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New and Previous Records of Scleractinian Corals from Clipperton Atoll, Eastern Pacific!

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New and Previous Records of Scleractinian Corals from Clipperton Atoll, Eastern Pacific! Pacific Science (1999), vol. 53, no. 4: 370-375 © 1999 by University of Hawai'i Press. All rights reserved New and Previous Records of Scleractinian Corals from Clipperton Atoll, Eastern Pacific! 2 3 JUAN P. CARRICART-GANIVET AND HEcTOR REYES-BONILLA ABSTRACT: Clipperton Atoll was visited from 23 to 25 November 1997. A total of 109 specimens of stony corals belonging to two orders, seven families, and 15 species was collected. Five taxa of Scleractinia represent new records for the atoll: Porites lutea, Porites australiensis, Psammocora superficialis, Astran­ gia sp., and Balanophylliasp. With these new records and species previously re­ ported in the literature, the total number of scleractinians now known at Clip­ perton Atoll is 18 species. Observations on the fossil terraces on the island and on the dead coral fauna of the inner lagoon are presented. CLIPPERTON ISLAND IS the uppermost portion marine vegetation (Sachet 1962b), stony cor­ of a small coral atoll (3.7 km2 [Glynn et al. als (Glynn et al. 1996), mollusks (Salvat and 1996]) located at lO o 8'N and 109°13'W, Ehrhardt 1970, Emerson 1994), brachyuran approximately 1100 km off the Mexican crabs (Garth 1965), fishes (Robertson and mainland (Sachet 1962a) (Figure 1). Because Allen 1996, Allen and Robertson 1997), and ofits position it is considered the easternmost seabirds (Howell and Webb 1995). In gen­ atoll in the Pacific Ocean as well as the most eral, it can be said that the species of the atoll remote shallow-water locale in the tropical are mostly American colonists, with an im­ eastern Pacific biogeographic region (Briggs portant component of Indo-Pacific taxa also 1974). Clipperton is characterized by its ex­ present (Robertson and Allen 1996). treme isolation, small size, and low habitat In this paper, some observations and new diversity, which has probably contributed records of stony corals from Clipperton Atoll to its greatly impoverished coral fauna are presented as a result of a visit to the (Glynn et al. 1996). Nevertheless, it is a well­ island during the oceanographic expedition developed coral atoll, possessing the charac­ SURPACLIP-I (17 November to 3 Decem­ teristic features of Pacific atolls: an interior ber 1997) on board the RV El Puma, or­ lagoon and low topographic relief of its ganized by the Instituto de Ciencias del Mar emerged portion (Sachet 1962a, Gonzalez y Lirnnologia, Universidad Nacional Aut6­ Avelar 1992, Emerson 1994). noma de Mexico (Mexico City). Few works dealing with the marine flora and fauna of Clipperton Atoll have been published. Among the most important are MATERIALS AND METHODS those about collections of invertebrates in general (Hertlein and Emerson 1957) and on During the SURPACLIP-I cruise, Clip­ taxonomy and distribution of terrestrial and perton Atoll was visited from 23 to 25 November 1997. Stony corals were collected at the "pocilloporid thicket," the "poritid zone," and along the seaward slope (zonation 1 Manuscript accepted 19 February 1999. sensu Glynn et al. 1996) at two stations lo­ 2 Departamento de Ecologia Acmitica, ECOSUR, cated in the northeastern sector ofthe atoll in Apdo. Postal 424, Chetumal, Quintana Roo 77000, which divers surveyed the reef at depths from Mexico (E-mail: [email protected]). 10 to 40 m (Figure 1). In addition, samples of 3 Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, Apdo. Postal 19-B, La Paz, Baja California Sur 23080, corals were taken from the inner lagoon and Mexico (E-mail: [email protected]). in a series of extruded fossil terraces located 370 Coral Records from Clipperton Atoll-CARRICART-GANIVEf AND REYES-BONILLA 371 1090 13' 00" W ampling siles ----~--YlII~_"M~",--_f~='t__,!;~-_lftlW_~_+-10°18' 00" N 2km FIGURE 1. Location of Clipperton Atoll (modified from Glynn et al. 1996). at the northern and eastern sections of the proximately 6 m above sea level. These ter­ island. All material is currently deposited in races are composed of colonies of the genera the collections of the Museo de Historia Porites Link, 1807 and Pocillopora Lamarck, Natural of the Universidad Autonoma de 1816 in growth position forming a frame­ Baja California Sur, La Paz (MHNUABCS), and work. The specimens collected in these ter­ of EI Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Chetumal races could not be identified to species be­ (ECOCHBC), both in Mexico, and of the cause they are eroded. The current elevation United States National Museum of Natural of the fossil corals matches the reported sea History (USNM). level in the eastern Pacific about 5000 yr ago (Curray et al. 1969, Mcintyre et al. 1992), so, considering other events such as atoll sub­ sidence, this could be the minimum age ofthe RESULTS AND DISCUSSION terraces. The general morphology and character­ The inner reef lagoon of Clipperton is istics of the emerged portion of Clipperton actually a brackish enclosed environment, were presented in detail by Sachet (l962a,b), without channels connecting it to the sur­ and although some differences exist in land rounding sea (Glynn et al. 1996). Neverthe­ vegetation cover, the general landscape ofthe less, since the last century the presence of island is still quite similar to that described. well-developed dead coral frameworks com­ On the island there are fossil terraces at ap- posed of corals of the genera Porites and 372 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Volume 53, October 1999 Pocillopora has been recognized (Sachet Museum ofPaleontology ofthe University of 1962a). We collected several dead specimens California at Berkeley in 1990, saw two of Pocillopora sp., Porites cf. lobata, and specimens of P. gigantea from Clipperton, Pavona cf. minuta in the Clipperton lagoon. probably those referred in the literature. This evidence of active reef growth in the re­ Pocillopora meandrina, also previously re­ cent past may be explained by the fact that corded by Hertlein and Emerson (1957), was before 1900 at least two channels, one lo­ relatively frequent from 5 to 10 m depth in cated in the northeastern part of the atoll and the "pocilloporid thicket" ofthe northeastern the other one in the southeastern zone, con­ side of the atoll in 1997. Glynn et al. nected the reef lagoon with the surrounding (1996: 82, 84) recorded no pocilloporid at sea (Gonzalez Avelar 1992, Glynn et al. species level because they considered that the 1996). colonies found showed such a wide range of A total of 109 specimens of stony corals environmentally induced variation that posi­ belonging to two orders, seven families, and tive identification was not possible. In our 15 species was collected (Table 1). Five case, the P. meandrina observed and collected taxa represent new records for the atoll, had the diagnostic characters presented by either at species or at genus level: Porites Veron and Pichon (1982), Veron (1986), lutea, P. australiensis, Psammocora superfi­ Hodgson (1995), and Glynn (1999): among cialis, Astrangia sp., and Balanophyllia sp. them thick branches that are laterally flat­ Of these, Porites lutea, P. australiensis, and tened and with meanders on the top portion, Psammocora superficialis are hermatypic/ verrucae, and an underdeveloped or absent zooxanthellate species, and the other two columella. The last character is important are ahermatypic/azooxanthellate. Only two because it clearly separates P. meandrina small colonies of P. superficialis were col­ from P. eydouxi, the most similar species lected, and both appeared encrusting dead when compared with the Pocillopora sp. ob­ portions of the basis of Leptoseris scabra served at Clipperton by Glynn et al. (1996). coralla at 25 m depth. They presented cer­ Ahermatypic corals are not a conspicuous ioidlike shallow calices, less than 20 septa, element in the reef community of Clipperton, and conspicuous ridges on the coralla, as de­ except Tubastraea coccinea (Table 1). As­ scribed by Veron and Pichon (1976). trangia sp. was collected in cryptic areas, In the case of the two species of Porites such as underneath the ledges around the found, taxonomic determinations were based base of the reef-builders Porites spp. and on Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron Pavona varians. Also, a single specimen of (1986). The specimens identified as P. austra­ Balanophyllia sp. was collected dead and set­ liensis presented massive colonies with thick tled on volcanic rock, which was extracted ledges in the periphery, a well-developed during dredging conducted off Clipperton at columella laterally compressed in the plane 650 m depth. The colony was eroded and of the directive septa, free triplets, and eight turned out to be impossible to identify to paii, all of them higher than the septal species level; however, it presented some denticles. Those considered as P. lutea had diagnostic characters of the genus such as massive colonies with columniform lobules, septa arranged in Pourtales Plan, costae, joined triplets, and the ventral directive septa and spongy columella (Cairns 1991). Finally, shorter than laterals on the triplet. Hertlein and Emerson (1957) mentioned the In Table 1, in addition to the taxa re­ presence of Paracyathus sp. and Cyathoceras ported by Glynn et al. (1996) and in this sp. in the atoll (material reputedly deposited paper, we mention the presence of Pavona in the Museum of Paleontology, University gigantea, which was previously reported by of California, Berkeley). Hertlein and Emerson (1957) for Clipperton. Considering the new records presented This coral was not observed or collected here (five) and those obtained from literature, either by Glynn et al. (1996) or by
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