Issue 4 July — December 2016

Forensic Anthropology & Archaeology

Student Newsletter Communications in Australia & New Zealand

News & Updates News & Updates

Publications The Professionalisation of Forensic Anthropology in Australia – A Brief Overview Thesis Research By Dr Soren Blau Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine ([email protected]) Achievements Over the past 30 years there has been meeting was to bring together & Awards increasing interest in the discipline of practitioners from Australia and New forensic anthropology in Australia Zealand to discuss current techniques, (Donlon 2008; Donlon 2016). Despite limitations and ways to improve Field School this interest, there is confusion about domestic casework practice and Opportunities the qualifications and experience required to gain the title “forensic anthropologist” and practise as an Osteology Quiz expert in the field. The aim of this contribution is to disseminate to the student community details about the Forthcoming Forensic Anthropology Scientific Conferences Working Group (FS SWG), which is the professional body of forensic anthropology practitioners endorsed Editors by the National Institute of Forensic Science (NIFS). Ms Samantha Rowbotham In 2006 The Centre for Human Identification (CHI) at the Victorian PhD Candidate, Monash University information communication. This Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM) cross disciplinary symposium formed hosted a two day symposium for Dr Soren Blau the basis for the development of the forensic anthropologists, forensic Forensic Anthropologist, Victorian Medical Sciences Specialist Advisory Institute of Forensic Medicine odontologists and forensic Group (MS SAG). entomologists. The aim of this Forensic Anthropology & Archaeology Student Newsletter

Specialist Advisory Groups The Chair of the MS SAG is  current techniques (SAGs) were established under the elected by the group and holds the and their auspices of the Senior Managers of position for no more than four years. limitations; the Australian and New Zealand Each SAG has a Mentor whose role is  ways to improve Forensic Laboratories (SMANZFL). to provide support for the SAG Chair, casework practice In 2016, the attend the SAG and quality control; management and “...the Forensic Anthropology meeting and  the establishment co-ordination of SWG has commenced communicate of regular training; the SAGs was SAG outcomes to  increased transferred to the discussions about the need the ANZPAA cooperation National Institute for the development of a NIFS Forum in between and within of Forensic mentoring / training program conjunction with disciplines, and Sciences (NIFS), the Chair. The  promotion of services to which is a for young / emerging Mentor of the MS stakeholders (for example directorate within practitioners” SAG is a forensic police, coroners, lawyers the Australian and pathologist. etc.). New Zealand Policing Advisory While membership of the Agency (ANZPAA). NIFS has majority of SAGs has representation Over the past 10 years the reporting accountability to The from each jurisdiction, membership of Forensic Anthropology SWG has Australia New Zealand Forensic the MS SAG represents the disciplines developed and completed a number of Executive Committee (ANZFEC). (rather than the jurisdictions). As projects. The FA SWG has developed SAG disciplines include: outlined by the ANZPAA, each of the National Guidelines for Forensic  Biology four disciplines “should have at least Anthropology practitioners in  Chemical Criminalistics two representatives with total Australia which define the  Crime Scene & Ballistics membership to be limited to 12 qualifications and experience required  Documents people. However, each jurisdiction to practise as a forensic  Electronic Evidence should be represented on the SAG anthropologist. According to the  Fingerprints where possible” (ANZPAA). Guidelines “a practising, professional  Illicit Drugs Organisations eligible for Forensic Anthropologist should have:  Medical Sciences representation at the MS SAG a) A relevant undergraduate  Toxicology meetings are detailed in the below degree for example, a Science table. degree majoring in human The Medical Sciences All of the four disciplines in the anatomy or an Arts degree Specialist Advisory Group (MS SAG) MS SAG have their own separate majoring in anthropology and is made up of practitioners in the Scientific Working Groups (SWGs), archaeology and a PhD in fields of forensic anthropology, each with an elected SWG Chair. The physical / biological anthropology forensic odontology, forensic MS SAG (and therefore the SWGs) or human anatomy; entomology, and mortuary managers. meet once a year to discuss: These four disciplines were brought together to form a single SAG because Table: Organisations eligible for representation at the MS SAG meetings there are a relatively small number of Victoria Police Forensic Services practitioners in Australia and New Victoria Department (VPFSD) Zealand in each discipline. While Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM) forensic anthropology, forensic odontology, forensic entomology and NSW Police New South Wales mortuary management are diverse Forensic and Analytical Sciences Service disciplines, practitioners often find themselves working together to ACT Australian Federal Police (AFP) investigate and manage discovered remains. They all serve the Coronial Queensland Queensland Police Forensic Services and greater justice system and are often involved with Disaster Victim Northern Territory NT Police Forensic Services Identification (DVI). Many of the members of the MS SAG are also Western Australia WA Police Forensic Services Fellows of the Faculty of Science, The SA Police Forensic Services Branch Royal College of Pathologists of South Australia Australasia (RCPA). This membership Forensic Science SA (FSSA) highlights the importance of the integration of the disciplines with the Tasmania Tasmania Police Forensic Services work of forensic pathologists. New Zealand New Zealand Police Communications in Australia & New Zealand

b) Formal association with a known individuals; Expert Evidence in Criminal recognized ANZFEC approved Trials Practice Directions for  completed a workshop to identify institute, forensic anthropology, and a series of non-human bones using c) Current casework experience, actual cases of skeletal remains  commenced discussion about and which were originally handed into accreditation(Image courtesy of forD. Franklin) forensic d) Publications in relevant peer police in the belief they were anthropologists. reviewed journals on the subject human; of physical / biological/ forensic While there are many students anthropology are also desirable”.  developed a roster of forensic interested in the study of the human The National Guidelines document anthropologists which is skeleton and the potential application is currently being revised for a synchronised with the forensic of this information in legal settings, second edition. pathologist‟s roster for national there are currently limited formal The Forensic Anthropology SWG and overseas deployment; courses offered in forensic has also: anthropology in Australia. This is  examined new and emerging predominantly due to the limited job  developed a Code of Ethics technologies, specifically CT, and opportunities to practise as a forensic for Australian forensic the applications to forensic anthropologist (as defined by the anthropology practitioners; anthropology. A workshop on CT Forensic Anthropology SWG).  completed a trial proficiency for anthropologists was held at Nonetheless, the Forensic testing (PT) as part of a VIFM in April 2015. The Anthropology SWG has commenced general Quality Assurance workshop consisted of a practical discussions about the need for the Programme (QAP). Because demonstration of the VIFM development of a mentoring / training accessibility to appropriate scanner, lectures, and program for young / emerging reference collections of familiarisation with CT imaging practitioners. individuals of known age and using case examples and sex in Australia is discussion; Additional information about the problematic, the trial was Medical Sciences SAG or the Forensic  worked with NIFS to develop a Anthropology SWG can be obtained by undertaken using Computed secure web page for the contacting the National Institute of Tomography (CT) generated dissemination of confidential case images of skulls. The aims of Forensic Science (NIFS): email - materials; the PT were to examine the [email protected].  reviewed the role of forensic concordance of practitioner responses for the estimation of anthropology in disaster victim sex and estimation of age and identification (DVI) and the References in doing so, comment on the lessons learned following major ANZPAA.https://www.anzpaa.org.au.Article suitability of CT images for disasters such as the 2009 Documents/514/Criteria%20for%20SAG% general anthropological Victorian bushfires; 20Meetings.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y (accessed 08/01/16). assessment. A poster  completed a workshop with the Blau, S., Buck, A., Donlon, D., Simpson, E., summarising this QAP was forensic odontology SWG presented at the 21st and Wilson-Wilde. L. 2012. Forensic examining terminology used when anthropology in Australia: working towards International Symposium on providing age estimations; improved practice (Poster). 21st the Forensic Sciences (Blau et International Symposium on the Forensic al. 2012). The second stage of  discussed the effects of contextual Sciences. Hobart. 23-27th September. the QAP is currently being bias for forensic anthropology Donlon, D. 2008. Forensic anthropology in developed; practise; Australia: a brief history and review of casework. In: Oxenham, M. (ed.). Forensic  completed PT to examine the  undertaken case discussions Approaches to Death, Disaster and Abuse concordance of practitioner highlighting issues related to the pp: 97-110. Bowen Hills, Qld: Australian responses for estimation of the admissibility of evidence, Academic Press. biological profile (ancestry, limitations of the discipline and Donlon, D. 2016. The development and current sex, age and height) of four who can call themselves an state of forensic anthropology: an cases of skeletal remains of “expert”; Australian perspective. In Blau, S. and Ubelaker, D.H. (eds.) Handbook of  developed a curriculum for Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology forensic anthropology for the (2nd edt.). pp: 126-139. New York: RCPA Faculty of Science Trainee Routledge. Handbook;  worked with policing agencies to improve the investigation of unidentified human remains and missing persons;  commenced the development of Forensic Anthropology & Archaeology Student Newsletter

International Symposium Australian and New Zealand of Clinical and Applied Association of Clinical Anatomy 2016 Anatomists 2016

Students from Western Sydney University and Melbourne University recently presented their Jodi Caple, a research at the Australian and New Zealand University of Association of Clinical Anatomists conference. This Queensland years conference was held at the Australian National PhD Candidate, University Medical School in Canberra, Australia, recently th from the 7th to the 9th of December, and the theme presented her research at the 8 International was “Artful Anatomy”. Symposium of Clinical and Applied Anatomy in Budapest, Hungary, from the 1st to the 3rd of Prasad KK. (POSTER). “Systematic review of September. stature estimation in forensic anthropology”.

Caple JM, Stephan CN. (PODIUM). “Photo-realistic Gorski S. (PODIUM) “ of an statistical exemplars of skulls: visualizing average Ancient Egyptian mummy head investigated using sex and ancestry in high-resolution for forensic non-invasive imaging techniques”. anthropology”.

Volunteer Speaker for the World Biotech Tour 2016

By Salina Hisham Centre for Forensic Anthropology, The University of Western Australia ([email protected])

The Centre for Forensic Anthropology students from years 7 to 12 as part of develop a biological profile from the at The University of Western the „Scitech‟ segment of WBT. human skeleton. Age estimation was Australia (UWA) participated in the Our involvement comprised a shown using pubic symphysis and World Biotech Tour (WBT) in August 15-minute presentation, by myself, 2016 at the Perth Science Festival. and a hands-on opportunity for The WBT is organised by the Association of Science-Technology “Students from UWA Center and the Biogen Foundation. It is an initiative that brings (myself included) biotechnology to life at select science volunteered to showcase centres and museums worldwide to increase public awareness of what forensic anthropology to biotechnology is and, in this case, to Students examining osteological casts highlight scientific research 811 school students...” (Photo courtesy of S.Hisham) happening in Western Australia. sternal rib end casts, sexual Students from UWA (myself students to examine osteological casts. dimorphism was shown through included) volunteered to showcase My presentation covered forensic examination of skull and pelvic casts, forensic anthropology to 811 school science in general, forensic and ancestral origins were shown anthropology specifically, my doctoral using the skull casts. research (“Malaysian standards for Student evaluations showed that forensic age estimation”), the use of the majority of those who attended CT in forensic anthropology, and how nearly all learnt something new as part students can pursue this discipline at of the experience. I would like to the Centre for Forensic Anthropology thank Tara Broadhurst and Lisa (UWA). Stojanovski from Scitech for this Osteological casts from our opportunity; Assoc. Prof. Daniel centre were used for hands-on Franklin and Ms Ambika Flavel for demonstrations to show interested the content review, and Nur Intaniah Salina presenting to the school students students some of the morphological Ishak for her help during the (Photo courtesy of S.Hisham) traits a forensic anthropologist uses to demonstration. Communications in Australia & New Zealand Overview of the 30th Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Human Biology By Stacey Ward University of Otago ([email protected]) The 30th annual conference of the closing remarks, and concluded with cases, and Australasian Society for Human the conference dinner. communication Biology (ASHB) was held in the Key themes emerging networks in Hunter Centre throughout the disaster response teams. at the “ Roberts’ address conference The quality of University of were ASHB‟s presentations at the Otago in discussed the development and core belief of a conference, and in particular Dunedin, New current value of palaeopathology, supportive and of the student podium presentations, Zealand, from and emphasised the need for constructive was extremely high. Congratulations the 4th – 8th conference and to biological anthropology PhD December, scientific co-operation, research candidates Caitlin Smith (University 2016. Over 50 multi-method, interdisciplinary environment, of Auckland), Sarah Karstens ASHB members approaches to the past, and as well as (University of Auckland) and Rebecca attended the community Hendershott (Australian National conference, community engagement .” engagement University), who were awarded first, presenting 40 and second and third prizes respectively in podium and 10 poster papers on a consultation, social identity, modern the 2016 student presentation contest. diverse range of research areas, and prehistoric social inequalities in Thank you to all the including forensic anthropology, health, issues in defining and linking conference organisers and the ASHB , palaeoanthropology, health and stress, and the paradoxical executive committee for such a medical anthropology, histology and nature of bioarchaeological „health‟ wonderful conference in Dunedin. We primatology. A wide range of studies. The Big Ideas workshop all look forward to the next geographic regions were represented identified similar issues to those conference, to be held in Ballarat, in the presentations, including arising during the ASHB sessions, Victoria, towards the end of 2017. Australasia, North and South America, such as community engagement at all The Australasian Society for Mainland and Island Southeast Asia stages of research, ethical interaction Human Biology is a professional and Europe, and projects addressed and co-operation with Indigenous organisation for those in the southern issues of human biology in modern, peoples, and „giving back‟ to the hemisphere working in human historic and prehistoric contexts. community. biology. A large proportion of the Days one and two of the The forensic anthropology society consists of friendly students. conference included both podium and presentations in particular, covered a For those wishing to learn more about poster presentations, the Society‟s range of topics, including: this society, its website can be found Annual General Meeting, a field trip to biomechanical analyses of fracturing via the following link: http:// the WD Trotter Anatomy Museum caused by blunt force trauma; the school.anhb.uwa.edu.au/ashb/ housed in the Department of Anatomy, development of population specific index.html. and the keynote address by ASHB‟s techniques for the estimation of age, 2016 Keynote Speaker, Professor sex and stature; the development of Charlotte Roberts (, time since death intervals for forensic UK). Professor Roberts‟ address discussed the development and current value of palaeopathology, and emphasised the need for scientific co- operation, multi-method, interdisciplinary approaches to the past, and community engagement. The third day of the conference provided a This piece was adapted from a forum for a Big Ideas Workshop. This report originally written for the th was a networking and brainstorming forthcoming 13 issue of the Bioarchaeology in Southeast Asia event hosted by the University of and the Pacific Newsletter. To Otago that explored the „Asia-Pacific find out more about this Biocultural Health: Past and Present‟ newsletter, and how you can research theme. Day four of the contribute, please see the conference included additional podium following link: https:// seapbioarchaeol presentation sessions, the conference The ASHB conference venue gy.wordpress.com/ Forensic Anthropology & Archaeology Student Newsletter

‘Handbook of Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology’: A New Text

By Felicity Gilbert Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, Australian National University ([email protected])

Blau S, Ubelaker DH (eds.). 2016. Handbook of Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology. 2nd Edition. Routledge.

The second edition of the Handbook regards to: the diversity of case work, forensic archaeologist and forensic of Forensic Anthropology and the resources (primarily skeletal anthropologist, addresses topics Archaeology, edited by Dr Soren Blau collections) and training options related to the logistical and ethical (Victorian Institute of Forensic available, and the institutions in necessities for professional practice in Medicine) and which their these disciplines. This section Prof Douglas “The wide-ranging, yet forensic includes an insightful new chapter on Ubelaker anthropologists/ the work of the International (Smithsonian comprehensive, scope of this archaeologists Commission on Missing Persons Institution), are employed (ICMP). brings together Handbook covers all aspects and their The wide-ranging, yet contributions of forensic anthropology and subsequent job comprehensive, scope of this from 79 experts responsibilities. Handbook covers all aspects of from around the archaeology…” Part two, forensic anthropology and world to forensic archaeology from the practical and provide a highly comprehensive and archaeology, details traditional and ethical aspects of the disciplines, up-to-date resource on the latest new methodologies in the search, through to emphasising the developments and techniques used in excavation and recovery of human importance of methodological rigor forensic anthropology and forensic remains as well as for use as potential and validation of techniques, to the archaeology for both students and evidence in crime and disaster scenes. need for collaboration between all practitioners. Of particular note, is the This section highlights the importance disciplines in the forensic sciences. significant number (15) of of forensic archaeology and As such, the Handbook is essential contributions by Australians; collaboration needed with other reading for students, practitioners and reflecting the important role being disciplines within the forensic those with a genuine interest in played by practitioners and the sciences for crime and disaster scene forensic anthropology and diversity of work and research recovery operations. archaeology. Copies of the book can undertaken in the Australian region. Part three, forensic be purchased from any leading online The Handbook is extensive anthropology, gives a highly detailed book store or from the publisher and with 696 pages comprising 34 and up-to-date overview of the are approximately $70.00. Further chapters, and is presented in five fundamental aspects of forensic details can be found at https:// sections: history of the disciplines, anthropology. Across fifteen chapters, www.routledge.com/Handbook-of- forensic archaeology, forensic this section looks at the advantages Forensic-Anthropology-and- anthropology, the crime and disaster and disadvantages of using different Archaeology/Blau-Ubelaker/p/ scene, and the professional forensic methodologies and techniques in book/9781629583853. archaeologist and anthropologist. osteological analyses and offers Almost all chapters from the first insights into possible advancements. edition have been revised and updated Part four, crime and disaster and there have been four completely scene, presents key case studies that new chapters added for this second highlight the role of the forensic edition. anthropologist and forensic Part one, history of the archaeologist at crime or disaster disciplines, details the historical scenes. This section provides a stark development and current state of and sobering reminder of the practical forensic anthropology and realities and difficulties facing archaeology from various regional practitioners on the ground from perspectives (12 countries; including domestic homicides through to two completely new chapters disaster victim identification. covering Columbia and Concluding this section is an entirely South Africa). The various new and fascinating chapter on global perspectives display investigations undertaken to identify the extensive Australian and British WWI soldiers geographical excavated from mass graves in scope of the Fromelles, France. discipline with Part Five, the professional Communications in Australia & New Zealand St. John’s Cemetery, Back Road, Milton, New Zealand Preliminary Excavation Report, December 2016 By Dr Peter Petchey and A/Prof Hallie Buckley University of Otago ([email protected]; [email protected])

The excavation of St. John‟s Cemetery initial area investigated was to the rear of already mentioned, pressed iron coffin on Back Road, Milton (Otago, New the existing cemetery fence, where it was plates were attached to the lids of most Zealand), took place between the 28th of suspected that burials existed but there adults. Iron coffin handles were present November and the 16th of December was, as yet, no proof of their presence. on the adult and some child coffins. 2016. The excavation of the cemetery Excavation in this area identified 16 The skeletal remains that were was preceded by a brief blessing by graves. One grave still had a grave stone excavated are presently curated in the Bishop Kelvin Wright on the 27th of that had been broken, toppled and buried, Anthropology Laboratory in the Lindo November, and closed with a blessing by but the name of Henry Pim was still Ferguson Building at the University of the local Vicar, Vivienne Galletly, on the legible (see photo). As the project Otago. A programme of osteology, 16th of December. permissions were for unmarked and isotope and DNA analyses of these The primary objectives of this unidentified burials, skeletal remains, led excavation were, firstly, to determine the this grave was not “The project uncovered a by A/P Buckley, are parameters of the cemetery (which had further excavated, and currently underway. been in use from 1860 to 1929) and was left intact. total of 29 grave cuts and The DNA analyses whether there were graves outside of the The project excavated 25 graves to are being undertaken currently fenced area, and secondly, the uncovered a total of recover the remains of 27 by Prof. Lisa Matisoo identification of individuals within the 29 grave cuts and -Smith and may inhumations. excavated 25 graves individuals” include testing of The project had an Archaeological to recover the remains descendants of Authority and a Disinterment licence of 27 individuals (two of the infant/child individuals known to have been buried at from the Ministry of Health. Both burials contained double burials). Three the cemetery. The artefactual material is licences required extensive community of the grave cuts exposed after topsoil curated at the Southern Archaeology consultation and the written permission removal were not excavated (due to time Laboratory in Dunedin, and the analysis of the Church and Iwi. restrictions) and Henry Pim‟s grave was of this material is being led by Dr Initial clearing was carried out also left intact. Preliminary osteological Petchey. using a 13 ton digger to strip back large analyses (age and sex) of the 27 The locations of all identified areas of topsoil in order to identify grave individuals showed 10 were infants, 4 graves were marked with 2 inch square cuts. The same machine was then used to were children (over 1 year of age and posts prior to backfilling of the site, and excavate around each grave until the less than 15 years), 1 was an adolescent/ it is anticipated that the reinterment of level of the coffin was reached, after young adult and 11 were adults. Of the the skeletal and artefactual material will which work continued by hand. The adults, sex was estimated as be placed into the original grave unidentified for 2, female for 5 and locations. There is no set timeline yet for male for 5. the reinterment of the remains, but it is Many of the adult burials had expected that this will occur in mid- pressed iron coffin plates on the 2017. The programme for this coffin tops, and four of these were excavation, and the final restoration of still legible, allowing the confident the cemetery (which will include the identification of the individuals. The extended area identified by the names of these people will be archaeological project), will be the released in due course, after subject of discussion between the consultation with living descendants. Anglican Church, the Tokomairiro Other coffin furniture survived Project 60 Group, A/P Buckley and Dr reasonably well, allowing some Petchey. consideration of the funerary A full excavation report and a traditions practiced at this cemetery in series of papers and other publications the late nineteenth century. All of the will be undertaken in 2017. coffins were simply made from timber nailed together, and most were Excavation Participants of the single-break form (i.e., wider Peter Petchey, Hallie Buckley, Baylee Smith, across the shoulders and narrower at Rebecca Kinaston, Alana Kelly, Caitlin the head and feet). The exceptions to Hyde, Teina Tutaki, Eleanor Moore, Shar this coffin form were, in general, the Briden, Stacey Ward, Lori Bowers, Anna- Claire Barker, Rebecca Adam, Naomi smaller infant coffins, which were Woods, Koreana Wesley-Evans, Sarah straight-sided. Most of the coffins McDonald, Gail Elliot, Kath Croy, Anna Henry Pim‟s headstone being held in place by Alana Kelly and were covered in black fabric, with Willis, Greg Hil, Jonny Gerber, Rachel Teina Tutaki after it was found during topsoil stripping. Prior to pressed metal (probably zinc) Wesley, Nyssa Mildwaters, Jenni Lane, Holly the discovery of this headstone there was no record of Henry Pim having been buried in this cemetery. (Photo courtesy of A/P decorative strips around the edge of Brinsdon, Jitlada Innanchai, Charlotte King, H.Buckley) the lids and along the sides. As Kate Domett. Forensic Anthropology & Archaeology Student Newsletter

Interview with Dr Ellie Simpson State Forensic Anthropologist for South Australia

Occupation: Forensic Anthropologist Employer: Forensic Science SA (FSSA) Years of experience in the discipline: 15

What first sparked your interest in forensic anthropology?

I was attending a lecture at the University of Adelaide where the principles of developing a biological profile were presented. I was fascinated with the concept that individual details of a person could be ascertained by examining their skeletal remains. What qualifications did you require?

Academic – After majoring in Human Anatomy and Psychology for a Bachelor of Science, I undertook Honours in Biological Pathology and then completed a PhD in Medicine (Biological Anthropology). I also hold a restricted Radiography license, to enable me to take x-rays of deceased persons/skeletal remains, and a Safe Entry to a Confined Space certificate.

Practical – None specified, however I had previous employment/experience with working in a forensic mortuary, human anatomical laboratory, and bone histomorphometry laboratory. My forensic training was achieved through informal mentoring from forensic pathologists and other scientists at FSSA, and attending interstate and international courses as professional development activities.

How long have you been with Forensic Science SA and how did you come to take on the role?

I have been employed at Forensic Science SA since 2002. I was employed under the Graduate program offered by the State Government during that period. I had nearly completed my PhD when the position became available, and was able to complete my PhD studies part-time after commencing at FSSA.

What different areas of the discipline has your work involved?

As the sole forensic anthropologist for SA, I receive a wide variety of casework from all areas of the state. This has involved triage/identification of skeletal remains found by the public during day-to-day activities (gardening, building, recreation etc); searching for remains of missing people with SA Police; assisting with identification and examination of remains of recently deceased (Coronial investigations); examination of in situ remains of archaeological burials; and Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) (local, interstate and international). Outside of direct casework, I am a member of the FSSA and SA DVI committees.

Top career highlights…

In no particular order:  Contributing to the identification of missing people / unknown human remains.  Deployment to assist with the recovery and examination of remains following the Black Saturday Bushfires, Victoria, in 2009.  Achieving and maintaining National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA) accreditation for FSSA in the category of Skeletal Examinations since 2011.  Involvement in the establishment and ongoing development of the Forensic Anthropology SWG.  Becoming a Founding Fellow in the Faculty of Science, Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia, in the Forensic Anthropology discipline. Dr Ellie Simpson excavating human skeletal remains (Photo courtesy of Dr E.Simpson) What has been the most rewarding and challenging aspect of the job?

Rewarding and challenging – as the first forensic anthropologist employed in this position in South Australia, I have had to develop professional networks/relationships with individuals and organisations both within and outside government. The challenge was to show that I had skills and expertise to assist with cases, and break through some barriers or perceptions in whether these were required. The rewards are that I am now contacted early and consulted for possible approaches or advice by these same organisations, as I have shown that I can add value to many investigations.

Best piece of advice for those seeking a career in the discipline…

Love the science for its own sake. By narrowing your focus too early on a purely forensic career, you may end up disappointed as there are not many full time jobs in the field. However if you love the science, you will find opportunities where you can provide expertise. Communications in Australia & New Zealand

The 23rd Australian and New Zealand Forensic Science Society Symposium: An Overview

By Samantha Rowbotham and Felicity Gilbert Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University ([email protected]) Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, Australian National University ([email protected])

The 23rd biennial symposium of the archaeology) can further collaborate College London) who was awarded Australian and New Zealand Forensic with each other and with the broader the best podium presentation, Prof Science Society was held at SkyCity forensic science community, to ensure Shari Forbes (University of in Auckland, New Zealand, from the the sub-discipline continues to evolve Technology Sydney) who was 18th to the 22nd of and provide the awarded the highly commended September. The “For many of the quality research podium presentation and Stephanie symposium needed to inform Marhoff (PhD Candidate , University welcomed over anthropologists and practice and of Western Sydney) who was awarded 800 delegates archaeologists, the subsequently the the best poster presentation, in the from 33 courts. Anthropology and Archaeology countries to symposium was a great The section. present and diversity in For many of the anthropologists discuss research opportunity to share their scientific sessions and archaeologists, the symposium and practice in research and broaden their was a great was a great opportunity to share their all aspects of opportunity for research and broaden their forensic science professional networks.” those of us in professional networks (particularly (including anthropology/ during some of the society events anthropology and archaeology, archaeology to learn about current such as the night at the Aviation Hall pathology and forensic medicine, advancements in a variety of related of the Museum of Transport and toxicology and pharmacology, sub-disciplines (e.g., odontology, Technology and the Gala Dinner). fingerprints, documents, wildlife, crime scene recovery and pathology), Certainly the symposium was an crime scene investigation and many but also improve our knowledge in opportunity for many of us to begin more). Over the four days of scientific areas of the forensic sciences we were discussing how we can work together sessions we had the opportunity to not particularly knowledgeable on through collaborations to further attend 383 podium papers, view 192 (e.g. electronic and digital evidence). advance the discipline and ultimately, poster papers and hear from 9 The anthropology and archaeology inform the courts. plenaries. sessions occupied a full day of the The ANZFSS is very The conference theme of symposium, with talks from supportive of student research and „Together InForming Justice‟ was practitioners, academics and students students are welcome to join the strongly interwoven across the detailing, primarily, advancements in society (http://anzfss.org). Students conference presentations, and the discipline in Australia. These talks are encouraged to attend and present particularly in the plenary (and posters) covered: advancements their research at the next Symposium, presentations, with many scientists in establishing the post-mortem to be held in Perth, Western Australia, discussing how the forensic sciences interval, the „AFTER‟ facility and from the 9th to 13th of September 2018 need to become interdisciplinary in various projects they have underway (http://www.anzfss2018.com). order to advance as a discipline and, (e.g. the detection of mass graves), the more importantly, ensure credibility use of 3D models, advancements in of the science for the courts. This the use of osteological traits to theme was particularly strong in establish a biological profile and Dame Professor Sue Blacks (Dunedin identification, skeletal trauma, University) plenary address. She osteological indicators of child abuse, discussed forensic science as being in the importance of accounting for bias, a state of „survival of the fittest‟ and and more. A particular congratulations that it is essential for all disciplines to Sherry Nakhaeizadeh (University within forensic science to evolve and adapt, by becoming collaborative and interdisciplinary, if we are to ensure we produce the most robust and high- quality research to inform practice. This concept certainly gave many of us pause for thought on how we, both as individuals and as a sub-discipline (forensic anthropology/ Top: Dame Prof Sue Black‟s plenary address, Bottom: poster session (left) and night at the Aviation Hall (right) Forensic Anthropology & Archaeology Student Newsletter

Upcoming AAFS Meeting Publications

PhD students Lauren Swift (UWA), Caple J, Stephan CN. 2016. Photo-realistic statistical skull Jacqueline Noble (UWA), Jodi morphotypes: new exemplars for ancestry and sex estimation in Caple (UQ) and Samantha forensic anthropology. Journal of Forensic Sciences. Rowbotham (Monash) will be DOI:10.1111/1556-4029.13314. attending the 69th American Academy of Forensic Sciences Humphrey C, Kumaratilake J. 2016. Ballistics and anatomical meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana, modelling–a review. Legal Medicine 23: 21-29. in February 2017 to present their research. Rowbotham SK. 2016. Anthropological estimation of sex. In: Blau S, Ubelaker DH (eds.), Handbook of Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology (2nd ed). Chapter 19, pp. 261- 272. Routledge: New York.

Thesis Research

HONOURS Name: Nicholas Dempsey Affiliation: Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, Australian National University Degree: Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Supervisors: Prof Marc Oxenham Status: Completed (submitted November 2016) Title: Biomechanical analysis of fracturing in fleshed sheep (Ovis aries) tibiae induced by controlled blunt force trauma The analysis and interpretation of skeletal injuries caused by blunt simulate actual conditions where skin and muscle will absorb and force trauma (BFT) is a key aspect of forensic anthropology and dissipate applied forces, thus influencing fracturing of the tibial bioarchaeology analyses when reconstructing an individual‟s diaphysis. osteological profile and the circumstances surrounding their Results from the study indicate that a significant death. The manner in which bone fractures in response to BFT is relationship exists between force and fracture length with respect a complex, multiphasic process that involves the interactions to 90N and 112N force outcomes, however there was little change between mechanical force, skin and the musculo-skeletal system. To further improve our understanding of how bone fractures under mechanical force, this study investigated whether a quantifiable relationship was discernible between force and specific fracture outcomes (maximum fracture length, total fragment count and total anterior/posterior radiating fracture lines), and how anatomical factors influenced those outcomes. The „typical‟ patterns from the three force conditions To achieve these aims, this study conducted (Photo courtesy of N.Dempsey) biomechanical experiments using (n=30) fleshed sheep tibiae (Ovis between 112N and 135N. No significant relationship was aries) and three conditions of force discernible between the level of force and the outcome variables (90 Newtons, 112 Newtons and 135 of total fragment count and total anterior/posterior radiating Newtons). For each condition of fracture lines. force, specimens (n=10) were These preliminary results suggest there is potential for subjected to a single controlled further analysis of bone fracture behaviour under mechanical mechanical impact to explore these force with consideration to a broader suite of soft tissue and fracture outcomes. The inclusion of skeletal variables. Results from this study may inform current The impact ring soft tissue (i.e. fleshed bones) in methods in forensic anthropology trauma analysis and may have (Photo courtesy of N.Dempsey) the experiments was to closely additional implications for bioarchaeological research. Communications in Australia & New Zealand MASTERS Name: Madelen Chikhani Affiliation: School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University Degree: Master of Research Supervisors: Dr Hayley Green Status: Late stages Title: Estimation of post-mortem interval from skeletonised remains using Raman spectroscopy The calculation of the time since death (post-mortem interval, and researchers have highlighted the potential use of Raman PMI) is an integral element in the forensic examination process spectroscopy in the calculation of PMI from skeletal remains. of human remains, as it may provide significant information Preliminary evidence in the literature shows that Raman spectral pertaining to the circumstances surrounding an individual‟s patterns of skeletonised remains correlate to PMI. Research death. Traditionally, PMI calculation studies have focussed on shows a decrease in organic Raman bands, specifically bands soft tissue changes and insect activity during decomposition, associated with collagen (amide I and III), with increasing PMI. rather than changes to the skeletal elements. More recently This is due to the loss of collagen from bone through chemical however, this research in using bone to calculate PMI has begun breakdown and collagenase activity of bacteria upon introduction to gain popularity. This is primarily attributed to bones being to soil. more likely to preserve during decomposition compared with Subsequently, it is the intention of this study to develop a other biological tissues, making their examination, and the new method for PMI calculation from skeletonised remains information obtained, invaluable to forensic investigations. specific to the Australian environment to further improve our Although little research concerned with PMI estimations understanding of time since death. This study will characterise from skeletonised remains has been conducted in Australia to the Raman spectral patterns of 24 bones collected from 8 date, several PMI studies have been undertaken internationally skeletonised pigs with known PMI ranging from approximately 6 months to 2.5 years, found in thick bushland in the Hawkesbury region of New South Wales. The study utilises the benchtop Bruker Ramanscope III Senterra Raman (785nm) and Bruker Vertex70 RamII (1064nm) and the portable EZRaman-NP-785 Analyzer (785nm). It is anticipated that results of this study will improve our estimation of the PMI calculation from skeletonised remains and will assess the validity of benchtop and portable Skeletonised pig remains on soil surface Raman spectra from long bone (A-C), Raman spectroscopy as a viable technique for PMI calculation (Photographed by S.Marhoff; PMI in years A 2.5, B 1.5, C 1 Photo courtesy of M.Chikhani) (Image courtesy of M.Chikhani) from skeletonised remains.

Name: Natasha Langley Affiliation: Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, Australian National University Degree: Master of Archaeological Science (Advanced) (Forensic Archaeology and Specialisation) Supervisors: Dr Justyna Miszkiewicz Status: Completed (November 2016) Title: The effects of experimental burning on Sus scrofa dental enamel in a forensic and archaeological context Understanding the effects of burning on dentition (in particular archaeological specimens (unknown provenance) of Sus scrofa dental enamel) is important in forensic and bioarchaeological (domestic pig). These molars were burnt in a furnace with a contexts where recovered burned dentition may be used to: starting temperature of 410 degree Celsius (°C), and rose in 20°C reconstruct the events surrounding an individual‟s death; increments up to 750°C. At each 20oC increment, the effects of fire differentiate peri- and post-mortem injuries; on the tooth were recorded by weight assist with developing a biological profile measurement, and microscopic and (particularly age-at-death) and pathological macroscopic analysis. The Wilcoxon Signed conditions, and reveal insights into mortuary Rank Test and Spearman‟s Rank Order practices. The current literature detailing Correlation Test showed there was a specific burning temperatures and their statistically significant loss in the weight of all associated effects on tooth enamel however, samples after burning, however there was no are based on a small number of studies with statistically significant correlation between the wide-ranging experimental designs and so are percentage of weight loss and specific limited resources for forensic anthropologists temperature at which the sample was burnt. It and/or biological archaeologists. is proposed that burnt dental tissues begin Subsequently, further research into the effects structural disintegration internally at of burning on dental enamel is needed. To The effects of burning on teeth at a temperature of 510oC approximately 600°C, but retain external begin augmenting this deficit, this study as seen in sample T6 (Photo courtesy of N.Langley) structure until approximately 710°C. sought to determine a temperature point at These results provide a preliminary which tooth enamel no longer displays outer incremental lines model for further experimental research that should utilise human (perikymata), which can be used in ageing skeletal remains, and dentition. It is suggested a combined examination of qualitative whether a controlled increase in burning temperature has an and quantitative approaches should be taken in order to better associated inverse effect on the weight of dentition. assist with inferring the circumstances of burning of remains from Eighteen samples of molars were extracted from archaeological or forensic contexts. Forensic Anthropology & Archaeology Student Newsletter

Name: Jessica Thomson Affiliation: Centre for Forensic Anatomy and Biological Sciences, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia Degree: Masters of Forensic Science (Research) Supervisors: Assoc/Prof Daniel Franklin (principal), Ambika Flavel (co-supervisor), Asst/Prof Alexandra Suvorova (co-supervisor), Brendan Kelly (external supervisor), and Andrew Duckworth (external supervisor) Status: Early stages (commenced 2016) Title: A preliminary forensic investigation of thermal patterning in bone In recent decades, there has been an increase in research into technology. These studies focus on changes in trace element burned human bone and the complex transformations that the composition, alteration to bone structure on a microscopic level skeleton undergoes when exposed to heat. This increase in and DNA analysis. Secondary-level changes largely involve research may be in part attributed to the variety of circumstances shrinkage rates in bone exposed to heat, fracture pattern analysis that may result in burned human remains (e.g. mass casualty and quantification of colour change. analysis, archaeological cremated remains and forensic casework) This project aims to investigate changes in bone surface and the variety of disciplines that are involved in their morphology and colour in Western Grey Kangaroo (Macropus examination (e.g. archaeology, anthropology and pathology). fuliginosus) long bones (n=54) at temperatures from 200ºC to In situations where a body is exposed to heat, soft tissues 1200ºC, for time periods of 30 mins, 60 mins and 90 mins. High- can be broken down in as little as 60 to 90 minutes, thus often resolution photography will be taken of all specimens to facilitate leaving only the skeletal remains as a source of forensic/ analyses of secondary-level colour change. Additionally, the archaeological evidence (Fairgrieve 2007). As such, an samples will be analysed using scanning electron microscopy understanding of the thermal modifications to hard tissues is an (SEM) to quantify microscopic changes in the bones surface essential area of study within the forensic sciences, as it can structure and osteon size. Results of this research will facilitate the provide information regarding the biological profile, condition of development of a standardised model for the estimation of time the body prior to burning, and an understanding of fire behaviour and temperature exposure of burned bone through the (i.e., intensity and temperature). quantification of macroscopic colour change and microscopic Prior research into the thermal changes of bone have surface alteration. involved examining macroscopic and/or microscopic alterations that are referred to as secondary-level and primary-level changes Fairgrieve, S.I., Forensic Cremation Recovery and Analysis. 2007, respectively. Studies of primary-level changes are a new focus Boca Raton: CRC Press. within the field, emerging with the development of microscopic

Name: Kajaal Karan Prasad Affiliation: School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University Degree: Master of Research (Anatomy) Supervisors: Dr Manisha Dayal Status: Early stages (commenced June 2016) Title: Systematic review of stature estimation in forensic anthropology Stature is one of the four essential biological traits anthropologists not relevant on review of the title and abstract were removed. use to assist with the identification of deceased individuals. There were 70 articles found appropriate for inclusion in this Methods for recording stature estimation comprise the use of systematic review. anatomical landmarks and mathematical equations that are, Majority of the studies included equations that were primarily, established for a specific population (the population population specific. Skeletal elements used to estimate stature from which the calculations were derived). As these equations are were grouped into: upper limb (including handprints), lower generally population specific, they provide great limitations to the limb (including footprints), axial application of these methods to the modern Australian population skeleton (sternum & vertebrae), (which comprises a variety of ancestral groups). Currently, there appendicular skeleton and facial are only a handful of equations that can be applied to multicultural skeleton. A number of univariate populations like Australia and, as such, further research that will and multivariate regression provide forensic anthropologist with equations that are non- equations were included in each population specific, are required to assist in stature estimation for of the articles that could be used multicultural populations. The aim of this study is thus to review in multicultural populations. literature systematically in the last 10 years to evaluate whether Once sufficient data has any regression formulae can be used on multicultural populations. been collected through the Articles were extracted from MEDLINE and PubMed. systematic review of stature Inclusion criteria consisted of articles that discussed the use of estimation studies conducted in various components of the human body along-side the use of previous years, they will be mathematical methods to estimate stature. Exclusion criteria applied to the modern Australian included: studies focusing on stature estimation of children, population to test whether studies that consisted of less than 10 individuals, non-English population specific regression written studies and studies where stature estimation included equations are necessary. Maximum length of the human femur individuals with specific physical impairments. Articles that were (Photo courtesy of K.Prasad) Communications in Australia & New Zealand DOCTORATES

Name: Lauren Swift Affiliation: Centre for Forensic Anthropology, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia Degree: Supervisors: Assoc/Prof Daniel Franklin, E/Prof Charles Oxnard and Dr Kevin Murray Status: First year candidature (commenced November 2016) Title: Forensic anthropological inter population studies: an analysis of Australian skeletal variation

The accuracy and validity of forensic anthropological estimations for Australia. Therefore the primary aim of this doctoral research of a biological profile (that is, an estimation of age-at-death, will be to investigate skeletal (cranial and pelvic) variation of the sex, stature and ancestry), require skeletal standards that Australian population, by investigating each state and territory, in accurately reflect the the hopes of creating age and contemporary population sex based Australian being investigated. The use standards. of standards created from Through the analysis geographically or temporally of multi-slice computed removed populations result tomography scans of the in higher error rates cranium and pelvis, this and misidentification as project aims to produce intrinsic (e.g. hormones) and population specific standards extrinsic (e.g. nutrition) for age and sex that reflect factors influence skeletal Volume rendered anterior view of the pelvis and skull. each of the eight states and development size and shape (Image courtesy of the Centre for Forensic Anthropology, UWA) territories of Australia. In within populations. Therefore, the most accurate anthropological doing so, the current project aims to provide population specific standards should be derived specifically from the population the references for age and sex, as well as determine if Australia can individual was from. be considered one population, anthropologically, or if each state Currently, there is a lack of population specific standards and territory constitutes a unique population.

Achievements & Awards

Congratulations to Jodi Caple (University of Queensland) who has been awarded the Ellis R. Kerley Forensic Sciences International Congratulations to Stacey Gorski (University of Outreach Travel Award Melbourne) who was awarded the Anthropological ($1500 USD), and Association of Victoria‟s alpha student presentation conference registration, prize ($500) for her master‟s research on the to attend the American paleopathologies of an Academy of Forensic Sciences meeting in 2017. Ancient Egyptian mummified head. Stacey was also recently awarded a grant-in-aid from the Near Eastern Archaeology Foundation (NEAF) to assist with this research. Forensic Anthropology & Archaeology Student Newsletter Field School Opportunities

The University of New Brunswick, in collaboration with Parks Canada, will begin excavating the 18th century cemetery at the Fortress of Louisbourg in Nova Scotia this July-August. The field school will run for fours weeks under the direction of bioarchaeologist Dr Amy Scott. Further details can be found at http:// unb.ca/cel/programs/undergraduate/ archaeology/, or the field school facebook page (@ UNB Bioarchaeology Field School). Students interested in applying are encouraged to contact Dr Scott (see email address on the poster) for details regarding the application process.

Left: Dr Scott with a student, Centre: For- tress of Louisbourg, Right: Cranial vault

(Poster and photos courtesy of Dr A.Scott)

The Slavia Foundation and Adam Mickiewicz University will be running their 19th mortuary archaeology field school at two locations in Poland (Drawsko and Giecz) this coming July - August. The program has two sessions (June – July and July - August) with each running for three weeks. Further details of the field school can be found at www.slavia.org or through contacting Dr Marek Polcyn (Slavia Project Co- ordinator) directly at [email protected].

Left: recovered human skeletal remains. Right: students mapping a burial

(Poster and photos courtesy of Dr M.Polcyn) Communications in Australia & New Zealand

Osteology Quiz - What is This?

Are the changes to the right tarsals of this individual the result of trauma or pathology? Please justify your conclusion.

(Image © of VIFM)

CT volume rendered image of the right foot (medial view). HINT: this is the anatomical position.

(Image © of VIFM)

CT sagittal view of the right foot

NB: These three images are the copyright of the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM) and as such are not to be used for professional or personal purposes (including social media).

(Image © of VIFM)

CT axial view of the right foot

Please submit your response to [email protected].

Responses will be published (de-identified) in Issue 5 of FAASN along with the correct answer. We look forward to hearing your thoughts and initiating a dialogue about this skeletal trauma/pathology.

(We would like to thank Kristy Winter (QUT student) for the suggestion to include this interactive question section of FAASN) (If you have an interesting skeletal anomaly/pathology/trauma from an archaeological or forensic case and would like to showcase that as the FAASN-5 „osteology quiz‟, please contact [email protected]) Contact: Forthcoming Conferences For any enquires please contact [email protected] / [email protected] 2017 International Association of Craniofacial Identification

The 17th biennial meeting of the International Association of Image Disclaimer

Craniofacial Identification (IACI) All photographs and images used in this publication are either the proper- will be hosted by the University of ty of the editors, have been provided by the Queensland‟s School of Biomedical contributors, or are referenced below.

Sciences and the Laboratory for https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/another-exciting- position-nifs-linzi-wilson-wilde Human Craniofacial and Skeletal http://www.goeuro.com/travel/vienna/budapest http://school.anhb.uwa.edu.au/ashb/ Identification. The meetings will http://www.teamarchitects.co.nz/projects/education/ run from the 15th to 19th of July hunter-centre/ https://www.routledge.com/Handbook-of-Forensic- 2017. Workshops will provide Anthropology-and-Archaeology/Blau-Ubelaker/p/ book/9781629583853 participants with hands on http://anzfss.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/ experience in head dissection and ANZFSS-December-2016-newsletter-FINAL.pdf http://capsihome.com/hotels-in-french-quarter-with- Gerasimov‟s authentic plastic facial balcony/french-quarter-louisiana-in-hotels-in-french- quarter-with-balcony/ reconstruction methods (lead by https://nicollelamerichs.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/ stack460.jpg Herbert Ullrich, http://aasv.org.au/ Medizinhistorisches Museum der http://www.med.monash.edu.au/sphpm/dofm.html https://svpow.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/ Charite, Humboldt-Universitat zu vi_c_322.jpg http://www.yourdictionary.com// Berlin). More details to follow at images/3489.16.caliper.jpg http://www.vanishingtattoo.com/tds/images/caduceus/ http://www.iaci2017.com.au/. caduceus_large/caduceus_009.jpg (Image courtesy of Dr C.Stephan) http://www.michelherbelin.co.nz/stockists/search http://www.vifm.org/ http://www.monash.edu/ https://www.google.com.au/search?q=aafs&rls=com. microsoft:en- AU&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved =0ahUKEwipu8e6mevRAhVBNZQKHZsEAUYQ_A UICCgB&biw=1442&bih=865#imgrc=HMX6Afaw7i __WM%3A

Our sincere thanks to all contributors of this fourth issue. Without your support and involvement this newsletter would not be possible.

We welcome comments / feedback and encourage students at all stages of research to consider contributing to future issues.