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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Housing policy and community action in County Durham and County Armagh : A comparative study. Blackman, Tim How to cite: Blackman, Tim (1987) Housing policy and community action in County Durham and County Armagh : A comparative study., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1690/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 1 ' S 4kt SOU k Sc • 1/4'. I Z v; v AND COUNTY ARMAGH: A COMPARATIVE STUDY Tim Blackman Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Durham, December 1987, The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. 1 -; TR. "" ABSTRACT Housing Policy and Community Action in County Durham and County Armagh: a Comparative Study. The problem which this thesis addresses is the relationship between housing policies and community action during the 1970s and early 1980s in County Durham, North East England and the north of County Armagh, Northern Ireland. This historical period has seen a transition from the dominance of "modernisation" objectives in housing and planning, and of modernist organised capitalist processes, to a "post-modern" period in which "disorganised" capitalist forms predominate. The thesis presents a located, comparative historical account of how housing policy worked out in County Durham and County Armagh in relation to national and sub-national policy (the latter term being employed to take account of the considerable degree of administrative autonomy of the Stormont administration as a component of the UK state as well as local state processes in Britain). It then proceeds to a series of case studies of "community action", conceived of as accounts of reaction to the impact of modernisation and consequent housing and planning policies on working class localities, considered as bases of common experience and communal identification. Through fundamentally historical methods the thesis documents and analyses the nature of housing policies in County Durham and County Armagh, ensuing action consequences and how housing policy responded (while also being subject to other sources of change). The end of "modernisation" is considered crucial to understanding the history of these events. Tim Blackman. December 1987 DECLARATION I declare that the contents of this thesis have not been previously submitted at this or any other university. KetaemA.,..w... 0 te,catA4-e-r- //81 Tim Blackman December 1987 (iv) STATEMENT OF COPYRIGHT The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Information derived from it should be acknowledged and no part of the work should be published without his prior written consent. (v) CONTENTS Chapter Page Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 The issue: the working class experience of modernisation 1 1.2 The research problem: community action about housing 9 1.3 The research strategy 15 1.4 Choosing the case studies 22 1.5 Class relations 28 1.6 Locality 44 1.7 The state 52 1.8 Summary 59 Chapter 2: The rise and fall of modernisation 63 2.1 The political origins of modernisation 67 2.2 The modernisation process 77 2.3 Modernisation and housing 86 2.4 Planning in the post-modern era 101 2.5 Housing in the post-modern era 112 2.6 Summary and introduction to the case studies 125 Chapter 3 . Post-war modernisation in County Durham: spatial restructuring and community action 131 3.1 Locality and working class experience in County Durham 132 3.2 The struggle against Category "D", opposition to "statism" and the Durham County Housing Association 139 3.3 Political struggles against settlement categorisation 148 3.4 The influence of the central state in bringing about local changes 155 3.5 Summary 160 Chapter 4: Experiences of growth centres in County Durham 163 4.1 A new way of life - in Bessemer Park 167 4.2 Farewell Squalor?: the case of Peterlee 175 4.3 Peterlee: from miners' town to global outpost 182 4.4 Peterlee: a new town in decline 189 4.5 The working class pays for Peterlee: rent rises and remedial works 193 4.6 Easington District Council: managing the cuts 199 4.7 Summary 206 •1 • p - I 210 5.1 Railway Street: community action against "residual" modernism 210 5.2 Derwentside Council's attempt to continue modernist housing policy 212 (vi) 5.3 The public local inquiry 225 5.4 The outcome 240 5.5 Summary and conclusions 242 Chapter 6: Community Action in Framwellgate Moor. Durham City 247 6.1 Housing policy in Durham City 1974-1982: the defence of council housing 248 6.2 Housing conflict in Old Framwellgate Moor: the defence of private housing 264 6.3 Waiting it out 277 6.4 Summary and conclusions 286 Chapter 7: Community Action in North Armagh 290 7.1 The creation of a modern city 291 7.2 The decline of Craigavon 301 7.3 Restructuring and community action in rural areas 307 7.4 Restructuring and community action in urban areas 319 7.5 Summary 324 Chapter 8: Community Action in Craigavon New Town 325 8.1 Community development in the new town 325 8.2 The ghettoisation of Brownlow 339 8.3 Managing the ghetto 348 8.4 Summary and conclusions 355 Chapter 9: Conclusion 358 9.1 Statism and housing 382 9.2 Two nations? 390 9.3 Final conclusions 398 Appendix 1: General methodological issues 403 Appendix 2: data sources 421 Bibliography 438 LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page 2.1 UK Regional Unemployment in the Inter-War Years 74 2.2 Changes in Public Expenditure in Northern Ireland by Sub-Programme 1973/74 and 1984/85 106 2.3 Changes in Housing Conditions; North England, Northern Ireland and England, 1971-1984 115 2.4 Public Expenditure on Housing: Northern Ireland and North of England 1975/76 to 1983/84 122 4.1 Percentages of Peterlee's Economically Active Population Out of Work, with Regional and National Comparisons 1971-1981 190 4.2 Percentages of all Households in Peterlee in the Three Main Housing Tenures, with Regional and National Comparisons, 1971-1981 192 5.1 Local Authority Dwellings Started in Derwentside 1972-1981 214 5.2 Changes in the Housing Stock, Derwentside District Council, 1961-1981 215 5.3 Comparisons Between Derwentside District Council and the rest of Durham County District Councils (excluding new towns): Slum Clearance, Discretionary Renovation Grants, Private Dwellings Started and Local Authority Dwellings Started, 1972-1981 216 6.1 Durham District: Number of Discretionary Renovation Grants to the Private Sector, 1972-1981 249 6.2 Durham District: Number of Non-Discretionary Grants to the Private Sector, 1972-1981 249 6.3 Durham District: Change in Housing Stock, 1972-1981 250 7.1 Percentages of Craigavon's Economically Active Population Out of Work, with Regional and National Comparisons, 1971-1981 306 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title Page 9.1 Processes Which May Generate Community Action in County Durham and North Armagh 369 9.2 Classification of Cases of Community Action in County Durham and North Armagh 371 9.3 Outcomes of Community Action in County Durham and North Armagh 379 9.4 Community Action in County Durham and North Armagh: Its Location in Two Nations Restructuring 393 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research reported in this thesis was carried out from October 1980 to November 1982 from a base in the Department of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Durham, and subsequently part-tine in the Department of Social Administration, New University of Ulster (from October 1984 the University of Ulster), I am grateful to the Economic and Social Research Council for financial support. I have been helped by many people in undertaking this research, In Northern Ireland I owe particular thanks to Pat Morgan and the Craigavon Independent Advice Centre and to Rowan Davison and Monica Deasy. In Durham a number of colleagues and friends contributed in various ways; in particular Louis Carter, several people associated with Folkus and John Mohan, who has shown continuing interest in its progress. A large number of people assisted with the research by agreeing to be interviewed, engaging in discussions about the work, and helping to obtain access to information. I am especially indebted to my supervisor, David Byrne for his support and guidance. Roberta Woods, Mina Typaldou and Nick Dodge gave much encouragement during final stages of this work. Finally I would like to record my gratitude to my mother for her love and encouragement; to both her and my late father I owe an immense debt of gratitude for all they have done for me. Tim Blackman December 1987 COLONIAL CONSEQUENCE The colony's so old it's out of touch with much that's bruited in the Capitol. The ports are silted up. The winds are such that most who leave are driven to the west, returning seldom if they cone at all; infrequent letters, tediously expressed, yield year by year diminished interest.
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