National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form 1

FHR-8-300 (11-78)

United States Department of the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form See instructions in How to Complete National Register Forms Type all entries complete applicable sections______1. Name______historic I\/*i. ______and/or common Lime Rock Historic District 2. Location street & number See continuation sheet N/Aiot for publication city, town Salisbury N/A/icinity of____congressional district 6th state Connecticut code 09 county Litchfield code 005 3. Classification Category Ownership Status Present Use x district public X occupied agriculture museum building(s) private unoccupied x commercial park structure X both work in progress educational x private residence site Public Acquisition Accessible entertainment x religious y object in process yes: restricted government scientific __ being considered x yes: unrestricted industrial transportation WA x no military other: 4. Owner of Property name See Continuation sheet street & number city, town N/A_ vicinity of state 5. Location of Legal Description courthouse, registry of deeds, etc. Town Clerk, Salisbury Town Hall street & number Main Street city, town Salisbury state Connecticut 6. Representation in Existing Surveys______titleState Register of Historic Flace ftas this property been determined elegible? __yes _J*Lno date 1983 federal X state county local depository for survey records Connecticut Historical Commission ? 59 South Prospect St city, town Hartford state^»^ Connecticut 7. Description

Condition Check one Check one excellent deteriorated unaltered x original site x good ruins X altered moved date fair unexposed

Describe the present and original (if known) physical appearance Lime Rock is a former industrial village located in the southeastern section of the Town of Salisbury, Connecticut. The village lies along the Salmon Fell Kill or Salmon Creek and is divided into two sections joined by the creek. The northwestern portion of the village is centered around the remains of a nineteenth-century blast furnace and is dominated by the wooded slopes of Forge Mountain, which rise over 400 feet above the village (Photograph 1). The southeastern section of the village is downstream of the remains of a large mill pond and contains a variety of former commercial, industrial, and residential structures (Photograph 2). The village is predominantly residen tial in character, with an Episcopal church, several small businesses, and one contracting firm. Of approximately 80 structures within the village boundaries, the majority are of 19th-century date, while many of the earlier and later buildings are also connected with the iron industry which gave birth to the community. The earliest structures within the district are of 18th-century or early 19th-century date. These are associated with the early iron industry in Lime Rock, which started in 1735. The earliest extant house is that built in 1767, presumably by Phillip Livingston and located on Lime Rock Road. Another, probably of late 18th- or early 19th-century date is "The Surrey" on Route 112 (Photograph 3). This has a five-bay front with a central doorway, a two-story porch, and dormers in the roof. As the major period of develop ment in Lime Rock did not occur until the mid-19th-century, these earlier structures do not play an important visual role. The introduction of a blast furnace to Lime Rock by Holley & Coffing in 1825 marked the transition to large-scale industrial production character istic of the mid- and late-19th-century. A replacement of the 1825 furnace,built in 1864 and partially repaired by the Salisbury Association in the early 1970s, remains a dominant feature of the northwestern part of the village (Photographs 1 and 4). The fore-arch, where casting operations took place, is pointed and retains its brick lining. Associated wooden structures, such as the casting shed which once covered the casting area, and the super structure where the furnace was charged with ore, limestone flux, and charcoal fuel, are no longer extant. Nearby, however, is a masonry-lined embankment along which the raw materials would be brought in order to charge the fur nace from above. Along the riverbank are vast piles of slag now covered with organic debris. On the opposite side of the river, traces remain of the late- 19th-century pipe and powerhouse which provided the cold air blast to operate the furnace, replacing earlier waterpowered bellows. Nearby on Furnace Road is a large brick office building constructed in the Federal style for Holley and Coffing in 1830 (Photograph 5). Two-and-a-half stories in height, the basement level is fully exposed on the western side, where two entrances have later 19th-century hoods above them. Attic windows in the gable ends feature semicircular fanlights. Also related to the furnace is a small 1%-story house which once served as a scale-house for weighing material being brought to the furnace. Probably of late 19th-century date, this has been converted to a residence (Photograph 6). A number of simple, 2%- NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No 1024_0018 K*"82' Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form Lime Rock Historic District Continuation sheet Sa3-i sb^y> St.______Item number 6______page ______

Representation in Existing Surveys (Continued) Roth, Matthew. Connecticut; An Inventory of Historic Engineering and Industrial Sites. Washington. D.C.: Society for Industrial Archaeology, 1981. (HAER Inventory forms on file at Connecticut Historical Commission, 59 South Prospect Street, Hartford, Ct.) Salisbury Historic District Commission. Lime Rock Historic District Report. 1974. On file at Connecticut Historical Commission, address above. FHR-8-300 (11-78)

United States Department of the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form Lime Rock Historic District Continuation sheet Salisbury, Ct ______Item number 7______Page 1_____ story frame residences in the area of the furnace were undoubtedly con structed to house workers who tended the furnace. These are of mid-19th- century date, perhaps from the 1860s (Photograph 7). In 1830, the first foundry for remelting and casting the raw pig iron produced by the blast furnace was constructed. Located near where the present highway bridge for Route 112 crosses the Salmon Kill, this building is no longer extant. Soon taken over by Milo Barnum and his son-in-law, Leonard Richardson, this operation became the basis for the Barnum-Richardson Company and a new residential and industrial complex downstream of the furnace area. An illustration from the 1853 map of Salisbury by L. Pagan reveals the design of this foundry building (Photograph 8). Closely associated with this development was the provision of housing and other services for workmen and their families. Transient workers and other guests could be accomodated in a nearby hotel (Photograph 2). Small, 2-story homes were built in the Greek Revival style along Elm Street, now Route 112, probably during the 1830s (Photograph 9). Nearby was a general store and, later, a meat market (Photograph 10). The meat market, late 19th-century in date, features attractive cast-iron supports for the front porch posts, perhaps cast by Barnum-Richardson (Photograph 11). Near the foundry, Leonard Richardson built his home about 1845. Remodelled in the French Second Empire style, the house features a slate-covered mansard roof with elaborate dormers. Below the eaves, the original en tablature remains. A 1-story porch envelops the house (Photograph 12). By the 1840s, the firm began to specialize in railroad work and soon be came well-known for their cast iron wheels for railroad cars. With the tremendous expansion of railroads in the post Civil War era, Lime Rock prospered. During this period, continued industrial expansion continued along the banks of the Salmon Kill. New shops were added for many of the ancillery functions necessary for the manufacutre of car wheels. These included blacksmithing, pattern-making, and "jingling," or tumbling molds in barrels to clean them. Some of these ancillary buildings survive, al though converted to residences. 1. . . Residential development also continued in the post Civil War era as ex emplified by the spread of development along Elm Street (present Route 112) away from the industrial area. The Barnum Richardson Company erected a number of dwellings for employees on the south side of the road. To the north of the road were the larger and more grandiose homes of the Barnums, Richardsons, and their associates. Company housing included a rather modest 2%-story frame dwelling with open-bed pediment, modillions, and a 1-story porch embellished with scroll-work, probably from the 1850s or 1860s (Photograph 13). Later houses include a group of three built in the Queen Anne style, with both clapboard and shingle sidine, brackets beneath the eaves, and a turned pendant and cross bar in the gable ends (Photograph 14). On the opposite side of the street were homes occupied by company FHR-8-300 (11-78)

United States Department off the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form Lime Rock Historic District _ Continuation sheet sa lisburv. C t.______Item number_____/______Page ____ officials and privately owned (Photograph 15). The most impressive surviv ing home is that of N.A.McNeil. This home, similar in design to homes built by the Paliser brothers, is dominated by a polygonal turret and a 1-story Eastlake porch (Photograph 16). Varying types of shingles are used for siding, and a panel with foliated ornament takes the place of one of the second floor windows. At the eastern end of the district at the corner of Dugway Road and Route 112, is a stone church building in the High Victorian Gothic Style, Trinity Episcopal Church, designed by the elder Richard Upjohn (Photo graph 17). Dedicated in 1873, the building is constructed of native stone and is dominated by the polychrome slate roofs of the nave, bell tower, and porch. In 1892, a Shingle Style building, the Casino, was constructed for social affairs. This is still extant as a private home on Route 112. Following the late 19th-century expansion of the railroad car wheel industry, a period of economic uncertainty and increased competition from western producers in the early 20th-century resulted in the stagnation of the local economy. This was reversed briefly during the years of the First World War, during which period some construction was evidently undertaken. It is possible that some of the modest homes which are scattered throughout the village were built in this era (Photograph 18). These are 1- to 1%-stories in heieht and are devoid of ornamentation. After the closing of the foundry in 1923, Lime Rock was virtually deserted. Subsequent colonization by artists and others from the New York area during the 1920s and 1930s did little to change the fabric of the community. Many buildings were converted to resi dential or workshop use with comparatively little effect on exterior appearance Unfortunately, three of the larger late 19th-century homes were destroyed by fire in the early 20th century, "Hephzivalla," the residence of C.W. Barnum and "Edgewood," the residence of M.B.Richardson, both on Elm Street (route 112), and "Foxhurst," the Richard Is. Barnum house, off White Hollow Road. The only evidence of these is the foundation and chimney of the Richard N. Barnum House. The Charles W. Barnum house, "Hephzivalla," an enormous structure of eclectic design, has been replaced by the Silvernale Contracting Company (Photograph 19). One of the few non-contributing struc tures in the district, it is a large 1-story structure of no architectural distinction. In general, Lime Rock is not densely settled, although clusters of homes and other structures occur at intervals along the major roads and in the vicinity of the major industrial areas. A number of cast rron stanchions remain scattered throughout the area, probably of local manufacture. Some features, such as the bandstand and the company baseball field, have van ished. While abundant evidence remains of the 19th-century iron industry, including the remains of three concrete dams along the Salmon Fell Kill, there are no obvious remains of the 18th-century forge operation. The site of this forge was upstream of the blast furnace, and was rediscovered about 1958. The head of a trip hammer and an artillery projectile said to have been recovered from this site are both displayed prominently on the lawn of a district homeowner. 2. On the east side of the Salmon Fell Kill, a stone foundation may mark the NFS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (M2) Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form Lime Rock Historic District Continuation sheet S a 1 *- s burY > c t *______Item number_____^______Page______site of this early forge. Other evidence of industrial activity is also discernable. The entire hill side to the north and west of the present blast furnace site is composed of slag. Analysis of the composition of the slag compared with that from other sites may aid researchers in deter mining the provenance of cast iron artifacts. Massive ashlar retaining walls built above the furnace site were once the foundations of large sheds for storing the raw materials for the furnace: charcoal, iron ore, and limestone flux. Near the furnace itself is a foundation hole for a building of unknown use. A field inspection in April 1984 revealed that two cast iron, water-cooled tuyeres which had been found on the site by the present owner. These were used to introduce the air blast into the furnace. Debris between the furnace and the power house remains on the opposite side of the river is probably from the truss structure over which the pipe carry ing the air blast crossed the stream. (See Map 2). Endnotes 1. This former industrial complex is located on a private road off Route 112. Due to the private nature of the location, high fences, and several unleashed dogs, only a cursory inspection was possible. 2. "Prospector Discovers Old Forge Built in Lime Rock in 1735," October 18, 1958. Newspaper clippings in files of Scoville Library, Main Street, Salisbury, Connecticut. The newspaper of origin is not mentioned. FHR-8-300 (11-78)

United States Department off the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form Lime Rock Historic District Continuation sheet Sa 1 is bury, Ct ______Item number_____7____ Page Inventory of Lime I ock Jxational I-egister District Block and Lot number 1920 Survey Description

29-16 C: 1%-story early 20th-century frame house. 28-21 C: 2-story frame house, early 20th-century, possibly part of late 1920s development. 28-3 C: 1%-story frame house, early 20th century. 4-7 C: Site of "Foxhurst," the I ich^rd N.Barnum House, foundations and a chimney remain on the site. A 2-story frame carriage house, Queen Anne style, c!890, was converted to a home in the 1920s. 4-8 #22, apt. C: 2%-story frame house, Federal barn, apt. style with fanlight transom, sidelights, barn now garage. 4-9 School (on

4-iO #32 C: Holley & Coffing office bid*., 1830, 2%-story brick Federal style building. Also on site is a masonry-lined slope lead ing to the furnace for charging and a 1-story ship-lap sided building probably converted to a house from a shed. 4-11 Listed as houses, C Lot with two 1%-story frame no number assigned houses, late 19th or early 20th-centuries. Also contains remains of water pipe or flue and power house which supplied the air blast for the furnace across the Salmon Fell Kill.

#41 C; 1%-story house, extensively remodelled, also site of orig inal Lamb forge, 1735. ^listing taken from Survey of Barnum Eichardson Company Property, Nov. 1920, P.Is. Moore surveyor NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 102 Exp. 10-31-54 (3^2) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form Lime Rock Historic District Continuation sheet Sa lisbury, C t •______Item number_____7______Page 5_____ Inventory (continued) Block and Lot l\o. 1920 Survey Description

26-1 C; 2%-story frame house, Queen Anne style, c!870, with clap board and shingles siding, one- story porch. 26-2 C: 2%-story frame house, late Greek Revival with open-bed ped iment, aidelights around door.

26-3 C:2-story frame house with hoods over windows, door surround with pilasters. Dormers break roof line 26-4 NC: New frame dwelling, 1981. 26-5 C: 2-story French Second Empire house, Original porch removed. c.1870 26-6 C: 2-story frame house with label moldings over windows. Roofline rises to form gable peak above entrance. 1860s.

26-7 C: 2%-story frame house in Queen Anne style with clapboard and shingle siding. The cable end has an inset arch in which attic windows are set. late 19th cent 26-8 #6 C: One of row of four Stick style buildings with overhangin? eaves with brackets of squared timbers and chamfered edges. Turned pend ant has an attached crosspiece. Shingling on second floor window hood and attic story. Stick style porch. cl870. 26-9 #7 C: See description of 26-8.

26-10 #8 C: See description of 26-8.

26-11 #9 C; See description of 26-8. NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (3-82) Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register off Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form Lime Rock Historic District Continuation sheet Salisbury, Ct«______Item number____ Page Inventory (continued) Block and Lot No. 1920 Survey Description

27-1 G: The Casino, 1892, 2%-story buildins in the Shingle style with a gambrel roof and round turre t. 27-2 C: 2%-story vernacular frame house with 1-story porch around front and sides. c!86fOs. 27-3 C: "The Surrey" 2%-story frame house with 5-bay front, central entrance, 2-story porch and roof dormers. 27-6 C: Small 1-story house, early 20th cent., possibly converted from outbuilding of Charles W. Barnum estate. 27-7 C: 2%-story barn with cupola, late 19th-century, associated with "Hepbzivalla," Chalres W. Barnum estate, the main house having; burned. 27-8 C: 1-story store, early 20th- century. 27-9 lot 27-10 NC: 1-story frame contractors office, late 20th century. 27-11 C: James H. Barnum House, 2%-story Greek Revival house witb open- bed pediment and door surround with pilasters around both door and sidelights. 1840s. Later carriage house in rear. 27-12 C: N.A. ^cNeil House, 2%-story Queen Anne style house similar to Paliser brothers designs. Polygonal turret, Palladian windows, Eastlake Porch and foliated panel on second floor. 1880s. 2-story guest house. NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-OO18 (3-82) Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form Lime Rock Historic District Continuation sheet Salisbury, Ct« Item number____ Page 7 "Block and Lot No. 1920 Survey Description

27-13 C: 2%-story Queen Anne style house with clapboard and shingle siding. Triple attic window and 1-story porch. 1870s. 27-14 C: 2%-story double house with gables facing street at each end. Gable ends have open bed pediments, i-story bay windows, a one-story porch is placed in the center. 1860s. 27-15 C: Trinity Church, stone 1-story structure by Richard Upjohn, 1873, Gothic Revival style. Folychromed slate roof. Also 2%-story Rectory on same lot with pierced quatrefoil screen in gable peak and quatrefoil attic window. 28-1 Office C: 2%-story frame Barnum Richardson Office, Queen Anne style with clapboad, shingles and square panels used in siding. 1870s. 28-2 C: 2%-story frame house, Greek Revival, Lib. 1840s, with i-story commercial building listed as a barber shop in 1899. 28-4 #12 C: 2%-story frame house with open-bed ped iment and paired modillions. 1-story porch has scroll work ornamentation. c!860s.

#10, 11 C: mid-19th century vernacular frame dwelling, ell with 1-story porch. 28-5 bandstand lot, once site of company bandstand and baseball field.

28-6 lot

28-7 lot 28-8 C: Early 20th century sheet metal shop, 1-story frame. 28-9 C: One of three similar 1%-story Greek Revival worker's houses with open-bed pediment and corner pilasters. c!830s. 2 8-10 C; See description of 29-9 above. NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (3-82) Exp. 10-31-64 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form /- * x L .Lime Rock Historic District Continuation sheetSal . ghl1 nt. ______item number Page 8

Block and Lot No. 1920 Survey Description

28-11 15 C: See description of 29-9 for house. Pool Lot also has a 1-story commercial building with eyebrow windows in the roof, which projects in front to form a porch supported by cast iron posts.

28-12 Store James H. Parnum Store, vernacular commercial building of mid-19th-cent. 2%-story frame building, now apartments 2,8-13 Vacant lot 28-18 C 1%-story frame structure 9 Greek Revival. 28-14 C: 2 -story frame house, vernac ular 19th- century. 28-15 C: 2-story dwelling house converted from earlier structure. 28-16 Foundry C: 1-story frame building with additions, said to be a former blacksmith shop converted to a house. It is listed as a foundry in 1920; may have housed several functions. 28-17 C; 1-story flush boarded frame building, now dwelling. May have been ice house. Also; 1-story frame buildinc of unknown use made of two discrete sections joined together. 28-19 Hotel C: Focky Dell Hotel, 2%-story frame bide., with full pediments at either end and entablature. Front is five bays wide. Former stable in rear. 28-22 C: Former Methodist Episcopal Church, 1840, 1%-story frame building with full pediments, pilasters. 28-23 C : 2%-story frame dwelling with open- bed pediment, i-story Eastlake porch. Unusual 2-story garage of pagoda design, early 20th cent. NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department off the Interior National Park Service National Register off Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form

Continuation sheet1^*^..M^°riC Distrifi£» number 7______Page 9

Block and Lot No. 1920 Survey Description

28-24 C; 2%-story frame house, vernacular.

28-25 C; 2-story Gate House, 1857-1860, of Milo Barnum estate, open-bed pediment. 28-26 C; Carriage House, c!857-1860, 2%-story frame Italianate house with 2-story portico. The main house was destroyed by fire in early 20th-century. 28-27 C: Leonard Richardson House, c!845, 2%- story French Second Empire with slate roof, dormers, and 1-story porch with stylized columns, possibly cast iron. Present form dates from remodelling after 1864. 28-28 C: 2^-story frame vernacular house with . ' scrollwork screen in gable peaks. c!860s. 29-1 #31 C: 1%-story frame house with Greek Revival entablature and door surround applied. c!813. 29-2 INC: late 20th-century frame house. 29-3 #29 C; 2%-story frame house with porch over entrance. Vernacular housing for workers, mid 19th-century. 29-4 KG: late 20th-century frame house. 29-5 #25 C: 2%-story fra^e house similar to 29-3. 2Utn cent, outbuildings, triphammer £-nd artillery shell used ^s lawn ornament. 29-6 #36 C; 2%-story vernacular frame house with gable end facing street, i-story porch. Garage added. 29-7 #37 C: 1%-story vernacular frame house.

29-8 lot NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (3-82) Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department off the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form Lime Rock Historic District Continuation sheet Salisbury, Ct. Item number Page Block and Lot No, 1920 Survey Description

29-9 NC: Late 20th-century frame house. 29-10 #40 C: 2%-story frame house similar to 29-5. 29-11 Office C: Weighing Station, mid I9th-cent. 1%-story frame structure converted to house. 29-12 #23 C; Blast furnace, constructed 1864. Old Furnace Masonry in good condition. Also, house with stone first floor, half ellipse attic window, dormers. 29-13 #39 C: 1-story vernacular frame house, late 19 or early 20th century. 29-14 barn C: 1-story barn. 29-15 C: 1-story house probably converted from barn or shed. 30-6 #26, 27 C: 2 2%-story mid 19th-century vernacular houses. 30-7 Boardman C: 2%-story vernacular house, mid 19th property Century with barn converted to garage. 30-8 C: 1-story cottage, possibly a con verted outbuilding.

30-9 #35 C: 2%-story house with five-bay facade, end chimneys, 1-story porch, possibly early 19th century. 30-10 NC: late 20th-century motel and house. 30-11 NC; late 20th-century frame house. 30-12 #24 C: Phillip Livingston House, 1767, Georgian, 2%-stories with half ellipse attic window. 30-13 #30 C: 2%-story frame vernacular house similar to 29-3. 8. Significance

Period Areas of Significance Check and justify below prehistoric archeology-prehistoric community planning landscape architecture religion 1400-1499 archeology-historic conservation law science 1500-1599 agriculture economics literature sculpture 1600-1699 X architecture education military social/ X 1700-1799 X art engineering humanitarian x 1800-1899 commerce exploration/settlement X philosophy theater X 1900- communications X industry x politics/government transportation Criteria A , c,f bTt invention other (specify)

Specific dates See Inventory Builder/Architect See Inventory. Statement of Significance (in one paragraph) (Criterion A) Lime Rock is an industrial community of the 19th- and early 20th-centuries based on the primary production of pig iron using a blast furnace, and the manufacture of railroad car wheels and other cast-iron products from the remelting of the pig iron. Significant industrial remains are still extant, as well as worker housing, mansions of company owners, and associated stores, offices, and other structures, including a church patronized by the owners, and a social hall. After the close of operations in 1923, the major part of the community was purchased by a New York realtor who developed Lime Rock into an artist's colony in the 1920s and 1930s. (Criterion C). The wealth created by the iron industry in Lime Rock is evi dent in the high architectural quality of the surviving mansions, primarily late 19th-century in date, and in the consistently high quality of design accorded to worker's housing, stores, offices, and other structures. Arch itectural styles range from the colonial through the Greek Revival, French Second empire, and Queen Anne styles, and include a High Victorian Gothic church by the elder Richard Upjohn. (Criterion B) The Barnum and Richardson families, proprietors of the blast furnace and foundries from about 1830 to 1920, were important figures in state and local politics. William Henry Barnum was a Democratic Congressman and Senator, and chairman of the Demo- ratic National Committee. Significant figures in the 1920s and 1930s included Count Alfred Korzybski, founder of the Institute of General Semantics, and Dard Hunter, papermaker, and M. Wallach, printmaker. The origins of Lime Rock date from the 18th-century. While exploration and scattered settlement by the Dutch from the nearby Hudson River Valley occur- ed in the early 18th-century, this had little influence on the development of the area, although the Salmon Fell Kill probably derives its name from Dutch usage. Real development of the area began with the activity of Thomas Lamb, an entrepeneur who purchased a rich bed of iron ore, the Davis ore bed, about 1732. Comprised of limonite, or bog iron ore, the Davis ore bed was somewhat over 2 miles from Lime Rock and consisted of iron-rich deposits easily mined. Lamb soon realized the potential of Lime Rock, where the ' Salmon Fell Kill provided abundant waterpower for the operation of bellows and triphammer, and vast tracts of woodland were available for the production of charcoal fuel. About 1735, he set up a forge upstream of the present site of the blast furnace. Here, iron was produced directly from ore by heating ore with charcoal until the ore was reduced to a white-hot spongy mass. This was then refined by hammering under a triphammer to produce wrought iron. This direct process was labor intensive and small in output. Wrought iron virtually pure iron with fibers of iron silicate, was extremely tough and amlleable and could be forged by blacksmiths into a wide variety of imple ments and iron products. Traces of this forge were discovered in 1958. Several of the buildings within the Lime Rock Historic District date 9. Major Bibliographical References ______"Artists See Paradise Where Others See But Poverty, ' Lure of the Litchf ield Hills. Volume III, No. 2 (1929), pages 11-20. As her and Adams ' Pictorial Album of American Industry. New York: Asher & Adams, 1876. Cla .Tnna 1-han gf <=>-rn L^ TJ-S 1 1 o Hart f Ord « Depart" 10. Geographical Data

Acreage of nominated property 120 acres Quadrangle name Sharon Quadrangle scale 1 : 74,000 UMT References

A | 1,8 1613,413,5,01 B 1,8 |6|3|4|2i2iO| I 46| 4312160 Zone Easting Northing Zone Easting Northing I 4,6 l4 i 3l y.°l E 1 1 1 81 |6B .3 9,30 I I 46 14 1 313 i3,0l F II ,81 b 13 1 31 90iOl 14 '.(It 43 1 36 iO I Gil .81 16133 I8i6i0l i6fr |3| 36 iQl Hi IS I I 6P ,3 |82 ,0| fr,6|4, 33,6, q

Verbal boundary description and justification The Lime kock National Register District begins at the northeastern corner of block 27, lot 15, Trinity Episcopal Church, at its intersection with Dugway Road . The boundary line proceeds in a westnorthwesterly direction alone List all states and counties for properties overlapping state or county boundaries N/A state code county code state code county code 11. Form Prepared By edited by: John Herzan, National Register Coordinator name/title pale S. Plummer, National Register Nominations Consultant______organization Connecticut Historical Commission date June 8, 1983_____ street & number 59 South Prospect Street telephone (203) 566-0005 city or town Hartford state Connecticut 12. State Historic Preservation Officer Certification

The evaluated significance of this property within the state is: V __ national __ state __ local As the designated State Historic Preservation Officer for the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89- 665), I hereby nominate this property for inclusion in the National Register and certify that it has been evaluated according to the criteria and procedures set forth by the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service.

State Historic Preservation Officer signature title Director, Connect±cu^R±stoic±cal Commission date 5/24/84

GPO 938 835 FHR-8-300 (11-78)

United States Department off the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form Lime Rock Historic District Continuation sheetSalisbury » Ct *______Item number 8______Page 2_____ By 1850, the firm had begun to specialize in the production of chilled cast railroad car wheels. The high quality of their product and the rapid expansion of railroads throughout the country resulted in a rapid increase in business. By the latter part of the nineteenth century, Barnum Richardson wheels were in such common use that it was joked that the sound produced by railroad cars riding on tracks was "Barnum-Richardson, Barnum-Richardson," endlessly repeated. 3. While the iron industry of Northwestern Connecticut was in a period of general decline, the Barnum and Richardson interests throve. This was accomplished through specialization in a product for which there was great demand, and for which the company's product enjoyed an un surpassed reputation. It was also possible through the increasing control exercised by the firm over the remaining sources of ore and fuel and the remaining blast furnaces. Reorganized in 1852 as Richardson, Barnum & Go., the company acuired the Beckley furnace in East Canaan in 1858 and the Forbes furnace, also at East Canaan, in 1862. At the same time, they pur chased a foundry in Chicago. They also began to acquire controlling interests in the great ore beds of Salisbury, the Ore Hill, Davis, and Chatfield beds. 4, In 1865, the company again reorganized as the Barnum-Richardson Company, increasing its capital stock from $100,000 to $200,000. The Lime Rock furnace had been rebuilt the previous year. In 1870, a second foundry was constructed at Lime Rock near the first. A third furnace was built in East Canaan in 1872, and a new wheel foundry in Chicago in 1873. By 1881, Barnum-Richardson controlled eight blast furnaces within an eight mile radius of Lime Rock, three at East Canaan, the Lime Rock furnace, and furnaces at Millerton, Sharon Valley, Cornwall Bridge, and Huntsville. It was during this period of rapid growth that the fine homes along Elm Street or Route 112 were con structed (Photographs 13, 14, and 15) and that the UpJohn-designed Trinity Church was built under the leadership of Mrs. William H. Barnum. 5. The Barnum-Richardson Company owned most of the real estate at Lime Rock. The remainder was owned by the Barnums, Richardsons, and other company officials as private citizens. Like many company towns, Lime Rock was dom inated by the owners and their families. Worker's housing was owned com pletely by the company, which rented to its workers. The Rocky Dell Hotel, later the Lime Rock Lodge, housed important guests, who used the front door, as well as transient workers or "floaters," who used a separate entrance and dining facilities. (Photograph 2, right foreground). The general store was operated by James H. Barnum, while several other shops were operated in buildings owned by Barnum-Richardson and leased out. One of the most interest ing of these is the small store on Route 112 next to the general store (photograph 10), originally built as a meat market, later housing a barber shop, and most recently a glass shop. 6. The social life of Lime Rock was also dominated by the two leading families. Barnum-Richardson had a baseball field and bandstand on company-owned land. The ball field was in evidence by 1899, the bandstand was built somewhat later. When residents of Lime Rock created The Casino Company in 1892 for "the providing of social entertainment for the stock holders, and their families, and friends, and for the putting up and maintaining of a building FHR-8-300 (11-78)

United States Department of the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form Lime Rock Historic District Continuation sheet Salisbury > Ct«______Item number_____8______Page 3_____ for that purpose," members of the Barnum and Richardson families owned 69 out of 140 shares of stock issued. 7. By the early 20th century, improvements in the manufacture of steel rail road car wheels ended the dominance of the Barnard-Richardson Company in the field, while blast furnaces in the mid-west fueled by coke and using hot air blasts instead of cold were able to produce pig iron far more economically than the charcoal fueled, cold blast furnaces of Northwest Connecticut. Despite brief prosperity during the First World War, the Barnum-Richardson Company sold its holdings to the Salisbury Iron Corpora tion in 1920. The Salisbury Iron Corporation maintained two blast furnaces at East Canaan, both of which had been modernized by Barnum-Richardson to provide a hot air blast at a 650° temperature, and with mechanized facilities for charging the furnace. Ore was supplied from the mine at Ore Hill, and the pig iron from the furnaces cast at Linne F.ock into general castings, gray iron castings (malleable iron), and railroad car wheels. A prominent metallurgist, Dr. Richard Moldenke, was hired to proselytize the advantages of pig iron produced by charcoal furnaces. He produced a booklet, Charcoal Iron, published in 1920 by the Salisbury Iron Corporation. Despite these efforts, iron production and casting was no longer profitable in Salisbury. The Salisbury Iron Corporation closed down operations in 1923. 8. In 1925, Alfred Stone, a New York realtor, purchased the Lime Rock holdings of the Salisbury Iron Corporation, consisting of approximately 326 acres with 27 houses and numerous other buildings. Stone marketed properties in Lime Rock to artists and craftsmen, most of them from the New York City area, realizing the attractiveness of the .surroundings and the appeal of the local scenery. The foundry was converted to a paper mill by Dard Hunter, the Casino was taken over later by M. Wallach, who produced hand block prints on linen, and numerous other studios and shops set up. Bernhardt Wall produced etched books in Lime Rock, and proclaimed that "There is real reason to believe that the spirit of Elbert Hubbard is not so far away and that it (Lime Rock) might yet become another East Aurora." 9. This artist's colony attracted considerable talent and attention in the 1920s and 1930s. The establishment of the Institute of General Semantics by Count Alfred Korzybski in the former home of Leonard Richardson (Photograph 12) further enhanced the artistic and literary reputation of Lime Rock. The legacy of the wealth provided by industry in Lime Rock is considerable. Examples of architectural styles in the village range from the Georgian through the Queen Anne and Shingle styles, although the most common styles are those of the latter half of the 19th-century, when the Barnum-Richardson company was at its most prosperous. "The Surrey" is a good vernacular example of late 18th- or early 19th-century architecture, with a symmetrical facade, a two-story porch, and dormers in the roof. (Photograph 3). The Holley and Coffing Office Building, built about 1830 in brick, is an impressive example of the Federal style, imposing in scale and with semicircular fanlights in the gable ends. (Photograph 5). The small Greek Revival homes built for workers on Route 112 are distinguished by their open-bed pediments, corner NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No 1024-OO18 (3-82) Exp. 10-31-34 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form Lime Rock Historic District Continuation sheet Salisbury, Ct«______Item number_____8______Page 4_____

pilasters, and simple entrances. (Photograph 9). Despite their small scale, these houses are well-designed and constructed. The post Greek Revival styles are the most numerous in Lime Rock. The French Second Empire style is well represented by the Leonard Richardson house, apparently remodelled in this style after his death in 1864. (Photograph 12). This retains its slate roof, with dormers containing round-arched windows. Scroll-cut boards are applied to the sides of the dormers, which also have roofs resembling hood molds popular at the time. The one-story porch which envelops the house is supported by columns with stylized capitals, probably of cast iron. Several homes more vernacu lar in character also display good design. A frame house on Route 112, probably built in the 1850s or 1860s, has an open-bed pediment with over hanging eaves beneath which are paired modillions. (Photograph 13). The 1-story porch is supported by flat, pierced wooden posts with scroll-cut brackets and ornamentation. Another house at the corner of White Hollow Road and Route 112 has window surrounds with molded caps, and scrollwork ornamentation in the peak of the gable ends. (Photograph 20). A series of homes built along Route 112 in the late 1860s or early 1870s are characterized by the use of the.then popular Stick. Style. (Photograph 14). These use clapboard siding with applied shingles in the gable ends and covering hoods over the second floor windows in the gable ends. The overhanging eaves have supporting Stick style brackets. The porches and gable ornament are also in the Stick Style, characterized by squared posts with chamfered edges. The Queen Anne Style is exemplified by the McNeil house on Route 112. (Photograph 16). The design of this house is very similar to designs by the Paliser brothers of Bridgeport, and may well have been executed by them. It features a polygonal tower asymmetrically placed, verge boards on the gable ends, with a Palladian attic window, and a panel decorated with a foliated frieze in place of one of the second floor win dows. The Eastlake porch has a round arch above the entranceway. An interesting vernacular commercial building is the former meat market. This has windows with hoods over them, a conventional storefront, and a projecting roof with an eyebrow window which forms a porch supported by cast iron posts. (Photographs 10 and 11). It is probable that the cast iron supports were made in Lime Rock, These are excellent specimens of the caster's art. The most architecturally prominent building in the village is Trinity Church, one of the last buildings designed by Richard Upjohn, the foremost Gothic Revival architect in America. Dedicated in 1873, the building uses locally obtained stone which is rock-faced. Door and window surrounds, as well as belt courses are of a lighter stone with a smooth finish, providing an effective contrast to the rough stone of the walls. The roofs of the nave, the bell tower, and the porch are covered with polychromed slate. The belfrey is open, with wooden arches and quatrefoils. (Photograph 17). Also of in terest is a modern addition, not visible from the highway, designed in 1970 FHR-8-300 (11-78)

United States Department off the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form

Continuation sheet______Item number_____8______Page 5_____ by Mr. William Dudley Upjohn, a descendant of the original architect. 10. The commercial success of the Barnum family encouraged active participa tion in the political arena. William Henry Barnum, son of Milo Barnum, served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1867-1876. In 1876, he was appointed to fill a vacant seat in the U.S. Senate. He served as Democratic National Chairman in 1880 and in 1884, when Grover Cleveland was elected President. At his death in 1889, many nationally known political figures came to pay him homage, including Cleveland. 11. Other well-known figures who resided in Lime Rock came as a result of the development of the community into an artist's colony in the 1920s and 1930s. The most prominent of these were Dard Hunter, who produced hand made paper in the old foundry. Hunter, an internationally famous papermaker, was an important figure in the Arts and Crafts movement. His experiment at Lime Rock apparently failed because of the dissolved limestone in the water. 12. M. Wallach, a printmaker from Europe, produced handblocked linens in the former Casino. Perhaps the most famous figure of the revitalized Lime Rock community was Count Alfred Korzybski, (1979-1950), a native of Poland who developed a non-Aristotelian linguistic philosophy known as General Semantics. Concerned with the meaning of words and their relationship to reality, Korzybski f s writings have been very influential in the develop ment of linguistic theory. The Institute of General Semantics, which he founded, still operates from the former Leonard Richardson home on White Hollow Road. 12. Endnotes 1. Information on furnace production is from Hist ory of Litchfield County, Connecticut. Philadelphia: J.W. Lewis & Co., 1881, page 532. 2. Ibid, page 532. 3 Report of the Historic District Commission Regard ing the Creation of the Lime Rock Historic District in the Town of Salisbury. Connecticut. January 28, 1974, page 3. 4. History of Litchfield County, page 532. 5» Records of Joint Stock Companies of Salisbury, Voliime I, 185.3-1895, in the Office of the Town Clerk, Town Hall, Main Street Salisbury, page 123 for the increase of capital stock. °* Report £_f Historic District Commission, page 4. 7. Records of Joint Stock Companies, page 363. 8. Dr. Richard Moldenke, Charcoa1 Iron. Lime Rock: Salisbury Iron Corporation, 1920, page 33 for a description of the East Canaan furnaces, page 5 for purposes of booklet. 9. Wall, Bernhardt, "Lime lock, Connecticut's Deserted Village, Comes to Life," The Lure of the Litchf ield Hills, Volume I, ivumber 3, August, 1929, page 26. 10. Information supplied by Reverend F. Newton Howden, present minister of Trinity Church. 11. Typewritten manuscript by Mrs. Armand Oppenheimer, n.d., page 1. 12. On Dard Hunter's papermaking operation and its failure, Interview with Mrs. Reed Williams, January 1983, FHR-8-300 (11-78)

United States Department of the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form

Continuation sheet______Item number______9______Page 1_____ Bibliography (continued) ment of Environmental Protection, September, 1975. Pagan, 1* Map of the Town .of. Salisbury, Connecticut, Philadelphia: Richard Clark"7T853. Geographical Location of Historical Landmarks in the Town of Salisbury. Connecticut.Salisbury; Salisbury Association, 1949. Gesner, Rev. R.H. "In the Connecticut Highlands- Lime Rock," Connecticut Magazine, Volume VIII (1904), pages 689-703. Goodwin, Julia Emmons. A History of Trinity Church. No imprint, 1949. Moldenke, Dr. Richard. Charcoal Iron. Lime Rock: Salisbury Iron Corporation, 1920. Oppenheimer, Mrs. Armand. Typewritten manuscript tour of Lime Rock, n.d. "Prospector Discovers Old Forge Built in Lime Rock in 1735," October 18, 1958. In clipping files of the Scoville Library, Main Street, Salisbury. Records of Joint Stock Companies of Salisbury. Volume I,, 1853-1899. In the office of the Town Clerk, Salisbury Town Hall, Main Street, Salisbury, Ct. Report of the Historic District Commission Regarding the Creation of the Lime Rock Historic District in the Town of Salisbury, January 21T7 T§74. Rudd, Malcolm Day. An Historical Sketch of Salisbury. Connecticut. New York: 1899. (supplementary to Sanford's Map of Salisbury). Sanford, I.W. Topographical and Historical Map of Salisbury* Connecticut. New York: 1899. Wall, Bernhardt, "Lime Rock, Connecticut's Deserted Village, Comes to Life," Lure of the Litchfield Hills. Volume 1, No. 3 (August 1929), pages 20-26. Williams, Mrs. Reid, Interview, January 1983. Vrs. Williams has been a resi dent of Lime Rock since 1921. Roth, Matthew. Connecticut; An Inventory of Historic Engineering and Industrial Sites, Washington, D.C.: Society for Industrial Archaeology, 1981. NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (3-82) Exp. 10-31-64 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form

Continuation sheet Item number 10 Page Geographical Data (continued) UMT References (continued) I 18/633720/4643400 Y 18/632760/4643920 J 18/633660/4643540 Z 18/632820/4643840 K 18/633490/4643480 AA 18/632900/4643860 L 18/633460/4643490 BB 18/632920/4643820 M 18/533460/4543520 GC 18/633050/4643740 i\ 18/633420/4643580 DD 18/633040/4643680 O 18/533360/4644110 EE 18/633140/4643600 P 18/633340/4644340 FF 18/633200/4643320 Q 18/533180/4644280 GG 18/633120/4643190 K 18/633140/4644160 HH 18/633290/4643150 S 18/633100/4544160 II 18/633400/4643000 T 18/633060/4644200 JJ 18/633600/4643160 U 18/633000/4644140 KK 18/633780/4643080 V 18/632980/4644160 LL 18/634080/4642950 W 18/632880/4644080 MM 18/634240/4643120 X 18/632900/4644060 NN 18/634280/4643100 Verbal Boundary Description (Continued) the northeastern edges of lots 14, 13, 12, and 11 in block 27. At the northwest corner of lot 11, the boundary crosses lot 10 in an westerly direction to to eastern corner of lot 9, block 27. Thence the boundary proceeds along the northern borders of lots 9, 8, 7, and 3, and continues across lot 2 (still regaining in block 27) to the eastern corner of lot 1. It then proceeds north erly and westerly along the east and north border of lot 3, block 4, along part of the northeast border of lot 2, block 28, and then turns north along the eastern border of lot 1, block 4. At the northeast corner of this lot, it crosses the lot 11, block four, presently owned by Armand and Violet Oppenheimer, proceeding almost due north to the northeast corner of the said property, bordering on the Salmon Fell Kill. The district boundary then follows the east bank of the Salmon Fell Kill to its intersection with the Lime Rock Road, which it follows in a westerly direction along the north side of the road. On reaching the eastern corner of lot 13, block 30, the line continues on the northeast and northwest borders of the lot to the corner with lot 12, block 30. It then continues in a southwesterly direction along the northwest sides of lots i2, li, 10, and 6 in block 30, until it reaches jNorton iill Road. Crossing INorton Hill Road, the boundary runs along the west side of the Road to its intersection with I oute 112. Crossing I oute 112, it follows the south side of Koute 112 to the northwest corner of lot 9, block 30, bears south along the western border of this lot and continues in a ?en- eral southerly direction following the western borders of lot 9, block 4; lot 8, block 4; lot 27, block 28; and lot 26, block 28. At the western corner of the last lot . it turns southeast, and follows its border and that of lot NFS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (3.82) Exp. 10-31-64 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form

Continuation sheet______Item number___jQ______^^^^^ Verbal boundary description (continued) 23 in the same block to White Hollow load. It then crosses the road and and proceeds along the southeast side until until reaching the western corner of lot 7, block 4. Proceeding in a South East South direction to the south corner of the lot, it continues along the southeast side of the lot until the Salmon Fell Kill is reached. Crossing the stream, it contin ued with the borders of the stream in a general southeasterly direction until it reaches the southern corner of lot 4, block 26. Turning to the northeast along the southeast border of this lot, the line continues lot 1. block 26, and then follows the eastern border of that lot to Route 112, where it turns to the southeast, along the southwestern edge of the road and continues to a point oppsite the corner of Dugway Road. Follow ing Dugway Road along the Eastern edee until it is opposite the northeastern corner of lot 15, block 27 (Trinity Church), it crosses the road to its point of origin. Boundary Justification The boundaries of the district are designed to include most of the Lime Kock holdings of the Barnum-Richardson Company, with the exception of scattered properties not contiguous with the villaee. In addition, it includes the properties owned originally by the Barnum and Kichardson families arid their associates, which did not belong to the companies land- holdings. For the most part, property lines have been used to define the district boundaries, although some exceptionally large lots have been crossed when no significant features are left out. The boundaries of the local historic district are also shown on the accompanying map.The local historic district is considerably smaller in area than the National Register District. While it includes many noteworthy structures within the area, most notably the 1864 blast furnace, the 1767 Livingston house, the brick Holley & Coffing office building, and the Leonard Richardson house and portions of the Milo Barnum estate, other notable features of the district are omitted. These include the former weigh station, the worker's and foremen's housing, and the remains of the factory complex downstream from the blast furnace. On Elm Street, the Casino, the Episcopal church, and the homes of the owner's are included in the National Register district, but not in the local historic district. V u.