic collapse of his country Movement Force of Change during the repressive socialist (MDFM), the party closest one-party rule, claimed one-party rule, claimed that to President Menezes, that he felt an obligation he felt an obligation and duty decided to support Delfim to the people and could not Neves’s candidature, but and duty to the people watch passively as the country Menezes himself preferred broke down. He promised to not to publicly back his and could not watch promote national reconciliation, former campaign leader. guarantee political stability and Besides Maria das Neves passively as the country fight corruption, in his opinion and Elsa Pinto, another the major evils plaguing his seven contenders presented broke down. He promised country. Political stability is themselves as independent to promote national also an issue, because since candidates. The most 1991 the country has had prominent of all was Manuel reconciliation, guarantee sixteen different governments. Pinto da Costa, leader of Often, political instability was the MLSTP from the party’s political stability and fight the result of conflicts between foundation in 1972 to 1990, the Prime Minister and the and the country’s president corruption, in his opinion President. during the socialist one- On June 2nd, a few days party state (1975-1990). the major evils plaguing after having submitted his In October 1990, when the his country. candidature, Pinto da Costa MLSTP was transformed into appeared in Lisbon to launch a social-democratic party his campaign book Terra and renamed MLSTP/PSD, he resigned from the party Firme where he reveals his ideas on overcoming the leadership and announced his intention of running for archipelago’s problems. The book was presented by President in the first democratic presidential elections former Portuguese President António Ramalho Eanes of March 1991. (1976-1986), who also authored the foreword where he However, four months before the elections he withdrew praises the erstwhile dictator as “a competent, attentive his candidature when he realized that he had not the politician guided by an ethic of the common good”. Only slightest chance against his challenger and erstwhile four weeks later, the book was presented in São Tomé friend Miguel Trovoada. Finally, Trovoada, Prime Minister by former Prime Minister Carlos Graça (1994-1995). from 1975 to 1979 and imprisoned without charge or trial Despite his two electoral defeats, this time Pinto da between 1979 and 1981 before he was allowed to leave Costa was considered a favorite. Unlike before, now he for exile in Paris, was elected unopposed as President. was not facing a strong charismatic rival and, equally IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 6

important, the many failures during the democratic at a private university in Lisbon, has also dreamed of regime and the long time lag since his departure from becoming president for many years. A candidate who at the presidency had pushed the economic debacle and least could claim to have played important roles in the political oppression of his autocracy into the background. country’s recent political past was Filinto Costa Alegre Many of the other independent contenders lacked the (fifty-nine years old), a lawyer at the Central Bank. As a political profile and popularity and had no chance of young student he was one of the leaders of the country’s obtaining a considerable number of votes, let alone of struggle for total independence in 1974/1975, and during winning the elections. Sixty-one years old Gilberto Gil the democratic transition in 1990 he was a co-founder of Umbelina, a musician who has spent half of his life in the Grupo de Reflexão, then the country’s first opposition Portugal, had already participated in the legislative group that turned public. Costa Alegre claimed to want elections of August 2010. to contribute to the country’s His party, the Socialist third liberation, the economic, Movement (MS), was The electoral observers social and cultural liberation. founded just a few weeks His candidature was formally before the polls and from the Community of supported by José Cassandra, obtained only 238 votes Portuguese-speaking the president of the Regional (0.34%). Forty-nine years Government of Príncipe (6.000 old Liberato Moniz, a Countries (CPLP), the inhabitants) who published a Lisbon-based architect letter calling for the electorate and founder of the small African Union (AU) and to vote for Costa Alegre. Universidade Lusíada in On June 20th the Supreme São Tomé (in 2006) had the Economic Community Court of Justice conducted already announced his a sortition of the names of intention of running for of Central African States the candidates to determine the presidency many years (ECCAS) considered the the sequence of the thirteen ago. Unexpected, however, candidates on the ballot paper. was the candidature of elections to be free and fair. Two days later the Supreme Jorge Coelho (53-years Court went on to approve old), an economist who However, the observers the candidature of fifty-nine was chairman of the years old Helder Barros, a administrative board of the AU and the CPLP former Minister of Education of the airport company for the ADI and former staff ENASA from 2006 to 2009 criticized the excessive member of the local UNDP and lived several years practice of vote buying office whose candidature had in the United States. In been initially rejected because early June, following locally called banho when it was submitted with a ten- the announcement that minute delay. At the time he was running for the cash is given during the the Portuguese had already presidency, sixty-five produced 96.000 ballot papers years old Francisco Rita, campaign and boca de urna with thirteen names. When a parliamentarian for the the CEN asked them to print PCD, was dismissed as when handed over at the another edition with fourteen head of the provisional polling station. names, Portugal accepted management commission reluctantly but demanded that of the port authority the cost of the air transport of ENAPORT, after only eight months in office. the new ballot papers be covered by the CEN. Another no-chance candidate was fifty-two years old On June 29th, the number of candidates was again reduced economist Manuel Deus Lima, a former economic to thirteen when Carlos Espírito Santo declared his advisor to President Menezes, member of the MDFM withdrawal. Apparently, Espírito Santo was disappointed and currently ambassador in Libreville. He was once by his party and President Menezes who did not support detained for his involvement in illicit coining while he his candidature, which had been announced many was an administrator at the Central Bank. In 2008 Deus months before. The next day, the Constitutional Court Lima was elected as secretary-general of the MDFM, but further decreased the number of contenders to nine by Menezes dismissed him after only three months. Fifty- excluding Rita, Umbelina, Moniz and Delfim Neves from nine years old Carlos Espírito Santos ‘Bené’, also member the elections, because they had dual nationality, and of the MDFM and once a lecturer in African literature had not withdrawn their second nationality by the time IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 7

they had submitted their candidatures. Rita, Moniz and President Menezes had dismissed him as member of the DelfimN eves filed an appeal against this decision.N eves Constitutional Court. In the context of this controversy, it claimed that he had cancelled his Portuguese nationality became known that president of the Constitutional Court in time by presenting a declaration at the Portuguese Silvestre Leite – who voted against Neves’ readmission – embassy in São Tomé. At first he argued that it was is the brother of Evaristo Carvalho’s wife. not his responsibility to submit proof of the revocation The excessive number of independent no-chance of his Portuguese nationality, but then Neves rushed candidates provoked several comments. The country’s to the Central Registration electoral law, which allows Conservatory in Lisbon to The election of Manuel every citizen above thirty-five obtain the documents, and on years and without a second July 4th his local representative Pinto da Costa was nationality to run for the submitted the respective copies presidency could not alone be to the Constitutional Court. a defeat for Patrice blamed for the large number. In When the official election the four previous presidential campaign started on July 2nd, Trovoada, who, as did elections, the total number only nine candidates were able his predecessors, must of candidates was between to compete for the votes of one (1991) and five (1996 and the almost 93.000 registered now cohabit with a 2001), while the number of voters. This time the ballot independent contenders never papers with the names of President from another surpassed three (2001). In fourteen candidates remained 2006, only three contenders unchanged. For the first time political party. However, ran for the presidency – in the country’s history, at the the incumbent Menezes, request by the CEN, the nine since 2006 when the supported by MDFM and PCD, candidates signed a 24-point last constitutional Patrice Trovoada, backed by code of electoral conduct ADI and MLSTP/PSD, and one to guarantee peaceful and amendments came into largely unknown independent fair elections. On July 7th the no-chance candidate. Local Constitutional Court decided effect, the presidential observers suspected that by a 2-3 vote to readmit some candidates might view Delfim Neves as a candidate. power to dismiss the the elections as an opportunity The following morning, when to negotiate their support for Neves returned from Lisbon, government has been the two candidates in the run- his supporters received him considerably reduced. off in exchange for money.3 enthusiastically at the airport Besides, they pointed to a and then marched through Once an all-powerful certain trivialization of the the city revealing the sizeable post of head of state in the support he enjoyed among the President, the newly last years, resulting in the population. idea that virtually any citizen Notwithstanding, this decision elected Pinto da Costa was capable of occupying the by the Constitutional Court was country’s highest political fiercely criticized by Attorney will be more of a office. General Roberto Raposo and representative political During the official fifteen- the head of the country’s bar day election campaign, all association , figure. candidates piously promised to since Hilário Garrido, one of the safeguard political stability and three judges who voted in favor combat corruption and poverty of Neves’ readmission is a brother of the candidate’s in the archipelago. DelfimN eves was forced to delay the wife. Raposo declared that by law, Garrido should have beginning of his campaign for a week. Prime Minister declared his bias and withdrawn from the vote. Moreover, and ADI leader Patrice Trovoada actively supported the proof of Neves’s revocation had only been submitted Carvalho during the campaign. Trovoada claimed that after the established deadline.2 Garrido’s participation only Carvalho could guarantee political stability and was also criticized because shortly before the voting, repeatedly recalled Pinto da Costa’s autocratic rule

2 “Aceitação pelo Tribunal Constitucional de candidatura de Delfim Neves 3 “Eleições em São Tomé, um negócio para alguns dos candidates – diz Óscar continua na grande polémica judicial” (O Parvo, 13 July 2011). Baia” (VOA News, 7 July 2011). IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 8

during the one-party regime. In turn Pinto da Costa Pinto da Costa in the second round, since he considered declared that political stability could not be achieved Carvalho to be a follower of the Trovoada family and to lack by concentrating all political power in one single party, a personal political project. He explained that his party the ADI. He claimed that the opposite was true, since was ready to support Pinto da Costa, although Carvalho the concentration of power in one party could provoke belonged to the so-called parties of change (PCD, ADI, instability, because it would take away the President’s MDFM) and recalled that in a similar constellation, constitutional function of arbiter. in 2006, as presidential candidate, Patrice Trovoada Pinto da Costa won the elections with 21.457 votes (33.9%), himself was supported by the MLSTP/PSD against the while Carvalho was the second most voted candidate candidate of change, Fradique de Menezes. A few days with 13.125 votes (20.1%). However, due to the three later, Maria das Neves also announced that she would rival candidates from his party, Pinto da Costa’s result support Pinto da Costa, arguing his political program was worse than in 1996 and in 2001 when he got 36.8% would better serve the country’s development. She and 39.9% of the votes respectively. Delfim Neves and stressed that her political support was not conditioned Maria das Neves proved that they enjoyed considerable by any kind of financial returns. popularity among the electorate. They obtained 13.7% The elections were boycotted by the population in the and 13.4% of the ballots respectively. Maria das Neves localities of Capela and Milagrosa (Mé-Zochi district) in won in Príncipe where she obtained 36.3% of the votes, protest against the absence of drinking water. In Santa although the president of the Regional Government had Catarina (Lemba district), the people protested against publicly supported another candidate. She blamed vote the lack of access to local radio, television and the cell buying for not having achieved the second position. The phone coverage by blocking the road to stop the elections other six candidates all received less than 5% of the from going forward in all places beyond that point. On votes. July 20th the elections were repeated in all the boycotting Elsa Pinto obtained only 4.2% of the ballots, but still more localities, more than 1.000 voters. than her party’s official candidate, Aurélio Martins. He The electoral observers from the Community of must be considered the greatest loser of these elections, Portuguese-speaking Countries (CPLP), the African since as official party candidate he received only 3.9% of Union (AU) and the Economic Community of Central the votes, the worst result of the four competitors from African States (ECCAS) considered the elections to be the MLSTP/PSD. Still, on voting day Martins declared that free and fair. However, the observers of the AU and the he believed he could win. Afterwards he asserted that he CPLP criticized the excessive practice of vote buying had been victim of sabotage by his rival candidates and locally called banho when cash is given during the announced his support for Pinto da Costa in the second campaign and boca de urna when handed over at the ballot. He also stated that he would complete his term polling station. Voter turnout was 68.4%, considerably as party leader. However, in view of his electoral debacle less than in 1996 (77.3%), about the same turnout as in his future as party chairman must be considered as 2001 (68.5%) and 2006 (67.4%), but higher than in 1991 rather uncertain. Costa Alegre, who obtained 3.8% of the (60.0%) when Miguel Trovoada was the only candidate. votes also blamed the banho for his defeat and refused Immediately after the elections, rumors circulated that to throw his support behind any of the two remaining on the Friday preceding the elections the supporters candidates in the run-off. of one of the candidates had withdrawn US$2.5 million In contrast, DelfimN eves, a known adversary of Trovoada, (40 billion Dobra) from two local banks to be used for immediately declared his and his party’s support for vote buying. The online paper Téla Nón claimed that

Official Election results on July 17th

Filinto Pinto da Evaristo Delfim Maria das Elsa Aurélio Helder Jorge Manuel Deus Costa Costa Carvalho Neves Neves Pinto Martins Barros Coelho Lima Alegre

33.88% 20.73% 13.66% 13.36% 4.24% 3.86% 3.79% 0.65% 0.63% 0.33%

Source: Supreme Court of Justice (STJ) IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 9

the votes bought with this money had impacted the again focused on recalling Pinto da Costa’s dictatorship results significantly.4 Reportedly many voters even went during the one-party rule. After independence in 1975 to the campaign headquarters and residences of the Carvalho himself was a member of the Political Bureau candidates to ask for money. Costa Alegre reported that of the MLSTP, and from 1978 to 1980 he was Minister thousands of voters had asked him for 20.000 or 50.000 of Construction and Transport. However, in 1982 he Dobra notes, but he had refused to pay. On July 22nd the abandoned the party in protest against Pinto da Costa’s fortnightly paper O Parvo published in its online edition a intentions to transform the MLSTP into a revolutionary sequence of four photos showing Pinto da Costa taking vanguard party. Three years later, when the gradual bank notes from his wallet when a man approached political liberalization of the regime began, Carvalho his car apparently asking for money.5 A week later became an independent deputy of the Popular National Carvalho confessed publicly to use vote buying, because Assembly. In 1990, he was one of the founders of the unfortunately the electorate had gotten into the habit Grupo de Reflexão, the opposition group which later in of receiving some support in exchange for casting their the year became the PCD, the party that won the first vote.6 For years, vote buying has become an integral part free elections in 1991. He was Minister of Defense in the of the electoral process in this impoverished country, PCD government of Noberto Costa Alegre (1992-1994) with voters asking for money and candidates paying for and Prime Minister in the transitional governments of votes. Poor people have perceived that elections create 1994 and 2001, constituted by the Presidents Miguel opportunities to make some easy money from local Trovoada and Menezes respectively after they had politicians, who usually are little concerned about their dissolved Parliament. constant struggle to make ends meet. Finally Carvalho was again defeated by Pinto da Costa, To avoid any suspicion of financial deals with other albeit by a rather small margin. Voter turnout was 74%, candidates, Pinto da Costa declared that any voluntary more than in the first round, but less than in the 1996 support by defeated contenders was welcome, but run-off (78.7%), when Pinto da Costa was defeated he would not negotiate support-involving payments. by Miguel Trovoada. The result was also a defeat for He asked the Attorney General to investigate the Patrice Trovoada, who, as did his predecessors, must alleged withdrawal of billions of Dobras on the eve now cohabit with a President from another political of the elections. Pinto da Costa again warned that a party. However, since 2006 when the last constitutional victory by Carvalho would result in a concentration of amendments came into effect, the presidential power to political power since the ADI would provide the heads of dismiss the government has been considerably reduced. government and of state. In turn Patrice Trovada accused Once an all-powerful President, the newly elected Pinto Pinto da Costa of not knowing the democratic system da Costa will be more of a representative political figure. well quoting Portugal and Cape Verde were the same Immediately after his election, he repeated that he was party controlled government and the presidency, but ready to cooperate constructively with the government. there was no absolute power. He asserted that in a semi- It remains to be seen whether the MLSTP/PSD and PCD, presidential system there was no danger of absolute which together hold the majority in Parliament, will power, particularly if the ruling party had no majority in support this position over the remaining three years of Parliament, as is currently the case in the archipelago. the current legislature. The fact is, voters in São Tomé and Príncipe have refused twice to elect the ruling party’s candidate as President. When Pinto da Costa lost the presidential elections in 1996 and 2001, the MLSTP/PSD was in government. The campaign for the run-off formerly began on July 28th, after the announcement of the official results of the first round by the Supreme Court. Counting on massive support by Prime Minister Trovoada, Carvalho hoped to win the votes of the 31.6% of the electorate who did not vote on July 17th. Besides, he tried to convince those who voted on Maria das Neves and DefimN eves not to vote for Pinto da Costa. His campaign strategy for the run-off was

4 ““Banho” de Boca de Urna terá tido impacto no resultado do escrutínio de Domingo” (Téla Nón, 18 June 2011).

5 “Flagrantes com rosto do candidato Pinto da Costa” (O Parvo, 22 July 2011).

6 “Evaristo Carvalho confirma “Banho de Boca de Urna” como eixo central da campanha da ADI na segunda volta” (Téla Nón, 1 August 2011). IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 10

Timeline of Events

to Luanda at a time when relations between 17-18 August (Luanda): Angola Angola and the DRC are under stress due to The first SADC Heads of State and of maritime border delimitation and immigration Government Summit under Angolan presidency. 1-2 August (Luanda): problems. No statement on the visit was made The political situations in Madagascar and Outgoing FAO Director-General, the Senegalese public. Zimbabwe were also discussed although no Jacques Diouf, was received by Foreign Affairs major breakthroughs were announced. At the Minister George Chicoty and President José 8 August (Luanda): closing of the SADC Heads of State and of Eduardo dos Santos, whom he thanked for President José Eduardo dos Santos Government Summit, President José Eduardo Angola’s support to FAO over his 18-year long congratulated São Tomé and Príncipe’s dos Santos asked NATO to stop its raids on Libya mandate. The Brazilian José Graziano da Silva President-elect Manuel Pinto da Costa on his and defended the political negotiations under will replace Diouf on December 31st. victory. He also seized the occasion to reiterate the aegis of the AU. On the sidelines of the Angola’s wish to strengthen bilateral relations. SADC meeting, Eduardo dos Santos received 2 August (Luanda): his Namibian counterpart Lucas Pohamba with US Department of State Special Envoy and 10 August (Washington): whom he discussed bilateral relations. Coordinator for International Energy Affairs Outgoing Angolan ambassador to the US Carlos Pascual traveled to Angola. His visit Josefina Pitra Diakité received a tribute from 24 August (Luanda): aimed to hold a strategic talk on issues related the US/Angola Chamber of Commerce and President José Eduardo dos Santos to oil and gas production between the two the oil companies Chevron and Exxon Mobil on congratulated the winner of Cape Verde’s countries. the occasion of her departure. Diakité thanked presidential elections, Jorge Carlos Fonseca, Hillary Clinton’s personal commitment to expressing the will to deepen relations between 2 August (Luanda): strengthening relations between the two the two countries. South African ambassador to Angola Godfrey countries. In the same tone, US Deputy Ngwenya highlighted the role and influence of Assistant Secretary of State for the Bureau of 24 August (Luanda): President José Eduardo dos Santos in Africa African Affairs Susan Page praised Diakité’s National Assembly Speaker, Paulo Kassoma, and stated “that relations between Angola and role in bringing closer Angola and the US. met the new Chinese ambassador to Angola, South Africa are now more excellent than ever”. Gao Kexiang. 12 August (Luanda): 2-7 August (Havana): International and Regional Cooperation 25 August (Luanda): Defense Minister Cândido Pereira Van- Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Angolan Foreign Affairs Minister, George Dúnem traveled to Cuba, where he met his Congo (DRC) Raymond Tshibanda Mulongo met Chicoty, informed that Angola would hand local counterpart Julio Casas Regueiro, and with Angolan Foreign Affairs minister George US$5 million to fight the current humanitarian President Raúl Castro. During this visit a Chicoty as a follow-up to DRC President Joseph situation in Somalia. technical cooperation agreement between the Kabila’s own visit to Angola in the beginning of two armies was signed. the month. 30 August (Huambo): President José Eduardo dos Santos reopened 3 August (Luanda): 15 August (Luanda): the train connection between Lobito and President José Eduardo dos Santos received The Council of Ministers of the Southern Huambo, which was shut down for 27 year due the credentials of the new Chinese, Zambian African Development Community (SADC) met to the civil war. Huambo is the nodal point of the and Nigerian ambassadors to Angola. The in Luanda to prepare the Community’s Heads Benguela Railway, which connects the Zambia new Chinese plenipotentiary, Gao Kexiang, has of State Summit. and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to previously held positions in Brazil and Guinea- the Atlantic Ocean. Bissau. 16 August (Luanda): Main opposition party UNITA walked out during 4 August (Luanda): the National Assembly debate session on the The President of the Democratic Republic of new electoral law, ahead of next year’s general Brazil the Congo (DRC), Joseph Kabila, paid a short election. UNITA stated that the new law would four-hour working visit to Angola, where he entrench the government’s control over the 1 August (Brasília): was received by President José Eduardo dos electoral process, sidelining the National President Dilma Rousseff unveiled the “Bigger Santos. Kabila – who came into power with Electoral Commission. Brazil Plan”, a new industrial policy aimed at support from the Angolan military – traveled cutting Brazil’s trade deficit in manufactured IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 11

goods by about 40% by 2014. The country’s 9 August (Brasília): (UNASUR), with the establishment of additional industrial sector has been penalized by the Deputy Tourism Minister Frederico Silva da mechanisms to strengthen democracy in the Real’s valorization and competition from cheap Costa, alongside more than 30 tourism officials South American region high on the agenda. Chinese goods. The program intends to raise and business leaders, was arrested under the investment levels from today’s 18.4% to 22% of accusation of conspiring to divert public money. 24-25 August (Buenos Aires): GDP by 2014. A US$16 billion tax relief will also Foreign Minister Antônio Patriota led the be implemented in the industrial sector. 12 August (Georgetown): Brazilian delegation to the 5th Ministerial Foreign Minister Antônio Patriota met his Meeting of the Forum for East Asia-Latin 4 August (Brasília): counterpart from Guyana Carolyn Rodrigues- America Cooperation (FEALAC). The reform President Dilma Rousseff sacked Defense Birkett to relaunch bilateral cooperation. As of global governance mechanisms, the global Minister Nelson Jobim. Jobim, who held such, 60 additional tariff lines have been cleared economic crisis and sustainable development the same post under former President Luiz to boost trade between the two countries and figured high on the agenda. Patriota also took Inácio ‘Lula’ da Silva, declared in an interview an agreement in the sport sector was signed. the opportunity to meet with his Indonesian that he did not vote for Dilma, that the new counterpart Marty Natalegawa on the sidelines government was mishandling some situations 18 August (Brasília): of the meeting. and that Rousseff did not even know Brasília. President Dilma Rousseff was forced to replace Rousseff nominated Celso Amorim, a Foreign Agriculture Minister Wagner Rossi – the fourth 26 August (Brasília): Relations Minister under Lula da Silva, as her cabinet minister in three months – after news Georgian Foreign Minister Grigol Vashadze met new Defense Minister. emerged that that the federal police had with his Brazilian counterpart Antônio Patriota. started a investigation regarding corruption Agreements on visa exemption for common 5 August (Brasília): allegations in the Ministry. and diplomatic passports and on technical Former President Lula da Silva publicly cooperation, as well as the establishment of a defended Nelson Jobim, praising his intellectual 22-23 August (Brasília): political consultation mechanism between the capacity and statesmanship. Nonetheless, Philippino Secretary of Foreign Affairs Albert two countries, were high on the agenda. he did not question Rousseff’s decision and Del Rosario met with Brazilian Foreign added that Amorim was “extremely capable Minister Antônio Patriota to discuss the 26-27 August (Minas Gerais): politically” and that he would bring “continuity process of strengthening ties between Brazil Foreign Minister Antônio Patriota and to the extraordinary job that Minister Jobim and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Environment Minister Izabella Teixeira was doing in Defense”. (ASEAN), as well as issues on the multilateral co-chaired the VII Ministerial Meeting of agenda, such as the United Nations Conference coordination between the BASIC (Brazil, South 6 August (Brasília): on Sustainable Development – Rio+20. Africa, India and China) countries on ongoing One of the first consequences of Jobim’s UN negotiations regarding climate change. departure was the reopening of the debate on 23-24 August (Brasília): Brazil’s arms buying program. Jobim was a Benin’s Foreign Minister Nassirou Bako-Arifari 29 August (Brasília): fierce defender of the need to acquire some 100 met with his Brazilian counterpart Antônio President Dilma Rousseff signed a decree new fighter jets, of which 36 should be bought Patriota to review bilateral relations between releasing R$45 million in funds for the next year. the two countries. launching of the Astros Project 2020 – a surface to surface missile launch system – to equip the 8-10 August (Brasília): 24 August (Beijing): Brazilian army. Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi and his visited Brazil on the first stop of a 6-day Latin- Brazilian counterpart Antonio Patriota had American tour. President Dilma Rousseff a phone conversation to exchange views on received him, and they discussed bilateral the Libyan situation and try to coordinate a Cape Verde relations and regional issues, although the common BRICS position on the matter. A day strengthening of economic ties was paramount before, Patriota had declared his confidence 2 August (Praia): in this visit, backed by the signing of bilateral that Libyan contracts with Brazilian companies The Brazilian Cooperation Agency (ABC) agreements as well as the formation of a signed during the Gaddafi years would be signed support programs worth US$3 million Brazil-Canada CEO Forum. honored by a new government – even though in the fields of environment, housing and Brazil has yet to recognize the rebel National land planning, cultural heritage, civil aviation, 8 August (Brasília): Transitional Council as the legitimate and telecommunications with Cape Verdean During his inauguration speech, new Defense representative of Libya authorities. Minister Celso Amorim advocated the gradual exit of Brazilian troops from the United Nations 24 August (Buenos Aires): 7 August (Praia): Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). Foreign Minister Antônio Patriota took part in Cape Verde held presidential elections. None of a meeting of Ministers of External Relations the candidates achieved the 50% threshold in of the Union of South American Nations this first round. The PAICV candidate, Manuel IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 12

Inocêncio Sousa, won 32% of the votes, against 26 August (Bissau): 37.3% by opposition-party MpD candidate Guinea-Bissau President Malam Bacai Sanhá signed a decree Jorge Carlos Fonseca. Aristides Lima, a former confirming a long awaited governmental PAICV member, contributed to the split in the 2 August (Bissau): reshuffle. Among others, Justice Minister Saliu governing party’s vote by obtaining 27.4% of the President Malam Bacai Sanhá convened the Djalo Pires was announced as the new Foreign votes. Council of State. Amid popular protests against Minister. Likewise, Baciro Dja now holds the Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Júnior, President Defense Ministry. 19 August (Praia): Sanhá accepted the Attorney General’s US African Command (AFRICOM) and Cape resignation. Amine Saad, who was named for 30 August (Bissau): Verdean Armed Forces signed a cooperation the post by Sanhá in November 2009, justified In an inflammatory tone, PRS opposition party protocol worth US$200 thousand for the his decision due to the public pressure he felt leader, Ibraima Sory Djaló, threatened to set acquisition of coastguard patrol ships. on the investigation (and lack of results) into the President’s Residency on fire, because the assassinations of Baciro Dabó and Hélder Sanhá failed to sack Prime Minister Carlos 21 August (Praia): Proença in 2009. Gomes Júnior. Cape Verdeans went to the ballot for the runoff of the presidential elections. Initial results 5 August (Bissau): 30-31 August (Bissau): indicated that Jorge Carlos Fonseca, supported Bissau’s streets were the stage for yet another At the invitation of Prime Minister Carlos Gomes by the MPD, was leading with 54,3% while protest against Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Júnior, South-African Vice-President, Kgalema Manuel Inocêncio Sousa, the PAICV candidate, Júnior. Seventeen opposition parties organized Motlanthe, visited Guinea-Bissau. The two trailed behind with only 45%. Not waiting for the rally. The main reasons of the protest are signed agreements on health cooperation and final numbers, Sousa quickly acknowledged the lack of results in the judicial investigations on mining industry. Motlanthe also declared his defeat. over the assassinations of Baciro Dabó, Hélder South Africa’s support to the ongoing Security Proença, former President João Bernardo Sector Reform. 23 August (Praia): ‘Nino’ Vieira and former Armed Forces Chief of According to the official final results, Jorge Staff Tagmé Na Waié. Carlos Fonseca became the next President of Cape Verde with 54.16%, totaling 97.643 9 August (Bissau): Mozambique votes. On the other hand, Manuel Inocêncio President Malam Bacai Sanhá publicly stated Sousa only gathered 45.84% and 82.634 votes. his support for Carlos Gomes Júnior and 1 August (Beira): decided not to sack the Prime Minister. In Abstention was lower in the second round, After being blocked for 28 years, the Beira a communiqué, Sanhá defended the need reaching 40.3%. port was reopened to large-draft vessels. The to guarantee the regular functioning of the opportunity to receive large ships is paramount institutions and for constant dialogue and 24 August (Praia): to the country’s central region, in particular moderation. According to a communiqué from the Foreign to the dispatch of coal from the Tete province, Affairs Ministry, the Cape Verdean Government where large multinationals like Brazil’s Rio 11 August (Bissau): reaffirmed its recognition of the Libyan Doce and Australia’s Riversdale will begin Economy and Planning Minister Helena Embaló National Transitional Council (NTC), already to explore some of the world’s largest coal th declared that Guinea-Bissau’s economy is made official back in June 26 . deposits. set to grow 4.3% this year, mostly thanks to 26 August (New York): a good cashew nuts export campaign and 3 August (Maputo): infrastructure building. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon praised Japan’s Sojitz Corporation will invest some the “peaceful and credible” presidential US$10 million in the construction of a wood- 17 August (Bissau): election in Cape Verde and congratulated the processing factory in Maputo. Investments 18 Bissau-Guinean opposition parties – which winner, Jorge Carlos Fonseca. in Mozambique’s agro-industrial sector have form the denominated Guinean Democratic surged in the last few years: for instance, Opposition – maintained pressure on Carlos 31 August (Praia): Portugal’s Portucel developed a eucalyptus Gomes Júnior’s Government, criticizing Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, José plantation project in Tete province, whereas the longstanding lack of results in judicial Luís Rocha, and Chinese ambassador to Cape companies such as Galp and Sun Biofuels investigations and calling for a new march on Verde, Li Chunhua, signed two cooperation (which exported its first batch of 30 tons of September 2nd. agreements that involve Chinese aid to the jatropha oil to Europe) betted on the bio-fuels archipelago of over US$1.7 million. cultivation in the country. 19 August (Bissau): The President’s office issued a statement after 4 August (Maputo): a meeting with Armed Forces Chief of Staff Mozambique’s natural resource potential António Indjai, confirming the Armed Forces’ continues to be untapped. US oil company commitment to the Security Sector Reform. Anadarko Petroleum stated it intends to invest IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 13

some US$15 billion in producing liquid natural people-to-people exchanges and cooperation and Príncipe took place” which “allowed for gas. Anadarko is present in the Rovuma basin, between international organizations as key the free expression of universal suffrage by where Italy’s ENI and Portugal’s Galp also hold areas to expand relations. Both countries the population of São Tomé and Príncipe in shares. signed more than ten cooperation agreements accordance with international standards and in the financial, economic, technical and social criteria”. 5 August (Maputo): areas. Mozambique’s exports to China rose 6.1% 9 August (Lisbon): in the first half of the current year, reaching 10 August (Namaacha): Foreign Minister Paulo Portas met with his US$94.6 million in goods. China exported Japan plans to finance the construction of Serbian counterpart Vuk Jeremic, to address US$320 million to Mozambique, a rise of 41% a terminal at the port of Maputo to receive issues on the international agenda as well as of compared to the same period of last year. cooking gas and will include a gas pipeline as common bilateral interest. well as a gas bottle-filling center, estimated at 5-7 August (Maputo): between US$65 and US$75 million. 16 August (Lisbon): President of the International Criminal Court Foreign Minister Paulo Portas met with São (ICC) Judge Sang-hyun Song met Speaker 12 August (Rio de Janeiro): Tomé and Príncipe’s President-elect Manuel of Parliament Verónica Macamo, Minister of Brazil’s Petrobrás announced that it will Pinto da Costa. Justice Maria Benvinda Levy and President build an ethanol factory in Mozambique, the of the Constitutional Council Hermenegildo production of which will be destined for internal 17 August (Algarve): Gamito. His visit was intended to encourage the consumption. São Tomé and Principe’s President-elect ratification of theR ome Statute, which governs Manuel Pinto da Costa met with his Portuguese the ICC. 16-18 August (Luanda): counterpart Aníbal Cavaco Silva and Prime President Armando Guebuza, alongside Foreign Minister Pedro Passos Coelho, inviting both 8 August (Maputo): Minister Oldemiro Balói, attended SADC Heads to attend his upcoming inauguration on Outgoing Angolan ambassador to Mozambique of State and of Government Summit. September 3rd. João Garcia Bires gave his regards to President Armando Guebuza before leaving his post. 18 August (Lisbon): Bires highlighted the excellent bilateral In a press release, the Portuguese Government relations between the two nations and the need Portugal stated that it followed “with interest the for a constant deepening of dialogue between proposals of the Franco-German summit” that them. 2 August (Lisbon): recently took place with the aim of reinforcing The Portuguese Foreign Ministry released a the EU’s economic governance. 9-14 August (Beijing, Henan, statement condemning “the violent repression Shenzhen): of Syrian security forces on civilians over the 22 August (Lisbon): President Armando Guebuza, accompanied past few days, particularly in the city of Hama” The Portuguese government released a public by Foreign Affairs Minister Oldemiro Balói, and urging “the Syrian authorities to cease the statement underlining its conviction that “the paid an official visit to China. Chinese use of violence on civilians”. latest developments in Libya bring the Libyan construction cooperation currently amounts to people decisively closer to the culmination of approximately US$600 million and President 3 August (Lisbon): their struggle for freedom and democracy” Guebuza sought to increase that amount. Former Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and reaffirming “once again its support for the Among the projects targeted for Chinese and Cooperation João Gomes Cravinho was sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity support were the Electronic Public Information appointed by Catherine Ashton as head of and unity of Libya”. System, estimated to cost US$39.2 million, the the EU delegation in New Delhi. Portuguese distance learning project (US$14.7 million), officials also head theE U delegations in the US, 22 August (Lisbon): as well as the electronic governance program Brazil and Gabon. Foreign Minister Paulo Portas met with (US$35 million). The Catembe Bridge and the a delegation of Libyan businessmen and Ponta do Ouro road, initially to be funded by 3 August (Lisbon): representatives of civil society who aim to Portugal, were probably also included in the Israeli Vice-Foreign Minister Daniel Ayalon met quickly reestablish good ties between Portugal Chinese financing scheme. with Portuguese Deputy Secretary of State and and Libya in a post-Gaddafi aftermath. for European Affairs, Miguel Morais Leitão. 10 August (Beijing): Bilateral relations and the upcoming UN 31 August (Madrid): Chinese President Hu Jintao, as well as General Assembly were high on the agenda. Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho met with Premier Wen Jiabao, received President his Spanish counterpart José Luis Zapatero to Armando Guebuza, to whom they stated that 9 August (Lisbon): disscuss the current economic crisis as well China will continue to increase assistance to In a press release, the Portuguese government as issues of common bilateral interest. Coelho Mozambique. President Hu Jintao identified welcomed “the noteworthy manner in which also took the opportunity to meet with King Juan mutual political trust, pragmatic cooperation, the 2011 presidential elections in São Tomé Carlos I and opposition leader Mariano Rajoy. IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 14

14 August (Tashilin): 25 August (Díli): São Tomé A policeman was killed and some 70 houses While attending the Extractive Industries were destroyed in the village of Tashilin. The Transparency Initiative (EITI) conference in and Príncipe Timorese police attributed these incidents to Timor Leste, World Bank Managing Director fighting between rival groups of youngsters. Sri Mulyani Indrawati made sure to meet with 7 August (São Tomé): Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão to congratulate São Tomé and Príncipe held the second round 20 August (Díli): his government for improving transparency of the Presidential elections. Manuel Pinto da President José Ramos-Horta presided over the and accountability in the management of its Costa won with 52.88% of the votes. Evaristo ceremony that marked the official disbandment natural resources. Carvalho obtained only 47% of the votes. of 236 men and women from the pro- independence armed unit Falintil – including 26 August (Díli): 8 August (São Tomé): Prime Minister José Alexandre ‘Xanana Chinese ambassador to Timor Leste Fu President-elect Manuel Pinto da Costa Gusmão’ and President of Fretilin Francisco Yuanchong formally handed over a military declared that he intended to change the way ‘Lu Olo’ Guterres among others – who had compound with 100 houses to the Timorese politics are done in São Tomé and Príncipe. fought against Indonesian occupation of the Armed Forces as part of China’s support for the When asked if his coming into power would country for more than two decades. country. For the remaining of 2011, China also signal the dismissal of current Prime Minister expects to finish Timor’s Ministry of Defense Patrice Trovoada, Pinto da Costa simply said 21 August (Díli): building and a number of armed forces that it was the President’s mission to guarantee Indonesian Defense Minister Purnomo barracks, as well as continuing to provide the correct functioning of the institutions and Yusgiantoro and Prime Minister of Timor Leste medical support. defend the nation’s best interests. Xanana Gusmão signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) that foresees bilateral 30 August (Nadi): 13-20 August (Lisbon): dialogue and consultation on strategic and Foreign Minister Zacarias Albano da Costa President-elect Manuel Pinto da Costa traveled security issues, information exchange on headed the Timorese delegation to the II to Portugal for a private visit. He was granted defense issues, improved cooperation between Engaging with the Pacific meeting, which the courtesy audiences by President Aníbal Cavaco the armed forces of both countries and aim of highlighting the challenge of the Pacific Silva, Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho, and cooperation on logistics support. The countries Small Islands development. Foreign Affairs Minister Paulo Portas. will set up the Timor Leste-Indonesia Defense Joint Committee which aims to coordinate and 24 August (Luanda): monitor various activities carried out under President-elect Manuel Pinto da Costa met the MoU based on the principles of equality, with Angolan President José Eduardo dos mutual benefit and respect for sovereignty and Santos to address a special invitation to attend territorial integrity. his swearing-in ceremony scheduled for September 3rd. 21-22 August (Díli): Former British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, paid a visit to Timor Leste, where he met with President José Ramos-Horta and Prime- Timor Leste Minister Xanana Gusmão.

3 August (Díli): 22 August (Díli): Confrontations among martial arts groups After a meeting with the new chairman of were registered in Comoro. Luís Carrilho, Australian oil company Woodside Peter UNPOL Commissioner, stated that patrolling Coleman, Timor Leste’s Deputy Prime Minister can only be effective with the cooperation of the José Luís Guterres reaffirmed his country’s community. demand that the natural gas from the Sunrise field in the Timor Sea be processed in the 11 August (Díli): country. Japanese ambassador to Timor Leste Iwao Kitahara announced that Japan would donate 23 August (Díli): more than US$1.6 million to support next The Parliament of Timor Leste approved year’s presidential and parliamentary elections the first changes to the country’s Oil Fund in the country. Law to allow greater flexibility and return on investments. IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 15

Reading List

Alex Vines and Markus Weimer, Angola: Assessing Risks to Stability (Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 2011). Amaury de Souza, “The Politics of Personality in Brazil” (Journal of Democracy, Vol. 22, No. 2, April 2011), pp. 75-88. ASPI, A reliable partner: Strengthening Australia – Timor Leste Relations (Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Special Report No. 39, April 2011). Assis Malaquias, Angola’s Foreign Policy: Pragmatic Recalibrations (South African Institute of International Affairs, Occasional Paper No. 84, May 2011). Carine Kiala and Nomfundo Ngwenya, Angola’s Strategic Co-Operation with the BRIC Countries (South African Institute of International Affairs, Occasional Paper No. 85, May 2011). David Zounmenou, “Guinea-Bissau in 2010: still in the eye of the storm” (IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin: 2010 Review, March 2011), pp. 19-24. Geoffrey Robinson, “If You Leave Us Here, We Will Die”: How Genocide Was Stopped in East Timor (Princeton University Press, 2011). Gerhard Seibert, “São Tomé and Príncipe in 2010: promises and disappointments” (IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin: 2010 Review, March 2011), pp. 35-40. ICG, Timor-Leste: Reconciliation and Return from Indonesia (International Crisis Group, Asia Briefing No. 122, April 2011). Kai Thaler, “Mozambique in 2010: strength on the surface, but fissures emerging” (IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin: 2010 Review, March 2011), pp. 25-29. Loro Horta, “The Dragon and the Mamba: China’s Growing Presence in Mozambique” (Jamestown Foundation, China Brief Vol. XI, No. 9, May 2011), pp. 10-12. Lucy Corkin, Uneasy allies: China’s evolving relations with Angola (Journal of Contemporary African Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2, April 2011), pp. 169-180. Luigi Einaudi, “Brazil and the United States: The Need for Strategic Engagement” (Institute for National Strategic Studies, Strategic Forum No. 266, March 2011). Mikael Wigell, “Assertive Brazil: An Emerging Power and Its Implications” (Finnish Institute of International Affairs, Briefing Paper No. 82, May 2011). Paula Cristina Roque, “Angola: Parallel governments, oil and neopatrimonial system reproduction” (Institute for Security Studies, Situation Report, 6 June 2011). Paulo Gorjão, “Portugal in 2010: punching above its weight” (IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin: 2010 Review, March 2011), pp. 30-34. Paulo Gorjão and Vasco Martins, “Cape Verde and the Security Council: time for reelection?” (IPRIS Policy Brief No. 5, March 2011). Pedro Seabra, “Brazil and the Middle East”, in Timo Behr (ed.) Hard choices: The EU’s Options in a Changing Middle East (Finnish Institute of International Affairs, 2011), pp. 94-99. Pedro Seabra, “Cape Verde in 2010: a prolific year” (IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin: 2010 Review, March 2011), pp. 13-18. Pedro Seabra, “Obama’s visit to Brazil: patching old wounds and pointing the way ahead” (IPRIS Policy Brief No. 6, March 2011). Pedro Seabra and Paulo Gorjão, Intertwined Paths: Portugal and Rising Angola (South African Institute of International Affairs, Occasional Paper No. 89, August 2011). Reinaldo Saraiva Hermenegildo, “Timor Leste: recalling 2010, anticipating 2011” (IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin: 2010 Review, March 2011), pp. 41-46. Riordan Roett, The New Brazil (Brookings Institution Press, 2011). Samuel Bodman, James Wolfensohn and Julia Sweig, Global Brazil and U.S.-Brazil Relations (Council on Foreign Relations, Independent Task Force Report No. 66, 2011). Sean W. Burges, Brazilian Foreign Policy after the Cold War (University Press of Florida, 2011). Sean Goforth, “Brazil in 2010: preparing for the dawn of a new era” (IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin: 2010 Review, March 2011), pp. 8-12. Susanne Gratius, “Brazil and Europe towards 2015” (FRIDE, Policy Brief No. 67, February 2011). Vasco Martins, “Angola in 2010: forging identity in foreign policy making” (IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin: 2010 Review, March 2011), pp. 3-7.

Editor | Paulo Gorjão assistant editorS | Kai Thaler • Laura Tereno • Pedro Seabra DESIGN | Atelier Teresa Cardoso Bastos PRINTING | Europress

Portuguese Institute of International Relations and Security (IPRIS) Rua Vitorino Nemésio, 5 - 1750-306 Lisboa PORTUGAL http://www.ipris.org email: [email protected]

IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin is a publication of IPRIS. The opinions expressed are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IPRIS. IPRIS Lusophone Countries Bulletin | 16