L'indépendance De La Couronne Canadienne

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L'indépendance De La Couronne Canadienne L’indépendance de la Couronne canadienne Une question de droit et de conventions Mémoire Julien Fournier Maîtrise en droit Maître en droit (LL. M.) Québec, Canada © Julien Fournier, 2017 L’indépendance de la Couronne canadienne Une question de droit et de conventions Mémoire Julien Fournier Sous la direction de : Patrick Taillon, directeur de recherche Résumé Ce mémoire explore les règles distinguant, tant dans sa dévolution que dans l’exercice de ses pouvoirs, la Couronne du Canada de la Couronne britannique. Le droit canadien constitue et encadre tous les organes de l’État, et, au premier chef, la Couronne, par des règles de droit et des conventions constitutionnelles que ce mémoire se fixe comme objectif d’identifier. Il s’agit donc de mettre en lumière comment la Couronne, pourtant indivisible à l’échelle de l’Empire à l’époque impériale, est devenue divisible lors de l’accession du Canada à l’indépendance. Pour ce faire, ce mémoire procède à l’étude du droit relatif à la Couronne partagé par le Royaume-Uni et ses anciens Dominions ainsi que celle de l’évolution des organes habilités à régir, et à faire agir, la Couronne au Canada. iii Abstract This memory explores the rules that distinguish the Crown of Canada from the British Crown, both in its demise and in the exercise of its powers. Canadian law establishes and manages all State organs, and primarily the Crown, by rules of law and constitutional conventions that this memory intends to identify. The intent is, therefore, to highlight how the Crown, though indivisible through the Empire at its heyday, has became divisible at Canadian independence. It is done by the study of law related to the Crown shared by the United Kingdom and its late Dominions and the evolution of the organs that can legislate on, and make act, the Crown in Canada. iv Table des matières Résumé .............................................................................................................................................................. iii Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... iv Remerciements .................................................................................................................................................. vii Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 Les règles constitutives de la charge de Reine à l’époque impériale ....................................................... 27 1.1 Aux origines de la monarchie : les règles de common law .............................................................. 28 1.2 Les lois impériales fondamentales .................................................................................................. 38 1.2.1 La souveraineté du Parlement : le Bill of Rights de 1689 ............................................................ 38 1.2.2 Une succession régie par le droit légiféré : l’Act of Settlement de 1701 ..................................... 40 1.2.3 L’évolution des Couronnes écossaise et anglaise : de l’union personnelle aux Unions Acts de 1706-1707 ................................................................................................................................................ 44 1.2.4 La Couronne irlandaise et l’Union with Ireland Act 1800 ............................................................. 47 1.2.5 L’exigence du consentement aux mariages royaux : le Royal Marriages Act de 1772 ............... 48 1.3 L’application du droit d’Angleterre et des lois impériales au Canada .............................................. 49 1.4 L’indivisibilité formelle de la Couronne impériale ............................................................................. 55 1.4.1 L’origine de la règle d’indivisibilité ............................................................................................... 55 1.4.2 La reconnaissance de l’indivisibilité de la Couronne impériale ................................................... 60 1.4.3 La Couronne et ses gouvernements : la divisibilité fonctionnelle de la Couronne à l’époque impériale................................................................................................................................................... 76 1.5 Conclusion : la continuité de la charge et le maintien de la suprématie de Westminster ................ 80 2 La divisibilité de la Couronne impériale britannique ................................................................................. 83 2.1 La divisibilité conventionnelle de la Couronne impériale ................................................................. 84 2.1.1 L’état des conventions lors de l’Union de 1867 ........................................................................... 85 2.1.2 L’avènement de la souveraineté exécutive canadienne .............................................................. 88 2.1.3 Les effets contemporains de la divisibilité conventionnelle : l’affaire Black c. Chrétien .............. 94 2.2 L’avènement de la divisibilité formelle de la Couronne impériale .................................................... 98 2.2.1 Une divisibilité formelle avant le Statut de Westminster? ............................................................ 99 2.2.2 Le Statut de Westminster : l’indépendance législative du Canada ........................................... 103 2.2.3 L’application du Statut de Westminster : l’abdication du Roi Édouard VIII en 1936 .................. 117 2.3 Le parachèvement de la divisibilité formelle de la Couronne impériale ......................................... 136 2.3.1 Le dernier soupir de l’Empire : la doctrine inter se et son rejet ................................................. 136 2.3.2 La mise en œuvre de la divisibilité formelle de la Couronne impériale au Canada ................... 145 2.3.3 La reconnaissance de la divisibilité formelle par les titres royaux ............................................. 150 v 2.3.4 La reconnaissance de la divisibilité formelle par la jurisprudence et la doctrine modernes ...... 160 2.3.5 De la Loi de 1982 sur le Canada à la Loi de 2013 sur la succession au trône : l’autonomie du droit canadien relatif à la Couronne? ..................................................................................................... 166 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................... 178 Bibliographie ................................................................................................................................................... 185 vi Remerciements Je dois avant tout remercier le professeur Patrick Taillon, de m’avoir fait confiance dès ma première année au baccalauréat en me confiant d’importantes recherches en qualité d’auxiliaire. De m’avoir ensuite permis de publier avec lui, notamment sur le droit relatif à la Couronne dans Le Parlement et la Couronne au Canada. De m’avoir invité à co-enseigner avec lui le cours DRT-2203 : Séminaire : Charge et prérogatives de la Couronne à l’automne 2016 à notre Faculté, ce qui m’a permis de réfléchir sur bien des aspects de ce mémoire. Pour tout son soutien et ses encouragements. Je remercie les professeurs Geneviève Motard et Patrick Taillon, ainsi que Mes André Joli-Cœur, Jean Fortier et André Binette, de m’avoir fait confiance, de m’avoir fait participer et donner mon avis dans l’affaire Motard c. Procureure générale du Canada, et ainsi saisir la réalité du litige constitutionnel. Je remercie le professeur Pierre Issalys de m’avoir transmis la passion de l’histoire du droit public et des aspects « constitutionnels » du droit administratif. Je remercie le professeur Pierre Lemieux et lui de leurs judicieux commentaires lors de l’atelier de présentation du projet de ce mémoire et lors de son évaluation. Je remercie l’étude Norton Rose Fulbright Canada, s.e.n.c.r.l., de m’avoir permis de travailler à temps partiel et de repousser quelque peu mon stage du Barreau afin de réaliser mes études de maîtrise en droit. Je remercie le Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada, dans le cadre du Programme de bourses d’études supérieures du Canada Joseph- Armand-Bombardier au niveau de la maîtrise (BESC M), le Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur la diversité et la démocratie (CRIDAQ-Laval), ainsi que la Faculté de droit de l’Université Laval, de leur soutien financier. Je tiens à remercier finalement ma conjointe, Mylina, ainsi que mes parents, Luce et Gilbert, ma sœur, Corinne, et ma belle-mère, Milaine, de leur soutien indéfectible tout au long de mes études supérieures. vii Introduction Quand nous faisons une Révolution, nous ne détruisons pas notre maison, nous en conservons avec soin la façade et, derrière cette façade, nous reconstruisons une nouvelle maison. Vous, Français, agissez autrement : vous jetez bas le vieil édifice et reconstruisez la même maison avec une autre façade et sous un nom différent1. Comme le disait Jean-Charles Bonenfant en 1963, la Couronne « fait sourire les uns, en met d’autres en colère ou émeut encore respectueusement quelques gentlemen et quelques vieilles demoiselles2 ». Les controverses sur la nature de « [c]ette Couronne aussi imprécise qu’omniprésente3 », sur ses évolutions, ses fonctions et son avenir incitent parfois les juristes à minimiser son importance
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