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CATERPILLARS in YOUR YARD & GARDEN Plant Protection Programs College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources

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CATERPILLARS in YOUR YARD & GARDEN Plant Protection Programs College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources Integrated Pest Management CATERPILLARS IN YOUR YARD & GARDEN Plant Protection Programs College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources Published by MU Extension, University of Missouri-Columbia $3.00 IPM1019 This publication is part of a series of IPM Manuals prepared by the Plant Protection Programs of the University of Missouri. Topics covered in the series include an introduction to scouting, weed identification and management, plant diseases, and insects of field and horticul- tural crops. These IPM Manuals are available from MU Extension at the following address: Extension Publications 2800 Maguire Blvd. Columbia, MO 65211 1-800-292-0969 CONTENTS Life cycle & key morphological features . .3 Royal moths & silkworm moths . .4 Hornworms . .6 Swallowtails . .8 Authors Tussock moths . .10 Bruce A. Barrett Department of Entomology Tiger moths . .11 University of Missouri-Columbia Slug caterpillars . .12 Mary Kroening Department of Horticulture Puss caterpillars . .13 University of Missouri-Columbia Cutworms, armyworms, underwings & dagger moths . .13 Whites & sulphurs . .16 Photo credits Tent caterpillars . .16 Unless otherwise credited, photographs are from the Lee Jenkins Slide Collection, Department of Brush-footed butterflies, fritillaries Entomology, University of Missouri. & wood nymphs . .17 Prominents and oakworms . .18 Loopers & cankerworms . .19 On the World Wide Web Milkweed butterflies . .20 Updates to this publication will be posted on the World Wide Web at: Skippers . .20 http://muextension.missouri.edu/explore/agguides/ pests/ipm1019.htm Bagworms . .20 Snout and grass moths . .21 Sawflies . .21 Production Index of species . .23 MU Extension and Agricultural Infomation Dale Langford, editor For further information . .23 Dennis Murphy, designer and illustrator College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources © 2003 University of Missouri it is actively feeding and increasing its size and weight at a staggering rate. During this time of intense feeding activity, the caterpillar will go CATERPILLARS IN through a series of molts where its exoskeleton or integument is shed at periodic intervals. This allows the caterpillar to grow. Caterpillars will YOUR YARD & shed their exoskeleton three to nine (typically five) times. Not only will the size of the caterpillar increase between molts, but the caterpillar’s color GARDEN and appearance may also change (usually slightly, but sometimes drastically). At the final molt the caterpillar develops (pupates) into the nonfeeding, quiescent pupa or “transformation” stage from ome of the most easily observed insects which the winged adult will eventually emerge. in our backyards and gardens are cater- Most butterflies and moths survive the harsh Spillars. Because they cannot fly or run winter months as a full-grown caterpillar or pupa, away, we can approach and observe closely the often within a tough silken cocoon that the cater- behavior of these immature insects. Many chil- pillar spins around itself before it pupates. dren (and adults too) are intrigued by the dis- The overall body shape of a caterpillar is covery of a caterpillar of unusual size, color or elongate and cylindrical with a well-developed body shape. head. The mouthparts are of the chewing type. The purpose of this pictorial guide is to pro- Behind the head is the thorax, a three-segmented vide basic characteristics in identifying many of region (pro-, meso-, and meta-), each segment the caterpillars commonly encountered in our containing a pair of (true) legs. The abdomen is yards and gardens. This information would be typically 10-segmented, with a pair of prolegs on particularly useful to those interested in butterfly segments 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10. However, the number gardening and conservation. Most of the cater- of prolegs on sawfly caterpillars is always more pillar species described in this manual are not than five pairs. Prolegs are found on the insect considered pests; however, some species may only during the caterpillar stage and are used to cause serious damage to many tree, shrub, flower help the insect hold on to the host plant. and vegetable plants. University of Missouri Sometimes prominently visible on each side of the Extension publications on the management of caterpillar’s body, between the meso- and some of these pest species are referenced in the metathoracic and abdominal segments, are res- following pages. piratory openings called spiracles. The surface of the caterpillar’s body may be smooth or densely covered with setae (hairlike projections), or it may be covered with small to large spines or hornlike LIFE CYCLE & KEY projections (Figure 1). MORPHOLOGICAL Head Thorax Abdomen FEATURES Setae Setae ost commonly encountered cater- pillars are the immature stages of Spiracles Anal butterflies and moths, although prolegs M Thoracic legs Abdominal prolegs the immature stages of some species of sawflies Mandibles (primitive, nonstinging wasps) are also caterpillar- (jaws) like in appearance. Such insects undergo a com- Figure 1. Caterpillar morphology. plete metamorphosis, with four general life stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. The larva (or cater- pillar) stage is often referred to as the “feeding” stage, a period in the insect’s development when pests. Although a single individual can consume relatively large amounts of foliage, their num- Royal moths & silkworm bers rarely reach levels that would warrant con- moths trol. But there are a few species that can do sig- nificant damage to many forest tree species. Upon Family Saturniidae completing their larval development, most sat- urniid caterpillars will pupate in large, tough he Saturniidae family includes many of silken cocoons usually attached to twigs or leaves the largest and most colorful moths in or found on the ground. Many species have only TNorth America and the world. These one generation per year. large caterpillar species are usually not considered Polyphemus Full-grown caterpillars are nearly 3 inches moth long and are bright green with a brown head. On (Antheraea each angular body segment are six yellow-orange tubercles with small bristles. On most abdominal polyphemus) segments a yellow line runs through the brown spiracle and connects the first and second tuber- Present: May–October cles found on each side of the body. Common host plants include hickory, maple, hazelnut, oak, ash, Generations per year: walnut, sycamore, butternut, willow, elm, Multiple hawthorn, basswood and birch. Polyphemus moth Hickory This fierce-looking caterpillar is the imma- horned devil ture stage of the regal moth. Full-grown larvae are (Citheronia dull green and can reach lengths of 4 to 5 inches. On the thoracic segments behind the head are regalis) long, stout, orange and black spines or “horns.” The longest of these horns are found on the Present: July–October second and third thoracic segments. Six smaller Bruce Barrett Photo by black spines are found on each abdominal seg- Generations per year: 2 ment. Host plants include hickory, walnut, but- ternut, sumac, persimmon, sweetgum, ash and sycamore. Hickory horned devil Imperial moth The body color varies from light green to (Eacles dark green to reddish brown. Full-grown larvae imperialis) reach lengths of 4 inches. The head is usually yellow-orange. Four short horns are found on the second and third thoracic segments and on the Present: June–August last two abdominal segments. The rest of the Generations per year: 2 body is sparsely covered with long, white hairs. The round-oval spiracles on the sides of each abdominal segment are conspicuous. They are white-yellow outlined in black. Common host plants include oaks, sweetgum, maple, hickory, sassafras, elm and sycamore. Imperial moth 4 Integrated Pest Management The entire body of this caterpillar is covered Io moth with clusters of pale green, black-tipped, branched (Automeris io) spines that are very irritating when they come in contact with the skin. These whorls of spines arise from small tubercles. Full-grown larvae are about 2–3 inches long. The body is pale green except for white and reddish brown stripes running the Present: July–October length of the abdomen and associated with the Generations per year: 2 spiracles. The young caterpillars are usually gre- garious, but as they grow they become solitary. Common host plants include maple, sassafras, oak, hickory, elm, apple, beech, cherry, black locust, mulberry, dogwood, sycamore, and even Io moth corn and other grasses. Full-grown caterpillars are 3–4 inches long. Cecropia The most distinguishing feature of this cater- moth pillar is the prominent “knobs” arising from the (Hyalophora pea-green body. On two of the thoracic segments cecropia) is a pair of orange-red knobs arising dorsally. Each knob is covered with several small black spines or tubercles. On each abdominal segment the dorsal pair of knobs is smaller and yellow in Present: late May–August color. Small black bristles are also found on these knobs. On both lateral sides of the body, the knobs Generations per year: 1 are light blue; the thoracic knobs are larger than the abdominal knobs. Both have small black bris- tles. Between these lateral pairs of blue knobs on each abdominal segment is a light blue, oval- shaped spiracle. The thoracic legs and abdominal Photo by Bruce Barrett Photo by prolegs are yellow-green. Common host plants in Cecropia moth Missouri include apple, maple, walnut, willow, elm, poplar, ash, plum, box elder, cherry and lilac. Full-grown caterpillars are 1.5–2 inches long Greenstriped with pale green bodies and red heads. Running the mapleworm length of the body are alternating light and dark (Dryocampa green lines. On the second thoracic segment is a rubicunda) prominent pair of black, slender horns. Small black spines are found on the tops and sides of each abdominal segment (spines are found only on Present: late spring – sides on young caterpillars), and larger spines and late fall a red side patch are found on the terminal seg- ments of the abdomen. Common host plants Generations per year: 1–2 include maples, and oaks that are growing in mix- ture with maple.
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