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Performance of indigeneous genotypes of tikhur ( angustifolia Roxb.) for growth, and yield

DEO SHANKAR*, S.S. RAO1, N. SHUKLA2, R.S. NETAM AND S.C. MUKHERJEE Department of Horticulture, Shaheed Gundadhoor College of Agriculture and Research Station (I.G.K.V.), Kumhrawand, Jagdalpur, BASTAR (C.G.) (Email : [email protected])

Abstract : The investigation was undertaken during the year of Kharif seasons 2010-11 and 2011-12 at Shaheed Gundadhoor College of Agriculture and Research Station (IGKV) Kumhrawand, Jagdalpur, Bastar (C.G.). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 20 genotypes of tikhur with three replications. The genotypes were grown randomly in each replication/block in a total of 60 plots of 3.0 m × 2.4 m each containing 60 per plot. Observations were recorded from ten randomly selected sample plants in each treatment and observed mean value used for statistical analysis. The genotypes showed highest mean performance under growth characters viz., IGDMT-10-1 for height, IGKOT-10-1 for number of leaved per plant. IGBLT-10-1 and IGSJT-10-1 for harvest index; under yield attributing characters genotypes IGSJT-10-2 and IGBT-10-2 for weight of mother rhizome per plant, IGSJT-10-3 and IGSJT-10-2 for weight of secondary rhizome per plant, IGBT-10-4 for number of mother rhizome per plant, IGSJT-10-1 and IGSJT-10-2 for thickness of mother rhizome per plant. The IGSJT-10-2 showed highest mean performance for total rhizome yield 30.32 t.ha-1 followed by genotype IGSJT-10- 1(21.52 t.ha-1) and IGJT-10-1(21.18 t.ha-1). The highest mean performance for starch recovery IGSJT-10-2 showed 16.57 per cent followed by genotype IGBT-10-4 starch recovery 15.80 per cent and IGBLT-10-1 starch recovery 15.52 per cent. Highest protein per cent in starch (0.95 %) was recorded in genotype IGSJT-10-4. Key Words : Tikhur, Curcuma angustifolia Roxb., Starch recovery, Rhizome yield, Evaluation, Mean performance

View Point Article : Shankar, Deo, Rao, S.S., Shukla, N., Netam, R.S. and Mukherjee, S.C. (2014). Performance of indigeneous genotypes of tikhur (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb.) for growth, rhizome and starch yield. Internat. J. agric. Sci., 10 (2): 642-648. Article History : Received : 20.11.2013; Revised : 14.04.2014; Accepted : 26.04.2014

INTRODUCTION widely distributed in Bastar, Balaghat, Chhindwara, Surguja, Bilaspur, Raipur and Mandla districts (Kirtikar and Basu, 1918). Tikhur (Curcuma angustifolia; family ) is In , it is found abundantly in the hilly tracts and a rhizomatous herb also known as white or East Indian forests of Bastar, Dantewada, Bijapur, Narayanpur, Kanker, Arrowroot. It’s cultivation has now been undertaken by the Rajnandgaon, Kawardha, Dhamtari, Bilaspur, Raipur, Korba, farmers of Bastar on a large area. Tikhur cultivated as medicinal Korea and Surguja districts. The total collection of tikhur crop in many parts of the state under moist deciduous mixed rhizome as a minor forest produce in Chhattisgarh is 1,90.00 and sal forest of , Chhattisgarh and tonnes. Bastar and Bilashpur divisions are the major potential Jharkhand. It is generally propagated by and good area of the state for tikhur (Anonymous, 2005). source of starch and fibre (Misra and Dixit, 1983). Tikhur is The farmers of Chhattisgarh reside vicinity to the forest, also found in central province, Bihar, and collect naturally grown tikhur rhizomes as a minor forest Southern part of India. In undivided Madhya Pradesh, it is produce and some farmers grow commercially in their kitchen * Author for correspondence 1College of Agriculture and Regional Research Station, (I.G.K.V.), Boirdadar, RAIGARH (C.G.) INDIA 2Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, RAIPUR (C.G.) INDIA DEO SHANKAR, S.S. RAO, N. SHUKLA, R.S. NETAM AND S.C. MUKHERJEE garden and badi farming system. Farmers grow unidentified (IGKV), Kumhrawand, Jagdalpur, Bastar, Chhattisgarh during locally available genotypes of tikhur for rhizome production Kharif seasons of 2010-11 and 2011-12. Twenty indigenous and doing processing of rhizomes through traditional method genotypes of tikhur (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb.) were for starch extraction. Farmers yielded less starch due to lack collected from thirteen districts of Chhattisgarh viz., Bastar, of improved and high starch yielding genotype.Very little Korba, Dhamtari, Rajnandgaon, Surguja, Jashpur, Korea, information is available regarding this crop especially collection Bilaspur, Kondagaon, Narayanpur, Kanker, Dantewada and and evaluation under agro-climatic condition of Chhattisgarh. Bijapur during March 2010 to June 2010 for evauation. The These kinds of work would ensure ex-situ conservation of experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design tikhur plants, besides the economical up scaling of farmers (RCBD) with 20 genotypes of tikhur with three replications. and the augmentation of supply of raw material to The experimental field was prepared by two ploughing upto a pharmaceutical industries. depth of 30 cm and FYM thoroughly mixed with soil as pH of Looking to the importance of the crop for people of the soil was slightly basic in nature. Raised 30 cm planting beds Chhattisgarh an investigation entitled performance of as plot was made to overcome water logging condition and indigeneous genotypes of tikhur (Curcuma angustifolia prepared proper drainage channels. Roxb.) for growth, rhizome and starch yield was conducted Farm yard manure was applied 20 tones/ha and N: 60 kg/ with the objective to study the performance of different ha, P2O5: 40 kg/ha, K2O: 60 kg/ha during the crop season. Full indigeneous genotypes of tikhur for growth, rhizome and dose of FYM was mixed in plots during field preparation. Half starch yield. dose of N and full dose of P and K was mixed in the plots before planting (basal dose) and remaining half dose was MATERIAL AND METHODS applied 45 days after planting during intercultural operation and earthing-up for better rhizome yield. The genotypes were The present investigation was conducted at Shaheed grown randomly in each replication/block in a total of 60 plots Gundadhoor College of Agriculture and Research Station of 3.0 m × 2.4 m each containing 60 plants per plot and spacing

IGSJT-10-2

IGBT-10-4

IGBLT-10-1 Fig. 1 : Best tikhur genotypes for high rhizome and starch yield

Internat. J. agric. Sci. | June, 2014| Vol. 10 | Issue 2 | 642-648643 Hind Agricultural Research and Training Institute PERFORMANCE OF INDIGENEOUS GENOTYPES OF TIKHUR FOR GROWTH, RHIZOME & STARCH YIELD

Internat. J. agric. Sci. | June, 2014| Vol. 10 | Issue 2 | 642-648644 Hind Agricultural Research and Training Institute DEO SHANKAR, S.S. RAO, N. SHUKLA, R.S. NETAM AND S.C. MUKHERJEE

Internat. J. agric. Sci. | June, 2014| Vol. 10 | Issue 2 | 642-648645 Hind Agricultural Research and Training Institute PERFORMANCE OF INDIGENEOUS GENOTYPES OF TIKHUR FOR GROWTH, RHIZOME & STARCH YIELD

Internat. J. agric. Sci. | June, 2014| Vol. 10 | Issue 2 | 642-648646 Hind Agricultural Research and Training Institute DEO SHANKAR, S.S. RAO, N. SHUKLA, R.S. NETAM AND S.C. MUKHERJEE was 60 x20 cm. The crop was grown under rainfed conditions secondary rhizome per plant, thickness of mother rhizome per for 6 months. All the observations of the 20 characters were plant, starch recovery per cent and total rhizome yield t/ha as taken from sprouting of rhizomes and up to maturity. The compared to local check IGBT-10-3. harvested rhizomes were cleaned up and mother rhizomes and finger rhizomes were separated. The flesh colour of rhizomes, REFERENCES dry mater and starch recovery per cent were estimated in horticulture laboratory. Anonymous, (2005). Chhattisgarh Rajya Laghu Vanopaj, Bajar Sarvekshan Prativedan, CGMFPFED. pp 16,17 & 42.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Anonymous, (2008). Annual Report, All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Tuber Crops, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, The results of performance of indigeneous genotypes (ICAR), Thiruvananthapuram, , India. pp. 32-33. of tikhur (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb.) for growth, rhizome Dhandar, D.G. and Varde, N.P.S. (1980). Performance of selected and starch yield are presented in Table 1 to 3. The mean clones of turmeric (Curcuma longa) under Goa conditions. Indian performance of genotypes for total rhizome yield t/ha, starch Cocoa, Arecanut & Spices J., 3(4) : 83-84. recovery (%) and its component characters (Table 1, 2 and 3) Gangadharappa, P.M., Hegde, H.G., Thammaiah, N. and for the year 2010-11, 2011-12 and pooled analysis of both the Kanamadi, V.C. (1997). Performance of turmeric cultivars in Uttar years are described below. Kannada district of Karnataka State. Adv. agric. Res. India, 8 : 33-36. Some of the genotypes showed highest mean performance under growth characters viz., IGDMT-10-1 for Indiresh, K.M., Uthaiah, B.C., Herle, P.S. and Rao, K.B. (1990). Morphological, rhizome and yield characters of different turmeric plant height (cm), length (cm), leaf breadth (cm) and leaf varieties in coastal Karnataka. Mysore J. agric. Sci., 24(4) : 484- area index, IGKOT-10-1 for number of per plant, IGBLT- 490. 10-1 and IGSJT- 10-1 for harvest index during both the years as compared to local check IGBT-10-3 . Some of the genotypes Kirtikar and Basu (1918). Indian medicine plant. IInd Ed. vol. 4. also showed highest mean performance under yield attributing p. 2418. characters of rhizome and starch viz., IGSJT-10-2, IGBLT-10-1 Latha, P., Giridharan, M.P., Naik, B.J. (1995). Performance of and IGBT-10-4 (Fig. 1) for weight of mother rhizome per plant turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cultivars in open and partially shaded (g) and weight of primary rhizome per plant (g). IGSJT-10-3 conditions under coconut. J. Spices & Aromatic Crops, 4(2): 139- and IGSJT-10-2 was recorded for maximum weight of 144. secondary rhizome per plant (g), genotype IGBT-10-4 for Latha, P., Latha, A., Giridharan, M.P. and Nair, N.K. (1994). number of mother rhizome per plant, IGSJT-10-1 and IGSJT- Performance of turmeric cultivars as an intercrop in coconut gardens. 10-2 for thickness of mother rhizome per plant (cm), IGDMT- Indian Coconut J. Cochin, 25(8) : 5. 10-2 for thickness of secondary rhizome per plant (cm) IGKNT- Maurya, K.R. (1991). R.H. - 10 a promising variety of turmeric to 10-1 for dry matter per cent of rhizomes per plant, IGSJT-10-2 boost farmer’s economy. Indian Cocoa, Arecanut & Spices J., 13(3): showed highest mean performance for starch recovery per 100-101. cent and total rhizome yield t/ha in both the years as compared Misra, S.H. and Dixit, V.K. (1983). Pharmaceutical studies on to local check IGBT-10-3. Highest protein per cent in starch of some Zingiberaceous rhizomes. Indian J. Pharma. Sci., (0.95 %) was recorded in genotype IGSJT-10-4. The variation 45(5) : 216-220. in starch recovery per cent, growth characters and rhizome Nandi, A. (1990). Evaluation of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) yield attributing characters might be due to genetic makeup varieties north- eastern plateau zone of Orissa under rainfed of plant genotype which expresses their own character. Similar condition. Indian J. agric. Sci., 60(11) : 760-761. results were observed by Dhandar and Varde (1980), Philip and Nair (1983), Pushkaran et al. (1985), Pujari et al. (1987), Pathania, N.K., Arya, P.S. and Singh, Mohan (1988). Variability studies in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Indian J. agric. Res., 22(4): Pathania et al. (1988), Nandi (1990), Indiresh et al. (1990), 176-178. Maurya (1991), Latha et al. (1994), Latha et al. (1995), Patil et al. (1995), Radhakrishnan et al. (1995), Gangadharan et al. Patil, (1995). Performance turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) varieties (1997), Sabu (2006) in Curcuma species, Vimala (2002) in starchy in lower pulney hills of Tamil Naidu, India. J. Spices & Arom. Crops, 4 : 156-158. Curcuma species and Anonymous (2008) in Cassava. Philip and Nair, P.C.S. (1983). Morphological and yield characters Conclusion : of turmeric types. Indian Cocoa, Arecanut & Spices J., 6(3): 61-67. The genotypes IGSJT-10-2, IGBT-10-4 and IGBLT-10-1 Pujari, P.D., Patil, R.B. and Sonpal, R.T. (1987). Studies on recorded the highest mean performance under yield attributing growth, yield and quality components in different turmeric varieties. characters of rhizome and starch, for weight of mother rhizome Indian Cocoa, Arecanut & Spices J., 9 : 15-17. per plant, weight of primary rhizome per plant, weight of

Internat. J. agric. Sci. | June, 2014| Vol. 10 | Issue 2 | 642-648647 Hind Agricultural Research and Training Institute PERFORMANCE OF INDIGENEOUS GENOTYPES OF TIKHUR FOR GROWTH, RHIZOME & STARCH YIELD

Pushkaran, K., Babylatha, A.K. and George, K.M. (1985). Sabu, M. (2006). Zingiberaceae and Costaceae of South India. Indian Comparative performance of turmeric varieties in coconut gardens. Association Angiosperm. South Indian J. Hort., 33(4) : 269-270. Vimala B., (2002). Exploration of lesser known starchy tuber crops, Radhakrishna, V.V., Madhusoodanan, K.J. and Kuruvilla, K.M. evaluation and utilization. Annual Report, All India Co-ordinated (1995). Performance of different varieties of turmeric (Curcuma Research Project on Tuber Crops, Central Tuber Crops Research longa L.) in the high ranges of Idukki district of Kerala. Indian Institute, (ICAR), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. pp. 75-76. Cocoa, Areacanut & Spices J., 19(1) : 8-10.

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Internat. J. agric. Sci. | June, 2014| Vol. 10 | Issue 2 | 642-648648 Hind Agricultural Research and Training Institute