DOCSLIB.ORG

Reproductive Compensation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reproductive Compensation doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01559.x Reproductive compensation PATRICIA ADAIR GOWATY Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 621 Charles E. Young Drive, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA and The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Unit 0948, APO AA 34002-0948, USA Keywords: Abstract constraints; The reproductive compensation hypothesis says that individuals constrained differential allocation hypothesis; by ecological or social forces to reproduce with partners they do not prefer dispersal limitation; compensate for likely offspring viability deficits. The reproductive compensa- life history trade-offs; tion hypothesis assumes that (i) pathogens and parasites evolve more rapidly mate preferences; than their hosts, (ii) mate preferences predict variation in health and viability offspring viability selection; of offspring, (iii) social and ecological factors keep some individuals from phenotypic plasticity; mating with their preferred partners (some are constrained to mate with sexual coercion. partners they do not prefer), (iv) all individuals may be induced to compensate, so that (v) variation in compensation is due to environmental and developmental factors affecting between-individual abilities to express compensatory mechanisms. Selection favouring compensation may act through variation in prezygotic physiological mechanisms, zygotic mecha- nisms, or parental care to eggs or young that enhance offspring health, increasing the likelihood that some offspring survive to reproductive age, often at a survival cost to the parents. Compensation may be through increased number of eggs laid or offspring born, a compensatory effort working during a single reproductive bout that sometimes will match the number of offspring surviving to reproductive age produced by unconstrained parents during the same bout. The reproductive compensation hypothesis therefore predicts trade-offs in components of fitness for breeders, such that parents constrained to mating with a nonpreferred partner, but who compensate sometimes match their current productivity (number of offspring at reproductive age) to unconstrained parents (those breeding with their preferred partners), and, when all else is equal, die faster than unconstrained parents. The reproductive compensation hypothesis emphasizes that reproductive competition is not just between constrained and unconstrained individuals, but also among con- strained individuals who do and do not compensate. The reproductive compensation hypothesis may thus explain previously unexplained between-population and within-population, between-individual variation in reproductive success, survival, physiology and behaviour. coerced reproduction leads to lower fitness than repro- Introduction duction with preferred partners, whenever heritable But if you try sometimes you might find, You get what you variation (in genes, epigenetic elements, other develop- need mental programmes, etc.) exists, selection will result The Rolling Stones in individuals sensitive to fitness outcomes and able What do individuals do when they are constrained to to flexibly resist mating and reproduction with non- reproduce with nonpreferred partners? If constrained or preferred partners. But, there are situations in which reproduction with nonpreferred partners is the only Correspondence: Patricia Adair Gowaty, Department of Ecology & Evolu- option (Gowaty, 1997). The question then becomes, tionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. what can individuals – constrained to mate with partners Tel.: 310 206-2186; fax: 310 206-0484; they do not prefer – do, if anything, to make up likely e-mail: [email protected] fitness deficits compared with those individuals mating ª 2008 THE AUTHOR. J. EVOL. BIOL. 21 (2008) 1189–1200 JOURNAL COMPILATION ª 2008 EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 1189 1190 P. A. GOWATY with individuals they do prefer? One possibility is that parasites (Van Valen, 1973). (ii) Variation in offspring constrained individuals attempt to compensate for pre- viability favours mate preferences in both sexes (Bondu- dictable fitness deficits in their offspring (Foerster et al., riansky, 2001; Gowaty & Hubbell, 2005). (iii) Impedi- 2003; Gowaty, 2003; Bluhm & Gowaty, 2004a; Navara ments (ecological and social) to reproduction with one’s et al., 2006; Byers & Waits, 2006; Anderson et al., 2007; best partner exist (see references above). (iv) Mecha- Gowaty et al., 2007). nisms of compensation evolve rapidly to fixation, so that Thinking about some of the ways reproduction may all individuals may compensate and (v) variation in occur under social constraints on female mate prefer- expressed mechanisms of compensation is due primarily ences inspired the reproductive compensation hypothesis to environmental and developmental factors affecting (Gowaty, 1996, 2003; Gowaty & Buschhaus, 1998), but it individual ability to express compensatory mechanisms. is important to keep in mind that reproductive compen- sation can be induced by ecological constraints on mating The Red Queen’s challenge to parents, mate with one’s best (preferred) partner for offspring viability, preferences and constraints on mate preferences such as dispersal limitation and demographic stochastic- ity, not just social constraints. Known social constraints As the metaphor of the Red Queen stresses, pathogens acting on males and females include male–male compet- evolve more rapidly than their hosts. This means that the itive contests, and in some species in which females are pathogens that attack the parental generation may not be invulnerable to social coercion, female mate choice may the same pathogens challenging the health of offspring. limit males’ options for mating partners. Sexually As Hamilton & Zuk (1982) said, if host–parasite cycles of coercive constraints limit females access to partners, but evolutionary response ‘‘are very short, then trying to also males’ and include infanticide (Hrdy, 1974, 1977, choose mates for the ‘right’ genes for resistance is a 1979, 1981), forced copulation (Brownmiller, 1975; perverse task’’ (p. 384). In this case it would be unlikely Cheng et al., 1982, 1983; McKinney et al., 1983; Gowaty that elaborate traits in potential fathers signalled ‘good & Buschhaus, 1998), male aggression against females genes’ for offspring health. If variation in the underlying (Smuts, 1992, 1995; Smuts & Smuts, 1993), male mate- genetic components of offspring viability favour mate guarding (Dickemann, 1979a,b, 1981; Gowaty, 1996), preferences as the reproductive compensation hypothesis sperm plugs and peptides that decrease females’ assumes, there is unlikely to be a single best male, better re-mating tendencies (Chapman et al., 1994; Chapman for all females than any other male, because females & Partridge, 1996; Rice, 1996). vary, and like males, contribute to the genetics, (as well The reproductive compensation hypothesis emphasizes as the epigenetics, ecology, development and culture) of how selection might act not just among constrained and offspring viability. If indicator traits show the true health not constrained individuals, but between constrained status of the signaller, they may be honest indicators of individuals who can and cannot trade-off components of an individuals’ ability to provide direct benefits to fitness to flexibly adjust physiology and behaviour in females and to their offspring, but still say little about ways that enhance the future survival of their offspring. the genetics and development of offspring immune The reproductive compensation hypothesis is sexually systems that must be an important component of symmetric, predicting that both sexes of parent are offspring viability – unless there is little or no evolution sensitive to, can assess, and respond flexibly to environ- of pathogens between parental and offspring generations. mental and social conditions, i.e. both sexes may However, if offspring viability is influenced by alleles that compensate. This paper contains a brief review of the work against offspring generation pathogens, the current assumptions of the reproductive compensation hypo- health status of a potential mate may not predict the thesis, first presented in Gowaty (1996, 2003); Gowaty & health of offspring. In such cases, it is possible that Buschhaus (1998), and Gowaty et al. (2007). It also ‘honest’ indicators manipulate or dazzle choosers, contains a quantitative description of components of exploiting their pre-existing sensory biases (West-Eber- fitness essential for understanding the reproductive hard, 1979, 1984), so that choosers make reproductive compensation hypothesis, a comparison with the differ- decisions that may not favour offspring health. Thus, ential allocation hypothesis, and a discussion of the range showy and elaborate traits could be simultaneously of predictions of the reproductive compensation hypo- honest about some components of fitness (e.g. the thesis with a focus on tests that depend on components of breeders’ current health and ⁄ or probability of survival), fitness. Last, I include a discussion of the question, ‘Can but may provide limited or no information relevant to compensation evolve?’ other components of fitness. This perspective emphasizes that there may be other effects of host–pathogen arms races on individuals’ reproductive decisions besides the The assumptions evolution of elaborate traits in males. Of central impor- The assumptions of the reproductive compensation tance here is that the perennial
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Helminth Infection, Fecundity, and Age of First Pregnancy in Women
    RESEARCH | REPORTS PARASITOLOGY 70% of the population, the most common being hookworm (56%) and A. lumbricoides (15 to 20%) (11, 17). In both animal and human studies, parasites Helminth infection, fecundity, and have been shown to influence host reproduction via sexual behavior, brood or litter size, offspring age of first pregnancy in women size, incubation periods, conception rates, and pregnancy loss (18–22). In most cases, parasitism Aaron D. Blackwell,1,2,3* Marilyne A. Tamayo,4 Bret Beheim,2,5 reduces host reproduction by compromising Benjamin C. Trumble,1,2,3,6,7 Jonathan Stieglitz,2,5,8 Paul L. Hooper,2,9 reproductive organs or reducing energy budgets Melanie Martin,1,2,3 Hillard Kaplan,2,5 Michael Gurven1,2,3 (14, 23). However, among Tsimane adults, mor- bidity from intestinal helminth infections is low, Infection with intestinal helminths results in immunological changes that influence particularly for A. lumbricoides. Controlling for co-infections, and might influence fecundity by inducing immunological states affecting age and co-infection in our sample, hookworm conception and pregnancy. We investigated associations between intestinal helminths and infection is associated with slightly lower body fertility in women, using 9 years of longitudinal data from 986 Bolivian forager-horticulturalists, mass index (BMI) (generalized linear model, 2 experiencing natural fertility and 70% helminth prevalence. We found that different species b = –0.77 kg/m , P < 0.001) and hemoglobin (b = of helminth are associated with contrasting effects on fecundity. Infection with roundworm –0.19 g/dl, P =0.005),whereasA. lumbricoides is 2 (Ascaris lumbricoides) is associated with earlier first births and shortened interbirth intervals, not (b = –0.34 kg/m , P = 0.180; b = –0.07 g/dl, whereas infection with hookworm is associated with delayed first pregnancy and extended P = 0.413).
    [Show full text]
  • Fecundity Selection Theory: Concepts and Evidence
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/015586; this version posted February 23, 2015. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Fecundity selection theory: concepts and evidence Daniel Pincheira-Donoso1,3 & John Hunt2 1Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology of Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Campus, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom 2Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK 3Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Fitness results from the optimal balance between survival, mating success and fecundity. The interactions between these three components of fitness vary importantly depending on the selective context, from positive covariation between them, to antagonistic pleiotropic relationships when fitness increases in one reduce fitness of others. Therefore, elucidating the routes through which selection shapes life history and phenotypic adaptations via these fitness components is of primary significance to understand ecological and evolutionary dynamics. However, while the fitness components mediated by natural (survival) and sexual (mating success) selection have extensively been debated from most possible perspectives, fecundity selection remains considerably
    [Show full text]
  • Life Table of Orius Insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) Feeding on Sitotroga Cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Eggs
    Research article http://www.revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/refame Life table of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) feeding on Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) eggs Tabla de vida de Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) alimentado con huevos de Sitotroga cerealella (Leideoptera: Gelechiidae) doi: 10.15446/rfna.v69n1.54745 Jhon Alexander Avellaneda Nieto1, Fernando Cantor Rincon1, Daniel Rodríguez Caicedo1* ABSTRACT Key words: To use a natural enemy to control an insect pest, it is important to determine the biological parameters Biological control of the native populations of the predator. The goal of this study was determinate the biological Pirate bugs parameters of O. insidiosus fed on Sitotroga cerealella eggs. A batch of 225 O. insidiosus eggs were Stock colony laid into bean pods. The bean pods were kept in glass jars, and the eggs and first instar nymphs were Sabana de Bogotá counted daily. All nymphs were extracted and individualized in Petri dishes. The presence/absence of exuvie was observed daily as a way to assess the emergence of adults from the nymphal stage. Seventeen adult couples were placed into Petri dishes with a segment of bean pod. The bean pod segments were extracted and replaced daily, counting the number of eggs present on the pods. The life cycle, survival percentage, sex ratio, male/female longevity, pre ovoposition, ovoposition and post ovoposition periods were determined. Finally, fertility life table parameters were estimated. The nymphal development time was 12.0 ± 0.22 days, with 80.47% ± 3.23 survival, while the total development time was 15.0 ± 0.23 days, with 66.67% ± 1.90 survival.
    [Show full text]
  • Fecundity Selection Theory: Concepts and Evidence
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/015586; this version posted February 23, 2015. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Fecundity selection theory: concepts and evidence Daniel Pincheira-Donoso1,3 & John Hunt2 1Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology of Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Campus, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom 2Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK 3Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Fitness results from the optimal balance between survival, mating success and fecundity. The interactions between these three components of fitness vary importantly depending on the selective context, from positive covariation between them, to antagonistic pleiotropic relationships when fitness increases in one reduce fitness of others. Therefore, elucidating the routes through which selection shapes life history and phenotypic adaptations via these fitness components is of primary significance to understand ecological and evolutionary dynamics. However, while the fitness components mediated by natural (survival) and sexual (mating success) selection have extensively been debated from most possible perspectives, fecundity selection remains considerably
    [Show full text]
  • Fecundity and Survival in Relation to Resistance to Oxidative Stress in a Free-Living Bird
    Ecology, 89(8), 2008, pp. 2584–2593 Ó 2008 by the Ecological Society of America FECUNDITY AND SURVIVAL IN RELATION TO RESISTANCE TO OXIDATIVE STRESS IN A FREE-LIVING BIRD 1,4 2 1 3 2 PIERRE BIZE, GODEFROY DEVEVEY, PATRICIA MONAGHAN, BLANDINE DOLIGEZ, AND PHILIPPE CHRISTE 1Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Glasgow University, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G20 8QQ United Kingdom 2Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 3Department of Biometry and Evolutionary Biology, CNRS UMR 5558, University Lyon I, Baˆtiment Gregor Mendel, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France Abstract. Major life history traits, such as fecundity and survival, have been consistently demonstrated to covary positively in nature, some individuals having more resources than others to allocate to all aspects of their life history. Yet, little is known about which resources (or state variables) may account for such covariation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are natural by-products of metabolism and, when ROS production exceeds antioxidant defenses, organisms are exposed to oxidative stress that can have deleterious effects on their fecundity and survival. Using a wild, long-lived bird, the Alpine Swift (Apus melba), we examined whether individual red cell resistance to oxidative stress covaried with fecundity and survival. We found that males that survived to the next breeding season tended to be more resistant to oxidative stress, and females with higher resistance to oxidative stress laid larger clutches. Furthermore, the eggs of females with low resistance to oxidative stress were less likely to hatch than those of females with high resistance to oxidative stress.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Family Planning ………..……………………………………………
    Summer/Fall 2014 ● Vol. 25, Nos. 3 & 4 Richard J. Fehring, PhD, RN, FAAN – Marquette University College of Nursing In this issue Natural Family Planning ………..……………………………………………. 2 Fertility/Infertility …………...………………………………………………... 7 Pregnancy ….……………………………………………………….…………. 9 Menstrual Cycle ………………………………………………………………. 10 Under the Microscope ………………………………………………………... 12 A Brief History of Natural Family Planning Current Medical Research is a publication of the Natural Family Planning Program of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. © 2014 USCCB. The managing editor is Theresa Notare, PhD, Assistant Director. Permission is granted to reproduce in whole or in part, in print and/or electronically, with the following statement: Current Medical Research, © 2014 USCCB, volume # (year): page #. Used with permission. 1 Natural Family Planning Natural Family Planning Differentiates Women’s Perception of the Availability of Reproductive Health Services in Catholic Hospitals Catholic hospitals and health care systems provide approximately 10% of the health care in the United States. Furthermore, in some smaller communities Catholic hospitals and Catholic health care services are the only health services available. Previous research has shown that Catholic hospitals that follow Catholic Church teachings prevent the use of “standard” (i.e. immoral) reproductive services and that obstetricians and gynecologists view Catholic health systems as preventing the availability of “full” (but often immoral) reproductive services. Researchers theorized that women patients of reproductive age would be surprised and disturbed if they understood that Catholic health care systems are limited in the provision of some types of women’s health care services (Guiahi, Sheeder, and Teal 2014). Therefore, these researchers set out to determine if women of reproductive age would expect different reproductive services in a Catholic hospital compared to a secular or non-Catholic hospital.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Pueriparity Maintains Multiple Paternity in a Polymorphic Viviparous Salamander Lucía Alarcón‑Ríos 1*, Alfredo G
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The evolution of pueriparity maintains multiple paternity in a polymorphic viviparous salamander Lucía Alarcón‑Ríos 1*, Alfredo G. Nicieza 1,2, André Lourenço 3,4 & Guillermo Velo‑Antón 3* The reduction in fecundity associated with the evolution of viviparity may have far‑reaching implications for the ecology, demography, and evolution of populations. The evolution of a polygamous behaviour (e.g. polyandry) may counteract some of the efects underlying a lower fecundity, such as the reduction in genetic diversity. Comparing patterns of multiple paternity between reproductive modes allows us to understand how viviparity accounts for the trade-of between ofspring quality and quantity. We analysed genetic patterns of paternity and ofspring genetic diversity across 42 families from two modes of viviparity in a reproductive polymorphic species, Salamandra salamandra. This species shows an ancestral (larviparity: large clutches of free aquatic larvae), and a derived reproductive mode (pueriparity: smaller clutches of larger terrestrial juveniles). Our results confrm the existence of multiple paternity in pueriparous salamanders. Furthermore, we show the evolution of pueriparity maintains, and even increases, the occurrence of multiple paternity and the number of sires compared to larviparity, though we did not fnd a clear efect on genetic diversity. High incidence of multiple paternity in pueriparous populations might arise as a mechanism to avoid fertilization failures and to ensure reproductive success, and thus has important implications in highly isolated populations with small broods. Te evolution of viviparity entails pronounced changes in individuals’ reproductive biology and behaviour and, by extension, on population dynamics1–3. For example, viviparous species ofen show an increased parental invest- ment compared to oviparous ones because they produce larger and more developed ofspring that are protected from external pressures for longer periods within the mother 4–7.
    [Show full text]
  • Thamnophis Gigas)
    Herpetological Conservation and Biology 13(1):80–90. Submitted: 2 June 2017; Accepted: 11 December 2017; Published 30 April 2018. REPRODUCTIVE FREQUENCY AND SIZE-DEPENDENCE OF FECUNDITY IN THE GIANT GARTERSNAKE (THAMNOPHIS GIGAS) JONATHAN P. ROSE1, JULIA S.M. ERSAN, GLENN D. WYLIE, MICHAEL L. CASAZZA, AND BRIAN J. HALSTEAD U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, 800 Business Park Drive, Suite D, Dixon, California 95620, USA 1Corresponding author, email: [email protected] Abstract.—How reproductive output changes with age or size is a key life-history trait that can affect which demographic rates most influence population growth. Although many studies have investigated the reproductive ecology of gartersnakes, we know little about reproduction in the threatened Giant Gartersnake, Thamnophis gigas. We used X-radiography to determine reproductive status and estimated fecundity for 73 female T. gigas collected from several regions within the range of this species in the Sacramento Valley of California, USA, and synthesize these data with data from litters born in captivity to improve our understanding of reproduction in this species. Average total litter size determined from X-rays (15.9) and captive-born litters (15.5) are within the ranges reported from other gartersnakes, but captive-born litters had high rates of stillbirth. Only 154 of 202 neonates from captive snakes were born alive, and seven of 13 litters contained at least one stillborn neonate. We found that fecundity was positively related to maternal snout-vent length, and some evidence that larger litters contained smaller neonates. The proportion of X-rayed females that were gravid was 0.50 in 2014, 0.47 in and 2015, and 0.64 in 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Demographic Tactics in Lizards: a Test of Some Hypotheses Concerning Life History Evolution
    J. evol. biol. 11 (1998) 329–364 1010–061X/98/030329–36 $ 1.50+0.20/0 The evolution of demographic tactics in lizards: a test of some hypotheses concerning life history evolution J. Clobert,1 T. Garland Jr.2 and R. Barbault1 1Laboratoire d’Ecologie, Uni6ersite´ Pierre et Marie Curie, Baˆtiment A, Case 237, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France 2Department of Zoology, 430 Lincoln Dri6e, Uni6ersity of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1381, USA Key words: Comparative methods; demographic tactics; life history; phylogeny; dimension numbers; lizards. Abstract We analyze, with an augmented data base, patterns of covariation of the three primary demographic parameters (age at maturity, fecundity, adult survival, all measured in the same unit of time) in lizards. This also constitutes a first attempt to use all three of these parameters for this group of species. We attempt to place these analyses in the framework of recent theories on life history evolution (Ferrie`re and Clobert, 1992; Charnov, 1993). Life history data were collected from the literature and from our original work, and a composite phylogeny was assembled, based on a variety of published sources. Using a phylogenetically based statistical method (independent contrasts), the allometric (log-log) relationship of fecundity (and of clutch size) in relation to snout-vent length was found to differ significantly between the two major clades of extant lizards, Iguania (43 species in our data set) and Scleroglossa (47 species). We therefore emphasize analyses done separately for the two clades. Without removing correlations with body size, the relationships between fecundity and survival, and between fecundity and age at maturity, were also found to differ between clades, which differs from Charnov’s (1993) predic- tions.
    [Show full text]
  • F(L P)-1 12 DAVID G
    Heredity (1974), 32 (1), 11-34 THEORETICALSEX RATIOS OF DIOECIOUS AND GYNODIOECIOUS ANGIOSPERMS DAVID G. LLOYD Botany Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Received3.1.73 SUMMARY The following parameters affecting the frequency of male and female plants in sexually dimorphic Angiosperms are defined: relative fecundity (as seed parent), F, differential survival, S, and gamete success, G, all as male/female quotients, and the probability of fertilisation of ovules on female plants, in terms of the number of pollinator visits to the flowers, x. Four different modes of inheritance of gynodioecy and dioecy are examined: (a) Heterozygous female model—female Mm, male mm. (b) Dual male model—female mm, male MM and Mm. (c) Heterozygous male model—female mm, male Mm only. (d) Cytoplasmic inheritance. The equilibrium frequencies of females and (for three models) the rates of change in female frequency per generation at non-equilibrium frequencies are expressed in terms of the controlling parameters. The conditions necessary for sexual dimorphism and the changes in fre- quencies of the sex genotypes as the number of pollinator visits increase and the relative seed fecundity decreases towards zero (dioecy) are derived for each model. Differential survival of the sexes (and differential gamete success in the heterozygous male model) cause an increase at equilibrium in the sex surviving more frequently or the sex derived from the more successful gamete. In a dioecious population, the ratio of the sexes is equal to their relative survival or their relative gamete success. Populations at non-equilibrium frequencies return more rapidly to equilibrium with the heterozygous male model than with the heterozygous female and cytoplasmic models.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Dimorphism in Lizard Body Shape: the Roles of Sexual Selection and Fecundity Selection
    Sexual dimorphism in lizard body shape: The roles of sexual selection and fecundity selection Olsson, M; Shine, R; Wapstra, E; Ujvari, Beata; Madsen, Thomas Published in: Evolution 2002 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Olsson, M., Shine, R., Wapstra, E., Ujvari, B., & Madsen, T. (2002). Sexual dimorphism in lizard body shape: The roles of sexual selection and fecundity selection. Evolution, 56(7), 1538-1542. Total number of authors: 5 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS Evolution, 56(7), 2002, pp. 1538±1542 SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN
    [Show full text]
  • What Does a Fly's Individual Fecundity Pattern Look Like?
    Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 124 (2003) 605Á/617 www.elsevier.com/locate/mechagedev What does a fly’s individual fecundity pattern look like? The dynamics of resource allocation in reproduction and ageing V.N. Novoseltsev a,b,1,2, J.A. Novoseltseva a,3, A.I. Yashin b,c,* a Institute of Control Sciences, 117997 Profsoyuznaya 65, Moscow, Russia b Max-Planck Institute for Demographic Research, 114 Doberaner Str., D 18057 Rostock, Germany c Sanford Institute of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-466, USA Received 2 December 2002; received in revised form 29 January 2003; accepted 11 February 2003 Abstract Reproduction is usually characterised by an average fecundity pattern having a maximum at earlier ages and a subsequent gradual decline later on. An individual fecundity trajectory does not follow such a pattern and has no maximum. A three-stage pattern, which includes maturation, maturity and reproductive senescence, is a more appropriate description. An analysis of the power balance of an adult female fly during its life course allows us to predict two critical periods in an individual life history. The first crisis occurs at early ages when the increasing power demand becomes greater than the power supply. It often results in premature death. The surviving flies enjoy maturity and lay eggs at a presumably constant rate. The second critical period at advanced ages ends up in a senescence-caused death. Our approach predicts that there will be a bimodal death time distribution for a population of flies. # 2003 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Fecundity pattern; Resource allocation; Premature death; Homeostenosis 1.
    [Show full text]