Lusitanian Amphorae: Production and Distribution

ĞĚŝƚĞĚďǇ /ŶġƐsĂǌWŝŶƚŽ͕ZƵŝZŽďĞƌƚŽĚĞůŵĞŝĚĂ ĂŶĚƌĐŚĞƌDĂƌƟŶ

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EDITORIAL BOARD (in alphabetical order)

Series Editors

Michel BONIFAY, Centre Camille Jullian, (Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, MCC, CCJ, F-13000, Aix-en-Provence, France) Miguel Ángel CAU, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)/Equip de Recerca Arqueològica i Arqueomètrica, Universitat de Barcelona (ERAAUB) Paul REYNOLDS, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)/Equip de Recerca Arqueològica i Arqueomètrica, Universitat de Barcelona (ERAAUB)

Honorary editor

John HAYES, Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford

Associate editors

Philip KENRICK, Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford

John LUND, The National Museum of Denmark, Denmark

Scientific Committee for Pottery

Xavier AQUILUÉ, Paul ARTHUR, Cécile BATIGNE, Moncef BEN MOUSSA, Darío BERNAL, Raymond BRULET, Claudio CAPELLI, Armand DESBAT, Nalan FIRAT, Michael G. FULFORD, Ioannis ILIOPOULOS, Sabine LADSTÄTTER, Fanette LAUBENHEIMER, Mark LAWALL, Sévérine LEMAÎTRE, Hassan LIMANE, Daniele MALFITANA, Archer MARTIN, Thierry MARTIN, Simonetta MENCHELLI, Henryk MEYZA, Giuseppe MONTANA, Rui MORAIS, Gloria OLCESE, Carlo PAVOLINI, Theodore PEÑA, Verena PERKO, Platon PETRIDIS, Dominique PIERI, Jeroen POBLOME, Natalia POULOU, Albert RIBERA, Lucien RIVET, Lucia SAGUI, Sara SANTORO, Anne SCHMITT, Gerwulf SCHNEIDER, Kathleen SLANE, Roberta TOMBER, Inês VAZ PINTO, Caterina VIEGAS, Yona WAKSMAN

General advisors

Richard HODGES, Richard REECE, Gisela RIPOLL, Bryan WARD-PERKINS, Chris WICKHAM, Enrico ZANINI dŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůŽŶŐƌĞƐƐŝŶ dƌſŝĂ͕WŽƌƚƵŐĂů;ϭϬͲϭϯKĐƚŽďĞƌ ϮϬϭϯͿ͕ĨƌŽŵǁŚŝĐŚƚŚŝƐĐŽůůĞĐƚŝǀĞ ǀŽůƵŵĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐ͕ŚĂĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƚŝŽŶĂŶĚƐƉŽŶƐŽƌƐ͗ KƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƚŝŽŶ

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Lusitanian Amphorae: Production and Distribution

edited by Inês Vaz Pinto,* Rui Roberto de Almeida** and Archer Martin***

* CEAACP – Centro de Estudos em Arqueologia, Artes e Ciências do Património / TROIA RESORT ** UNIARQ – Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Letras. Universidade de Lisboa. / FCT Doctoral Grant *** American Academy in Rome / Universität zu Köln

Published on the occasion of the 30th Congress of the Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautores (Lisbon, 2016)

ZŽŵĂŶĂŶĚ>ĂƚĞŶƟƋƵĞDĞĚŝƚĞƌƌĂŶĞĂŶWŽƩĞƌǇϭϬ Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED www.archaeopress.com

ISBN 978 1 78491 427 1 ISBN 978 1 78491 428 8 (e-Pdf)

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Printed in England by Short Run Press, Exeter This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents

Foreword ...... v

I - The Production of Lusitanian Amphorae

Production during the Principate in Peniche (Portugal).Raw Materials, Kilns and Amphora Typology...... 3 Guilherme Cardoso, Severino Rodrigues, Eurico de Sepúlveda and Inês Ribeiro

Roman Pottery Workshop of Quinta do Rouxinol (Seixal): Quantification and Classification of Amphora Production ...... 19 Jorge Raposo, Cézer Santos and Olga Antunes

The Roman Figlina at Garrocheira (Benavente, Portugal) in the Early Empire ...... 47 Clementino Amaro and Cristina Gonçalves

Roman Amphora Production in the Lower Sado Region ...... 59 Françoise Mayet and Carlos Tavares da Silva

The Roman Kilns at Estrada da Parvoíce, Alcácer do Sal (Portugal) ...... 73 João Pimenta, Marisol Ferreira and Ana Catarina Cabrita

Roman Amphora Production in the Algarve (Southern Portugal) ...... 81 João Pedro Bernardes and Catarina Viegas

II – Archaeometry, Contents and Quantification of Lusitanian Amphorae

Geochemical Fingerprints of Lusitanian Amphora Production Centres: Tagus, Sado, Algarve and Peniche ...... 95 M. Isabel Dias and M. Isabel Prudêncio

Lusitanian Amphorae of the Augustan Era and their Contents: Organic Residue Analysis ...... 105 Rui Morais, César Oliveira and Alfredo Araújo

Fish Bones and Amphorae: New Evidence for the Production and Trade of Fish Products in Setúbal (Portugal) ...... 111 Sónia Gabriel and Carlos Tavares da Silva

The Myth of ‘Laccatum:’ a Study Starting from a New TitulusŽŶĂ>ƵƐŝƚĂŶŝĂŶƌĞƐƐĞůϭϰ ...... 117 David Djaoui

Do We Have the Capacity to Understand the Economy of Lusitanian Commodities? Volumetric Calculations of Lusitanian Amphora Types ...... 129 Victor Martínez

III – The Distribution of Lusitanian Amphorae

ϭʹ>ƵƐŝƚĂŶŝĂŶŵƉŚŽƌĂĞŝŶ>ƵƐŝƚĂŶŝĂ

Amphorae at the Origins of Lusitania: Transport Pottery from Western Hispania Ulterior in Alto Alentejo ...... 139 Rui Mataloto, Joey Williams and Conceição Roque

Julio-Claudian Lusitanian Amphorae: a Perspective on Selected Contexts from Olisipo (Lisbon, Portugal) ...... 153 Rodrigo Banha da Silva, Victor Filipe and Rui Roberto de Almeida

i Julio-Claudian Lusitanian Amphorae: a Perspective on Selected Contexts from Olisipo (Lisbon, Portugal) ...... 153 Rodrigo Banha da Silva, Victor Filipe and Rui Roberto de Almeida

Lusitanian Amphorae and Transport Coarse Ware from the Roman Anchorage of Praça D. Luís I (Portugal) ...... 167 Jorge Parreira and Marta Macedo

Lusitanian Amphorae at a Fish-Salting Production Centre: Tróia (Portugal) ...... 173 Inês Vaz Pinto, Rui Roberto de Almeida, Ana Patrícia Magalhães and Patrícia Brum

On the Way to Augusta Emerita. Historiographical Overview, Old and New Data on Fish-Product Amphorae and Commerce within the Trade to the Capital of Lusitania ...... 195 Rui Roberto de Almeida

Lusitanian and Imported Amphorae from the Roman Town of Ammaia (Portugal). A Short Overview ...... 219 Caterina P. Venditti

Lusitanian Amphorae in the Roman City of Conimbriga ...... 231 Ida Buraca

A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to the Maritime Economy and Palaeo-Environment of Southern Roman Lusitania...... 241 Felix Teichner

The Lusitanian Amphorae from the Roman Villa of Vale da Arrancada (Portimão, Algarve, Portugal) ...... 257 Carlos Fabião, Catarina Viegas and Vera de Freitas

2 – Lusitanian Amphorae in Gallaecia, Baetica and Tarraconensis

Lusitanian Amphorae in the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula...... 273 Adolfo Fernández Fernández

Amphora Circulation in the Lower Guadalquivir Valley in the Mid Imperial Period: the Lusitana 3 Type ...... 285 Enrique García Vargas

Lusitanian Amphorae in the Strait of Gibraltar: Interprovincial Food Supply ...... 299 Darío Bernal-Casasola

Lusitanian Amphorae in Carthago Nova (Cartagena, Spain): Distribution and Research Questions ...... 311 Alejandro Quevedo and Sónia Bombico

ƐĐŽůůĞƚĞƐϭ͘>ƵƐŝƚĂŶŝĂŶŵƉŚŽƌĂĞĂŶĚ>ĂƚĞZŽŵĂŶDĂƌŝƚŝŵĞdƌĂĚĞŝŶƚŚĞ/ďĞƌŝĂŶ^ŽƵƚŚĞĂƐƚ ...... 323 Felipe Cerezo Andreo

Lusitanian Amphorae in Tarraco (3rd-5th Century AD) ...... 333 Josep-Anton Remolà Vallverdú

Early Imperial Lusitanian Amphorae from the Eastern Iberian Coast ...... 343 Ramón Járrega Domínguez and Horacio González Cesteros

3 – Lusitanian Amphorae Beyond Hispania

Lusitanian Amphorae from the Dump Layer above the Arles-Rhône 3 Shipwreck ...... 357 David Djaoui and José Carlos Quaresma

Lusitanian Amphorae in Germania Superior, Germania Inferior and Gallia Belgica. Scarcity, Identification Problems, Contexts and Interpretations ...... 369 Patrick Monsieur

ii Lusitanian Amphorae found on the Punta Sardegna A Shipwreck (Palau, Sardinia). A Preliminary Report on Typologies and Fabrics ...... 381 Alessandro Porqueddu, Claudia Giarrusso and Pier Giorgio Spanu

Lusitanian Amphorae at Ostia and in the Vesuvian Region ...... 389 Archer Martin

Lusitanian Amphorae in Naples between the 3rd and the 5th Century AD ...... 399 Luana Toniolo

Lusitanian Amphorae in Rome ...... 409 Giorgio Rizzo

Lusitanian Amphorae in Adriatic Italy: Commercial Routes and Distribution ...... 419 Rita Auriemma and Stefania Pesavento Mattioli (with an Appendix by Manuela Mongardi)

Lusitanian Amphorae in the Northern Adriatic Region: the Western Part of the Decima Regio ...... 429 Silvia Cipriano and Stefania Mazzocchin

Lusitanian Amphorae in Northern Adriatic Italy: the Eastern Part of Decima Regio ...... 437 Dario Gaddi and Valentina Degrassi

Lusitanian Amphorae on Western Mediterranean Shipwrecks: Fragments of Economic History ...... 445 Sónia Bombico

iii J. Pimenta, M. Ferreira and A. C. Cabrita

The Roman Kilns at Estrada da Parvoíce, Alcácer do Sal (Portugal) João Pimenta,* Marisol Ferreira** and Ana Catarina Cabrita**

*CEAX - Centro de Estudos Arqueológicos de Vila Franca de Xira / UNIARQ - Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Letras. Universidade de Lisboa [email protected]

**Câmara Municipal Alcácer do Sal [email protected] [email protected]

The extensive area called ‘Fornos da Parvoíce’ is located in the urban area of Alcácer do Sal. The first archaeological remains were identified in 1984 because of work for road widening and basic public sanitation. More than 20 years later, a project of urban redevelopment led to an emergency archaeological intervention in this area. This excavation, although quite small, was able to identify a combustion structure that we interpreted as a kiln for pottery production. Simultaneously, it allowed us to verify the existence of a stone structure and dump layer with discarded wasters. The main goals of this work are the study of all the structural and contextual evidence detected in this part of town, as well as to char- acterize and place them within the wider evidence for regional production.

KEYWORDS: SADO; POTTERY PRODUCTION; AMPHORAE; COARSE WARE; URBANISM.

Introduction This paper aims to study the full evidence of structural and contextual remains found in this part of the town. The present town of Alcácer do Sal corresponds mainly to the Roman city of Salacia Urbs Imperatoria, mentioned by 1. The ceramic production Pomponius Mela (De Chorogr. III, 1, 8) and Pliny (HN, IV, 35, 116). It occupied a dominant position above the The analyses of the contexts associated to the combustion Sado River, in a place not far from the river’s estuary with structures detected in 1984 and in 2008 allowed a glimpse a long tradition of Mediterranean contacts (Faria 2002). of the production centre with a minimum of three kilns at the foot of Monte do Olival do Senhor dos Mártires The extensive area with archaeological remains (Figure 1). denominated ‘Fornos da Parvoíce’ is located on the plain in the urban nucleus near Rua de Santa Luzia, a street The study of the ceramic assemblages attests the production connecting the town to the railroad station (Mantas 1990). of amphorae, coarse ware and building materials. In the ‘dumps’ associated with the kilns we found various The first vestiges were identified in 1984 as a consequence examples of deformed pieces with clear signs of exposure of work for road enlargement and public sanitation. to high temperatures. Besides the various ceramic wasters, some structures were identified in a cut that could correspond to the remains The macroscopic analyses of the fabrics of these of two pottery kilns, both quite damaged (Diogo, Faria productions enabled the definition of a single fabric group and Ferreira 1987). More than 20 years later, an urban that we identified as the ‘Sado-amont’ fabric group from redevelopment project in 2008 led to an emergency the amphorae of the Sado Valley (Mayet, Schmitt and archeological excavation by two of the authors (M. F. and Silva 1996: 163). The fabric is compact, with colours A. C. C.) on behalf of the Câmara Municipal de Alcácer varying from reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6) to yellowish do Sal. brown (10 YR 5/4). The non-plastic elements are abundant and mostly quartzes of various dimensions, predominantly The archeological work, although quite fragmented, rolled and sub-rolled, although there are also some black allowed the identification of part of a combustion chamber. inclusions, spaced elements of grog and elongated voids. During the ongoing intervention it was possible to register The walls are smoothed, pastel-toned or with a light wash stone structures, as well as a layer of debris with discarded of a greyish brown tone. wasters.

In 2012, within the ‘RUAS’, an urban redevelopment 1.1 The amphora production project of the riverside area, archaeological excavations were carried out in Avenida João Soares Branco, where Among the amphorae, it is possible to distinguish two we detected an extensive ‘dump’ of discarded deformed types, and their sequence is attested by the stratigraphic pottery that we think should be connected with the pottery record: an amphora with an ovoid body, appearing in workshop. the ‘dumps’ directly related with the kiln identified in

73 Lusitanian Amphorae: Production and Distribution

Figure 1. Location of Alcácer do Sal on the map of Portugal and of the combustion structures detected in 1984 and in 2008. the excavation and Dressel 14, in the extensive dump in At this point, investigating this proposal seems quite Avenida João Soares Branco. interesting and productive; we must remember that we are dealing with very fragmentary vessels, which limit the The first type, an amphora with an ovoid body, is reading of the evolution of the full body of the container. characterized by a moulded rim, short, egg-shaped body Faced with such limitations and until we have more and neck and handles of small dimension. Its formal complete examples that allow us to define the first products characteristics resemble those of Baetican amphorae such from Lusitania, it seems safer to keep its classification open. as the Haltern 70 and the Dressel 7/11 (Figure 2, nos. 1-5). This volume is an opportunity to bring new elements about Unfortunately, the excavation of the contexts of ceramic the early stages of these Lusitanian amphora productions production of Parvoíce did not provide any elements that into discussion. were of help in determining a chronology for its elaboration. But the best parallels we know correspond to the earliest Since the 1980s, the production of an early Lusitanian products attested in Lusitanian pottery workshops, going form similar to the one found in Parvoíce, Lusitania 12, back to the Julio-Claudian period (Fabião 2004) or even to has been assigned a date from the mid 1st century BC the second half of the 1st century BC (Morais 2003). onwards (Diogo1987; Diogo and Faria 1990). However, the elements that allowed this classification were never In our initial research into the typology of these shapes, clearly made public. the lack of knowledge about these products led them all to be included within Dressel 14, and its earliest variant As to the issue of the beginning of the production of (A), because of its undeniable antiquity (Mayet and Silva those first ovoid models, one of us (J. P.) recently had the 1998; Mayet and Silva 2002). The recent multiplication of opportunity to excavate well preserved contexts of late studies of data from consumption centres where these first republican date that shed new light on this question. Lusitanian amphora models are quite well represented led us to reflect and follow Rui Morais’s and Carlos Fabião’s The fortified settlement of Monte dos Castelinhos is thesis that we have a production of ovoid amphorae similar located in Vila Franca de Xira in a prominent position to the ones produced in the area of the Bay of Cádiz during above the Tagus Valley. It has singular characteristics. this phase (Morais and Fabião 2007). Apparently founded in the first half of the 1st century

74 J. Pimenta, M. Ferreira and A. C. Cabrita: The Roman Kilns at Estrada da Parvoíce, Alcácer do Sal (Portugal)

Figure 2. Nos. 1 to 5: amphorae with an ‘ovoid shape’; nos. 6 to 8: Dressel 14 amphorae.

BC, the site was the target of ample destruction already in of sudden abandonment well dated to the early second half the 1st century BC, possibly connected with the conflict of the 1st century BC that we encounter the first Lusitanian between Caesar and Pompey. It is precisely in these layers amphorae.

75 Lusitanian Amphorae: Production and Distribution

Figure 3. Dressel 14 amphorae.

76 J. Pimenta, M. Ferreira and A. C. Cabrita: The Roman Kilns at Estrada da Parvoíce, Alcácer do Sal (Portugal)

Figure 4. Coarse ware one-handled jugs.

77 Lusitanian Amphorae: Production and Distribution

Their presence in these well-defined contexts categorically dump levels, which allows us to consider they were also attests the beginning of amphora production of Roman produced here. A quarter-circle column brick, lateres and typology in the West of the Peninsula in the late republican tegulae were identified. period (Pimenta forthcoming). Final considerations The second type of amphora is Dressel 14 (Class 20-21, Lusitana 2, Beltrán IVb), the typical Lusitanian amphora Despite the exiguity of the area that was subject to of the imperial period, and the container par excellence of archaeological intervention in 2008, the existence of an Lusitanian fish products (Figure 2, no. 6-8 and Figure 3). area of pottery production right in the ancient nucleus of Alcácer do Sal has definitely been proven. Although These amphorae are one of the most abundantly produced the production centre of Parvoíce has been known in in Lusitanian pottery workshops between the mid 1st the bibliography since the mid 1980s and has even been century AD and the early 3rd century AD, with several included in the Roman town cartography in a widely production centres identified in the Sado Valley. Its distributed publication (Mantas 1990: fig. 3), it was not production is also attested in Peniche (Cardoso, Rodrigues mentioned in the Luso-French cartographies of ceramic and Sepúlveda 2006; Cardoso et al., in this volume), in the productions of the Sado Valley in the Roman period Tagus Valley and in Algarve (Fabião 2004). (Mayet, Schmitt and Silva 1996).

1.2 Coarse-ware production One of the most interesting questions related to the production centre of Parvoíce is precisely its location right The great number of wasters of coarse pottery gathered in the suburbia of the Roman city of Salacia. These kilns in the dump areas, as well as in the interior of one of the were abandoned at a precise moment for reasons yet to be kilns provides clear evidence for their production at the understood. This reality has parallels in the nearby city of site. Although a minority when compared to the amphorae, Setúbal, possibly the Roman town of Caetobriga, where the range of forms for domestic use includes jars, ewers, the production centre of Largo da Misericórdia shows pots and frying pans. The production of storage containers evidence of a similar date and disposition (Silva 1996). is attested as well, although only by one dolium. Are we dealing with a common dynamic correlated to the Among the coarse ware, there is one type that must be organization of the urban centres and the withdrawal of highlighted, a unique type of one-handled jug (Figure 4), these industries from the cities’ pomerium? A delocalization which as far as we are aware does not have parallels in could be related to security and fire prevention. In Alcácer the Sado workshops. These vessels appear to be associated do Sal, the production centre may have been moved with the ovoid amphorae. They are characterized by eastward to Barrosinha, where a production centre is a beveled, everted rim with a triangular profile, a tall, known (Mayet, Schmitt and Silva 1996). lightly concave neck, and a distinctive thick, wide handle bearing two groove-mouldings which is joined to slight Last, we cannot leave unmentioned that this production thickening at the top of the neck. The body is apparently centre was not fully excavated but only glimpsed during rather globular, but it was not possible to reconstruct an emergency archaeological intervention. In the future, a full example. This form appears in larger and smaller it will be possible to develop a truly planned study project modules. Its function seems to be directly associated with of the workshop integrated within the research program of the transport and handling of liquids. the Museu Dom Pedro Nunes in Alcácer do Sal.

The best parallels are found among the imported ceramics Bibliographical references with light calcareous fabrics, possibly from production centres in Baetica from the middle of the 1st century BC to Cardoso, G., Rodrigues, S. and Sepúlveda, E. 2006. A the 1st century AD. This type of vessel is well attested at olaria romana de Peniche. In Simpósio Internacional sites of late republican date, such as Cabeço de Vaiamonte Produção e comércio de preparados piscícolas (Monforte) (Fabião 1998), Cáceres El Viejo (Ulbert 1984) durante a proto-história e a época romana no Ocidente or Castelo da Lousa (Pinto and Morais 2005). There are da Península Ibérica. Homenagem a Françoise Mayet also coarse ware parallels in the necropoles of the Alto (Setúbal, 7-9 Maio 2004). Setúbal Arqueológica 13: Alentejo (Nolen 1985: e.g. nos. 61, 64, 65 and 67), with 253-278. Setúbal, Museu de Etnografia e Arqueologia dates ranging between the second half of the 1st century do Distrito de Setúbal/Assembleia Distrital de Setúbal. and the 2nd century AD. A type of jug similar to these from Diogo, A. M. D. 1987. Quadro tipológico das ânforas de the Roman anchorage in Praça D. Luís I in Lisbon has also fabrico lusitano. O Arqueólogo Português, Série IV, 5: been recently published (Parreira et al. 2013). 179-191. Diogo, A. M. D. and Faria, J. C. 1990. Fornos de cerâmica 1.3 Production of construction material romana no vale do Sado. Alguns elementos. In A. Alarcão and F. Mayet (eds). Ânforas lusitanas. Although poorly attested from a numerical point of view, Tipologia, produção, comércio / Les amphores some ceramic building materials were collected in the lusitaniennes. Typologie, production, commerce:

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173-186. Coimbra and Paris, Museu Monográfico de Lagóstena, D. Bernal and A. Arévalo, Cetariae 2005: Conimbriga and E. de Boccard. salsas y salazones de pescado en Occidente durante la Diogo, A M. D., Faria, J. C. and Ferreira, M. A. 1987. Antigüedad (Actas del congreso internacional (Cadiz, Fornos de ânforas de Alcácer do Sal. Conimbriga 26: 7-9 noviembre de 2005)), British Archaeological 77-111. Reports International Series 1686: 127-133. Oxford, J. Fabião, C. 1998. O Mundo Indígena e a sua Romanização and E. Hedges Ltd. and Universidad de Cádiz. na área Céltica do território hoje Português. Nolen, J. U. S. 1985. Cerâmica Comum de Necrópoles do Unpublished PhD Thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Alto Alentejo. Fundação da Casa de Bragança. Fabião, C. 2004. Centros oleiros da Lusitânia: balanço Parreira, J., Macedo, M. L., Sarrazola, A. and Braga, P. dos conhecimentos e perspectivas de investigação. In 2013. O “fundeadouro” romano da Praça D. Luís D. Bernal Casasola and L. Lagóstena Barrios (eds), I: séculos I a.C. / VI d.C. Revista Apontamentos de Figlinae Baeticae: Talleres alfareros y producciones Arqueologia e Património 9: 79-82. cerámicas en la Bética romana (ss. II a.C.-VII d.C.). Pimenta, J. forthcoming. Em torno dos mais antigos Actas del Congreso internacional (Cádiz, 12-14 de modelos de ânfora de produção lusitana. Os dados noviembre de 2003), British Archaeological Reports do Monte dos Castelinhos – Vila Franca de Xira. In International Series 1266: 379-410. Oxford, J. and E. C. Fabião, J. Raposo, A. Guerra and F. Silva (eds), Hedges Ltd. and Universidad de Cádiz. Olaria romana. Seminário internacional e ateliê de Faria, J. C. 2002. Alcácer do Sal ao tempo dos romanos. arqueologia experimental / Roman pottery works: Lisboa, Edições Colibri and Câmara Municipal de international seminar and experimental archaeological Alcácer do Sal. workshop. Lisboa, UNIARQ – Centro de Arqueologia Mantas, V. G. 1990. As cidades marítimas da Lusitânia. da Universidade de Lisboa, Câmara Municipal do In Les villes de la Lusitanie romaine. Hiérarchies Seixal and Centro de Arqueologia de Almada. et territoires. Table ronde internationale du CNRS Pinto, I. V. and Morais, R. 2005. Complemento de (Talence, le 8- 9 décembre 1988). Collection de la comércio das ânforas: cerâmica comum bética no Maison des Pays Ibériques 42: 149-205. Paris, Centre território português. In L. Lagóstena, D. Bernal and A. National de la Recherche Scientifique. Arévalo (eds), Cetariae 2005: salsas y salazones de Mayet, F. and Silva, C. T. 1998. L’atelier d’amphores de pescado en Occidente durante la Antigüedad (Actas Pinheiro (Portugal). Paris, E. de Boccard. del congreso internacional (Cadiz, 7-9 noviembre de Mayet, F. and Silva, C. T. 2002. L’atelier d’amphores 2005)), British Archaeological Reports International d’Abul (Portugal). Paris, E. de Boccard. Series 1686: 235-254. Oxford, J. and E. Hedges Ltd. Mayet, F., Schmitt, A. and Silva, C. T. 1996. Les amphores and Universidad de Cádiz. du Sado (Portugal). Prospection des fours et analyse Silva, C. T. 1996. Produção de ânforas na área urbana de du matériel. Paris, E. de Boccard. Setúbal: a oficina romana do Largo da Misericórdia. Morais, R. 2003. Problemàtiques i noves perspectives In G. Filipe and J. Raposo (eds), Ocupação romana sobre les àmphores ovoides tardo-republicanes. Les dos estuários do Tejo e do Sado. Actas das primeiras àmphores ovoides de producció Lusitana. In Culip jornadas sobre romanização dos estuários do Tejo e do VIII i les àmfores Haltern 70. Monografies del Casc Sado: 43-54. Lisboa, Câmara Municipal do Seixal and (Centre d’Arqueologia Subaquàtica de Catalunya) 5: Publicações D. Quixote. 36-40. Girona, Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya. Ulbert, G. 1984. Caceres el viejo. Ein spätrepublikanisches Morais, R. and Fabião, C. 2007. Novas produções de fabrico Legionslager in Spanisch-Estremadura. Madrider lusitano: problemáticas e importância económica. In L. Beitrage 11. Mainz-am-Rhein.