Double-faced Maps: The Georacial Imagination in Mark Twain’s Works A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Letters Keio University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Literature by Kaori Hosono 2019 1 Errata Page/Line Reads Should Read N/A (Contents) Acknowledegements Acknowledegments 1/10 1994 1993 2/10 work works 3/4 features featured 3/4 issue issues 3/11 Slopes Slope 3/13 an ardent the ardent 4/19 ‘the West’ “the West” 4/22 the term West the term “the West” 7/12 the Antebellum era the antebellum era 8/7-8 the historical distance historical distance 8/17 1895 1894 9/2 Twain’s racial attitude Twain’s racial attitudes 9/3 Both fictional and the non- Both fictional and non-fictional fictional 10/9 setting settings 10/11 in domestic soil, on domestic soil, 12/9 Slopes Slope 12/12 From Phineas 14/6-7 Previous research has Previous researches or adaptations have 21/14 associates associated 21/15 share shared 22/15 but his change his change 23/21 On March 5, 1867 on March 5, 1867 23/(n)7 ---the grandest museum ever ―the grandest museum ever conceived of by man--- conceived of by man― 25/20 which meant which means 32/(n)4 pp.99-125 99-125 32/(n)6 pp.173-81 173-81 32/2 The Territorial Enterprise The Territorial Enterprise 34/2 approached with the retired approached the retired general general better terms with better terms 35/13 Huck Finn is “first and most Huck Finn is the “first and most 2 eloquent of white eloquent of white 35/17 the “Private History of “The Private History of Campaign that Failed” Campaign that Failed” 36/21 had been branded has been branded 37/6 Barnum’s Life of P. T. Barnum, Barnum’s Life of P. T. Barnum (10-11) (10-11) 40/19 Finaly Finally 45/11 noted notes 45/17 followed follows 49/(n)13 Noel Ignativ Noel Ignatiev 54/12 Chinese immigrants After a decade, however, Chinese immigrants 59/4 in America” in America 60/7 racial boundary racial boundaries 64/(n)1 See Hershel Parker, Flawed See Parker 136. Texts and Verbal Icons 136. 69/16 in Nevada and in California in Nevada and California 71/(n)7 Private History of the “The Private History of the Campaign that Failed Campaign that Failed” 73/(n)14 Fugitive Blacksmith; or H Fugitive Blacksmith; or Events Events in the History of James in the History of James W. C. W. C. Pennington, Pennington, 74/12 Promoted by Prompted by 75/7 slavocatic slavocratic 75/11 Previous research mentioned Previous researches inspired by above has Fishkin (1993) have 77/11-12 “PAH-GO-TO-WAH-WAH- “PAH-GO-TO-WAH-WAH- PUKKETEKEEWIS (Mighty- PUKKETEKEEWIS (Mighty- Hunter-with-a-Hog-Eye) Hunter-with-a-Hog-Eye) Twain Twain” 78/24 who is marketable (783-84). who is marketable. (783-84) 80/17 ‘Mark Twain’, “Mark Twain,” 94/13 1895 1894 95/13 Based on this research Based on these researches 97/1 and “passage to and the “passage to 98/15 prisoned pisoned 99/22 ‘motif’ “motif” 3 99/25 ‘endless repetitions’ “endless repetitions” 101/9 experimental experiential 102/(n)18 in a short piece: in a short piece 104/2 geological geographical 104/(n)7-8 the fact that “a relationship the fact that while “a relationship 104/(n)13 between in 104/(n)16-17 “Cooper” and “Cooper’s ‘Cooper’ and ‘Cooper’s Indians” Indians’ 105/1 New World new world 108/4 Black black 108/15 Ms. Watson Miss Watson 110/13 his hands knees, his hands and knees, 111/20 southern southerner 112/9 1895 1894 113/23 Far East The Far East 114/10 wholely wholly 116/4 “Erronort”Tom’s “Erronort” Tom’s 118/13 Black black 119/4 the fictional pseudo-Oriental the pseudo-Oriental world world 120/13 “The War Prayer” “The War-Prayer” 126/19 the US the United States 126/(n) 4 “goo-goo” ‘goo-goo’ 126/(n) 5 “niggers,” ‘niggers,’ 128/6 the western and eastern the western and the eastern 130/3-4 changes Twain’s attitude changes in Twain’s attitude 130/9 U.S. US 140/10-11 the appearance of protest letter the appearance of protest letter signed as “many citizens,” signed as “many citizens” in which appeared in The The Jamestown Journal Jamestown Journal 140/ (n) 12-14 Font mistake: Century Times New Roman 142/6-19 A block quotation Run-in quotations 153/14 boundary boundaries 156/4 We have seen that how We have seen how 156/8 self-guilt guilt 4 159/(n) 15 Australia Austria 164/1 Autobiography autobiography 166/8 new world New World 178/4-5 Edited by Victor Fischer, Lin edited by Victor Fischer, Lin Salamo and Walter Blair. Salamo and Walter Blair, 178/7 edited by Paul Baender, Terry edited by Paul Baender, Terry Firkins, and John C. Gerber. Firkins, and John C. Gerber, 178/9-12 ---. Autobiography of Mark ---. Autobiography of Mark Twain, Volume 1, edited by Twain, edited by Harriet Elinor Harriet Elinor Smith and Smith and Benjamin Gllifin, Benjamin Gllifin, U of vol.1, U of California P, 2010. California P, 2010. ---. Autobiography of Mark ---. Autobiography of Mark Twain, edited by Harriet Elinor Twain, Volume 2, edited by Smith and Benjamin Gllifin, Harriet Elinor Smith and vol.2, U of California P, 2013. Benjamin Gllifin, U of California P, 2013. 179/1-2 ---. Early Tales & Sketches, ---. Early Tales & Sketches, vol.1, edited by Edgar edited by Edgar Marquess Marquess Branch and Robert Branch and Robert H. Hirst, et H. Hirst, et al. U of California al., vol.1, U of California P, P, 1979. 1979. 180/10 ---. Mark Twain’s Notebooks & ---. Mark Twain’s Notebooks & Journals, Vol.1, edited by Journals, edited by Frederick Frederick Anderson et.al, U of Anderson et.al, vol.1, U of California P, 1975. California P, 1975. Contents Acknowledgments......................................................................................................... i Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Retelling the Past: Mark Twain and P. T. Barnum’s Art of Retrospective Narration ................................. 17 Chapter 2 From the Mekong to the Mississippi: The Chinese-Siamese Twins in Pudd’nhead Wilson and Those Extraordinary Twins ...................................................................................................................................... 40 Chapter 3 The Tug of War between the West and the South: Two Orphans in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ....................................................... 68 Chapter 4 Beyond the Territory: Revisiting “Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer among the Indians” and Tom Sawyer Abroad ...................................................................................................................................... 94 Chapter 5 “Our Fellow-Cannibals”: Rereading Romances in Letters from Hawaii and Other Hawaiian Writings ............ 128 Conclusion In Search of the Happy Hunting Ground: “3,000 Years Among the Microbes” and Extract from Captain Stormfield’s Visit to Heaven ....................................................................................................................... 156 Selected Bibliography ................................................................................................ 175 i Acknowledgments Throughout the writing of this dissertation, I have received a great deal of support and assistance. I would like to express the most profound appreciation to my supervisor, Professor Takayuki Tatsumi of Keio University. He has provided the patient guidance, encouragement and advice throughout my time as his student. Without his guidance and persistent help this dissertation would not have been possible. I am deeply thankful to Professor Hisayo Ogushi of Keio University, who has provided me extensive professional and personal guidance and taught me a great deal about American literature from Indian captivity narratives to cutting-edge theories. I would like to thank Professor Yoshiko Uzawa of Keio University, whose penetrating comments always gave me great intellectual inspiration. In addition, a thank you to Professor Nahoko Tsuneyama of Keio University, whose classes on trans- Pacific/trans-Atlantic American literature and culture stimulated me to reread Mark Twain’s Hawaiian writings. I am sincerely grateful to Professor Samuel Otter of University of California, Berkeley, who gave me guidance and support as my mentor throughout my stay in Berkeley. I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Tsuyoshi Ishihara of Tokyo University, who afforded me the opportunity to reexamine Tom Sawyer Abroad. My genuine gratitude goes to Professor Yukiko Fukase of Jissen Women’s University, Professor Katsumi Satouchi of Osaka University, Professor Mary Knighton of Aoyama Gakuin University, Mr. Atsushi Sugimura of Yamanashi Eiwa University, Professor Isamu Takahashi of Keio University, Professor Hideo Tsuji of Tokyo Metropolitan University, and Professor Kumi Ikoma of Daito Bunka ii University for their insightful comments on my early drafts and presentations. I am also indebted to Professor Emeritus Shunsuke Kamei of Tokyo University, Professor Kotaro Nakagaki of Senshu University, and other members of the reading group. Without them, I could not have read through the three volumes of Autobiography of Mark Twain. Without the professional assistance of Ms. Melissa Martin and Dr. Victor Fisher of Mark Twain Papers at The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, I could not have finished writing Chapter 1 and Chapter 5 of this dissertation. I thank the American Literature Society of Japan for permission to include Chapter 1 of my dissertation, which was originally published in The Journal of the American Literature