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APA Newsletter on Philosophy and Computers, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Spring
NEWSLETTER | The American Philosophical Association Philosophy and Computers SPRING 2019 VOLUME 18 | NUMBER 2 FEATURED ARTICLE Jack Copeland and Diane Proudfoot Turing’s Mystery Machine ARTICLES Igor Aleksander Systems with “Subjective Feelings”: The Logic of Conscious Machines Magnus Johnsson Conscious Machine Perception Stefan Lorenz Sorgner Transhumanism: The Best Minds of Our Generation Are Needed for Shaping Our Future PHILOSOPHICAL CARTOON Riccardo Manzotti What and Where Are Colors? COMMITTEE NOTES Marcello Guarini Note from the Chair Peter Boltuc Note from the Editor Adam Briggle, Sky Croeser, Shannon Vallor, D. E. Wittkower A New Direction in Supporting Scholarship on Philosophy and Computers: The Journal of Sociotechnical Critique CALL FOR PAPERS VOLUME 18 | NUMBER 2 SPRING 2019 © 2019 BY THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL ASSOCIATION ISSN 2155-9708 APA NEWSLETTER ON Philosophy and Computers PETER BOLTUC, EDITOR VOLUME 18 | NUMBER 2 | SPRING 2019 Polanyi’s? A machine that—although “quite a simple” one— FEATURED ARTICLE thwarted attempts to analyze it? Turing’s Mystery Machine A “SIMPLE MACHINE” Turing again mentioned a simple machine with an Jack Copeland and Diane Proudfoot undiscoverable program in his 1950 article “Computing UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY, CHRISTCHURCH, NZ Machinery and Intelligence” (published in Mind). He was arguing against the proposition that “given a discrete- state machine it should certainly be possible to discover ABSTRACT by observation sufficient about it to predict its future This is a detective story. The starting-point is a philosophical behaviour, and this within a reasonable time, say a thousand discussion in 1949, where Alan Turing mentioned a machine years.”3 This “does not seem to be the case,” he said, and whose program, he said, would in practice be “impossible he went on to describe a counterexample: to find.” Turing used his unbreakable machine example to defeat an argument against the possibility of artificial I have set up on the Manchester computer a small intelligence. -
The Passage of a Transdisciplinary Movement Through an All-Too-Brief Moment in Time. Review of the Cybernetics Moment: Or Why We
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Cognitive Systems Research 43 (2017) 119–124 www.elsevier.com/locate/cogsys Book review The Passage of a Transdisciplinary Movement through an All-Too-Brief Moment in Time. Review of The Cybernetics Moment: or Why We Call Our Age the Information Age, Ronald R. Kline. Johns Hopkins (2015). 336 pp. Action editor: Peter Erdi Peter Cariani Center for Hearing Research, Boston University, United States Received 30 December 2016; accepted 31 December 2016 Available online 27 February 2017 1. Review bemoan the thin index and lack of a separate bibliography. Here is where the text-searchable, electronic Kindle edition The Cybernetics Moment focuses on the history of could come in handy. The wealth of details that Kline has cybernetics and information theory in the US as mid-20th amassed will create many small surprises and revelations in century research programs during the period of roughly the minds of those already familiar with cybernetics and 1940–1975. Kline’s scholarly yet highly readable book pur- information theory. But because relatively little effort is sues three major intertwined threads: cybernetics, informa- devoted to introducing the essential ideas of these move- tion theory and the information age. The text mainly ments, readers less familiar with these fields may find the presents the interactions between major players in these going a bit tougher. fields in a roughly chronological order. For the most part, The book complements a relatively small but growing the book’s trails revolve around Norbert Wiener, Claude historical literature on cybernetics research that includes Shannon, and the Macy conferences on cybernetics Steve Heims’ John von Neuman and Norbert Wiener: From (1946–1953). -
Coming Close: What an Interview Can Reveal About Creativity in the Contemporary Art Music Composer
JOURNAL OF OF RESEARCH ONLINE MusicA JOURNAL OF THE MUSIC COUNCIL OF AUSTRALIA COMING CLOSE: WHAT AN INTERVIEW CAN REVEAL ABOUT CREATIVITY IN THE CONTEMPORARY ART MUSIC COMPOSER Introduction RICHARD WILLGOSS he term ‘creativity’, used linguisticly in a musical context, gains a first significance by being used to describe a value judgement on a composer’s output, both as a score and a performance. The relevance of an investigation ■ Sydney Conservatorium of Music Tinto why and how the term is used in this context then gains a second significance University of Sydney in that, buried within being creative, are notions as to why some music is selectively Sydney , New South Wales valued, rather than all of what is on offer. These two premises find weak support from Australia, 2000 parametric approaches to their substantiation. However, gathering and interpreting information in a rational, sensible way should always remain an important step to understanding the subject matter. The major difficulty in resolution that arises is with assumptions made about what might be found, and upon what epistemology it should be based. [email protected] Art music composers create compositions that mainly sit as innovations on or extensions to the western classical music tradition. The use of the term in this research is not meant to imply any elitism or intellectual, social or cultural bias. However, it is innovations on, and links that can be made to, the present classical tradition (or lack of them) that often give rise to calling art music creative. Composers who choose to compose in this manner often devote much of their compositional efforts to this www.jmro.org.au end. -
Critical Mass: Collectivity and Collaboration in the History Of
CRITICAL MASS: COLLECTIVITY AND COLLABORATION IN THE HISTORY OF MULTI-AGENT INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS By Rachel Bergmann Department of Art History and Communication Studies McGill University, Montreal November 2019 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts in Communication Studies © Rachel Bergmann 2019 Table of Contents List of Figures i Abstract/Résumé ii Acknowledgements iii Introduction 1 The Need for a Longer History 3 Notes on Terminology 13 Chapter Outline 15 Chapter 1: “The Vietnamese Don’t Live on the Quarter System”: Countercultural Politics at SRI and SAIL 18 Building a Lab’s Culture 21 “Zoe Pictures 1971” 26 The Other Lab: SRI and the Anti-War Movement 36 Conclusion 43 Chapter 2: Critical Mass: Protocol Feminism in AI Research 45 Forming the network 51 People and language itself: feminist AI research protocols 61 Conclusions and contradictions 65 Chapter 3: Whose SharedPlans? Scripts, Collaboration, and Feminist AI Research 68 Scripts, Plans, and SharedPlans 71 Going off-script: resonances in STS and feminist theory 81 Destabilizing the master-slave analogy in AI 85 Multi-Agent Systems and the limits of feminist AI research 89 Conclusion 93 Bibliography 108 Figures Figure 1. Home page of SAILDART.org. 20 Figure 2. Photo of the D.C. Power Building. 23 Figure 3. “Engineering School Seeks to Enrol More Women.” The Stanford Daily, 1973. 27 Figure 4. “Join the Women’s Liberation.” The Stanford Daily, 1969. 28 Figure 5. “Make $3,000 by Jply If You Are Female, Attractive, Uninhibited.” The Stanford Daily, 1971. 32 Figure 6. -
Understanding the Process of Creation: a New Approach DOI: 10.7595/Management.Fon.2017.0021
Management: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies 2017/22(3) Gennady Shkliarevsky1 Bard College, USA Understanding the Process of Creation: a New Approach DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2017.0021 Abstract: Our contemporary civilization increasingly relies on creative approaches and solutions. This grow- ing dependence makes issues of control, regulation and management of the process of creation ever more important.This article finds two major current theoretical perspectives on creativity and the process of creation to be vulnerable in one important respect: their explanation of the production of disequilibrium, which plays a singularly important role in the process of creation, does not pass the test of rational justification. This arti- cle suggests that the production of disequilibrium is intimately related to equilibration — the essential opera- tion of rational thought processes. The emphasis on the role equilibration makes a rational justification of the production of disequilibrium possible. The new theoretical perspective opens the path toward a comprehen- sive and objective understanding of the process of creation, which is the main condition for regulating, con- trolling, and managing this process. Key words: Creativity, the process of creation, equilibration, the production of disequilibrium, Margaret Boden, computation. JEL classification: B59,O31 1. Introduction Every age has its defining characterization. If one had to choose a characterization for our age, the most likely candidate would be “the era of creativity” (Kirstetter et al., 2013). Creativity is at the center of public atten- tion. It is the subject of discussions by politicians, scientists, business people, media and public figures, and by ordinary people. -
Abstract Papers
Workshop on Philosophy & Engineering WPE2008 The Royal Academy of Engineering London November 10th-12th 2008 Supported by the Royal Academy of Engineering, Illinois Foundry for Innovation in Engineering Education (iFoundry), the British Academy, ASEE Ethics Division, the International Network for Engineering Studies, and the Society for Philosophy & Technology Co-Chairs: David E. Goldberg and Natasha McCarthy Deme Chairs: Igor Aleksander, W Richard Bowen, Joseph C. Pitt, Caroline Whitbeck Contents 1. Workshop Schedule p.2 2. Abstracts – plenary sessions p.5 3. Abstracts – contributed papers p.7 4. Abstracts – poster session p.110 1 Workshop Schedule Monday 10 November 2008 All Plenary sessions take place in F4, the main lecture room 9.00 – 9.30 Registration 9.30 – 9.45 Welcome and introduction of day’s theme(s) Taft Broome and Natasha McCarthy 09.45 – 10.45 Billy V. Koen: Toward a Philosophy of Engineering: An Engineer’s Perspective 10. 45 – 11.15 Coffee break 11. 15 – 12.45 Parallel session – submitted papers A. F1 Mikko Martela Esa Saarinen, Raimo P. Hämäläinen, Mikko Martela and Jukka Luoma: Systems Intelligence Thinking as Engineering Philosophy David Blockley: Integrating Hard and Soft Systems Maarten Frannsen and Bjørn Jespersen: From Nutcracking to Assisted Driving: Stratified Instrumental Systems and the Modelling of Complexity B. F4 Ton Monasso: Value-sensitive design methodology for information systems Ibo van de Poel: Conflicting values in engineering design and satisficing Rose Sturm and Albrecht Fritzsche: The dynamics of practical wisdom in IT- professions C. G1 Ed Harris: Engineering Ethics: From Preventative Ethics to Aspirational Ethics Bocong Li: The Structure and Bonds of Engineering Communities Priyan Dias: The Engineer’s Identity Crisis:Homo Faber vs. -
APA Newsletters NEWSLETTER on PHILOSOPHY and COMPUTERS
APA Newsletters NEWSLETTER ON PHILOSOPHY AND COMPUTERS Volume 08, Number 1 Fall 2008 FROM THE EDITOR, PETER BOLTUC FROM THE CHAIR, MICHAEL BYRON PAPERS ON ROBOT CONSCIOUSNESS Featured Article STAN FRANKLIN, BERNARD J. BAARS, AND UMA RAMAMURTHY “A Phenomenally Conscious Robot?” GILBERT HARMAN “More on Explaining a Gap” BERNARD J. BAARS, STAN FRANKLIN, AND UMA RAMAMURTHY “Quod Erat Demonstrandum” ANTONIO CHELLA “Perception Loop and Machine Consciousness” MICHAEL WHEELER “The Fourth Way: A Comment on Halpin’s ‘Philosophical Engineering’” DISCUSSION ARTICLES ON FLORIDI TERRELL WARD BYNUM “Toward a Metaphysical Foundation for Information Ethics” JOHN BARKER “Too Much Information: Questioning Information Ethics” © 2008 by The American Philosophical Association EDWARD HOWLETT SPENCE “Understanding Luciano Floridi’s Metaphysical Theory of Information Ethics: A Critical Appraisal and an Alternative Neo-Gewirthian Information Ethics” DISCUSSION ARTICLES ON BAKER AMIE L. THOMASSON “Artifacts and Mind-Independence: Comments on Lynne Rudder Baker’s ‘The Shrinking Difference between Artifacts and Natural Objects’” BETH PRESTON “The Shrinkage Factor: Comment on Lynne Rudder Baker’s ‘The Shrinking Difference between Artifacts and Natural Objects’” PETER KROES AND PIETER E. VERMAAS “Interesting Differences between Artifacts and Natural Objects” BOOK REVIEW Amie Thomasson: Ordinary Objects REVIEWED BY HUAPING LU-ADLER PAPERS ON ONLINE EDUCATION H.E. BABER “Access to Information: The Virtuous and Vicious Circles of Publishing” VINCENT C. MÜLLER “What A Course on Philosophy of Computing Is Not” GORDANA DODIG-CRNKOVIC “Computing and Philosophy Global Course” NOTES CONSTANTINOS ATHANASOPOULOS “Report on the International e-Learning Conference for Philosophy, Theology and Religious Studies, York, UK, May 14th-15th, 2008” “Call for Papers on the Ontological Status of Web-Based Objects” APA NEWSLETTER ON Philosophy and Computers Piotr Bołtuć, Editor Fall 2008 Volume 08, Number 1 phenomenal consciousness remains open. -
Boden Grey Walter's
Grey Walter’s Anticipatory Tortoises Margaret Boden Grey Walter and the Ratio Club The British physiologist William Grey Walter (1910–1977) was an early member of the interdisciplinary Ratio Club. This was a small dining club that met several times a year from 1949 to 1955, with a nostalgic final meeting in 1958, at London’s National Hospital for Neurological Diseases. The founder-secretary was the neurosurgeon John Bates, who had worked (alongside the psychologist Kenneth Craik) on servomechanisms for gun turrets during the war. The club was a pioneering source of ideas in what Norbert Wiener had recently dubbed ‘cybernetics’.1 Indeed, Bates’ archive shows that the letter inviting membership spoke of ‘people who had Wiener’s ideas before Wiener’s book appeared’.2 In fact, its founders had considered calling it the Craik Club, in memory of Craik’s work—not least, his stress on ‘synthetic’ models of psychological theories.3 In short, the club was the nucleus of a thriving British tradition of cybernetics, started independently of the transatlantic version. The Ratio members—about twenty at any given time—were a very carefully chosen group. Several of them had been involved in wartime signals research or intelligence work at Bletchley Park, where Alan Turing had used primitive computers to decipher the Nazis’ Enigma code.4 They were drawn from a wide range of disciplines: clinical psychiatry and neurology, physiology, neuroanatomy, mathematics/statistics, physics, astrophysics, and the new areas of control engineering and computer science.5 The aim was to discuss novel ideas: their own, and those of guests—such as Warren McCulloch. -
What Has Life Got to Do with Mind? Or Vice Versa? (Thoughts Inspired by Discussions with Margaret Boden.)
Talk presented at Workshop for Margaret Boden, Sussex University 22 May 2009 What Has Life Got To Do With Mind? Or vice versa? (Thoughts inspired by discussions with Margaret Boden.) See: M. A. Boden, Autopoesis and life, in Cognitive Science Quarterly, 2000, 1, 1, pp. 115–143, M. A. Boden, 2006, Mind As Machine: A history of Cognitive Science (Vols 1–2), OUP 2006 Chapters 15.x.b and 16.x Aaron Sloman http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/∼axs/ These slides will go into my ‘talks’ directory: http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/talks/#maggie PLACE DATE Slide 1 Last revised: November 13, 2009 Schedule for the Meeting Friday 22nd May 2009, Arts Building B University of Sussex, Falmer 14:00-14:45 Aaron Sloman 14:45-15:30 Ron Chrisley 15:30-16:00 discussion 1 16:00-16:30 break 16:30-17:15 Mike Wheeler 17:15-18:00 Steve Torrance & Blay Whitby 18:00-18:30 discussion 2 Chairperson: Paul Davies Organiser: Tanja Staehler PLACE DATE Slide 2 Last revised: November 13, 2009 Margaret Boden Some of the information on her web site Fellow (and former Vice-President) of the British Academy – and Chairman of their Philosophy Section until July 2002. Member of the Academia Europaea. Fellow of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI). Fellow of the European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence (ECCAI). Life Fellow of the UK’s Society for Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour (SSAISB). Member of Council of the Royal Institute of Philosophy. Former Vice-President (and Chairman of Council) of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. -
History and Philosophy of Neural Networks
HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF NEURAL NETWORKS J. MARK BISHOP Abstract. This chapter conceives the history of neural networks emerging from two millennia of attempts to rationalise and formalise the operation of mind. It begins with a brief review of early classical conceptions of the soul, seating the mind in the heart; then discusses the subsequent Cartesian split of mind and body, before moving to analyse in more depth the twentieth century hegemony identifying mind with brain; the identity that gave birth to the formal abstractions of brain and intelligence we know as `neural networks'. The chapter concludes by analysing this identity - of intelligence and mind with mere abstractions of neural behaviour - by reviewing various philosophical critiques of formal connectionist explanations of `human understanding', `mathematical insight' and `consciousness'; critiques which, if correct, in an echo of Aristotelian insight, sug- gest that cognition may be more profitably understood not just as a result of [mere abstractions of] neural firings, but as a consequence of real, embodied neural behaviour, emerging in a brain, seated in a body, embedded in a culture and rooted in our world; the so called 4Es approach to cognitive science: the Embodied, Embedded, Enactive, and Ecological conceptions of mind. Contents 1. Introduction: the body and the brain 2 2. First steps towards modelling the brain 9 3. Learning: the optimisation of network structure 15 4. The fall and rise of connectionism 18 5. Hopfield networks 23 6. The `adaptive resonance theory' classifier 25 7. The Kohonen `feature-map' 29 8. The multi-layer perceptron 32 9. Radial basis function networks 34 10. -
Enactive Theorists Do It on Purpose
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Mary Immaculate Research Repository and Digital Archive Enactive Theorists Do It On Purpose On why the enactive approach demands an account of goals and goal-directedness Marek McGann Departmen of Psychology, Mary Immaculate College ~ University of Limerick Abstract The enactive approach to cognitive science involves frequent references to “action” without making clear what is intended by the term. In particular, no definition or account is offered of goals which can encompass not just descriptions of biological maintenance, but the range of social and cultural activities in which human beings continual engage. The present paper briefly surveys some of references to goals and goal-directedness in the cognitive scientific literature in an attempt draw out an account which might successfully fill this gap in theory. Finding no easy answer, some suggestions are made as to how such a theory might be developed in the future. Introduction We've been hearing a lot, recently, about how the mind is much more active than traditional cognitive science gives it credit for. Much is being made of how the mind should best be understood as dynamically embodied – deeply and inextricably embedded in its environment, in constant negotiation with context. Of course, the mind in traditional (computational and representational) theories of mind was never a passive thing. It developed, manipulated, transformed and pondered representations from dawn to dusk (and mulled over dreams in between). It is the reintroduction of the body that has challenged the largely received view of the representational mind – it is the body (and its movements in space and its metabolic relationship with the world) that has become much more actively involved in the mind than it used to be. -
A Preliminary Framework for Description, Analysis and Comparison of Creative Systems
Knowledge-Based Systems 19 (2006) 449–458 www.elsevier.com/locate/knosys A preliminary framework for description, analysis and comparison of creative systems Geraint A. Wiggins Centre for Cognition, Computation and Culture, Department of Computing, Goldsmiths’ College, University of London, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, UK Received 23 January 2006; accepted 15 April 2006 Available online 12 June 2006 Abstract I summarise and attempt to clarify some concepts presented in and arising from Margaret Boden’s (1990) descriptive hierarchy of creativity, by beginning to formalise the ideas she proposes. The aim is to move towards a model which allows detailed comparison, and hence better understanding, of systems which exhibit behaviour which would be called ‘‘creative’’ in humans. The work paves the way for the description of naturalistic, multi-agent creative AI systems, which create in a societal context. I demonstrate some simple reasoning about creative behaviour based on the new framework, to show how it might be useful for the analysis and study of creative systems. In particular, I identify some crucial properties of creative systems, in terms of the framework components, some of which may usefully be proven a priori of a given system. I suggest that Boden’s descriptive framework, once elaborated in detail, is more uniform and more powerful than it first appears. Ó 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction identify desirable and undesirable properties of creative systems in abstract terms. One of the few attempts to address the problem of cre- Next, I will define some crucial properties of (artificial) ative behaviour in the early days of AI was that of Marga- creative systems in terms of the framework, including some ret Boden, perhaps best summarised in her book, The which might be proven a priori and some which may be Creative Mind [2].