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A HISTORY of WOMEN PHILOSOPHERS a History of Women Philosophers A HISTORY OF WOMEN PHILOSOPHERS A History of Women Philosophers 1. Ancient Women Philosophers, 600 B.C.-500 A.D. 2. Medieval, Renaissance and Enlightenment Women Philosophers, 500-1600 3. Modem Women Philosophers, 1600-1900 4. Contemporary Women Philosophers, 1900-today MARGARET LUCAS CAVENDISH, DUCHESS OF NEWCASTLE School of van Dyck, Margaret Lucas c. 1635, oil on canvas, 119.0 x 99.2 cm, Felton Bequest 1934. (By permission of National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) A History of Women Philosophers Volume III Modem Women Philosophers, 1600-1900 Edited by MARY ELLEN WAITHE University ofMinnesota, U.SA. Springer Science+Business Media, B.V. Library of Congress CataIoging-in-Publication Data Modern women philosophers. 1600-1900 I edited by Mary Ellen Waithe. p. cm. -- (A History of women philosophers ; v. 3) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7923-0931-4 ISBN 978-94-011-3790-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-3790-4 1. Women ph il osophers. 2. Ph il osophy. Modern. 1. Waithe. Mary Ellen. II. Series. B105.W6M63 1991 190' .82--dc20 90-45345 ISBN 978-0-7923-0931-4 Printed on acid-free paper AlI Rights Reserved © 1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Origina1ly published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1991 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1991 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical inc1uding photocopy­ ing, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permis sion from the copyright owner. In memory of Paul Kirchner, 1933-1989 Contents CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xv INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME III xix 1. MARGARET CAVENDISH, DUCHESS OF NEWCASTLE by Londa Schiebinger I. Biography 1 II. Works 5 III. Natural Philosophy 6 IV. Feminism 10 V. Conclusions 15 2. KRISTINA WASA, QUEEN OF SWEDEN by Susanna Akerman I. Biography 21 II. Philosophy 24 1. Traditional Assessments of Kristina's Views 25 2. Kristina's Philosophical Development 26 3. Kristina and Descartes 28 4. Religious Skepticism 31 5. Philosophy and Linguistics 33 6. The Maxims 34 7. Misogyny and Feminism 35 III. Conclusions 37 3. ANNE FINCH, VISCOUNTESS CONWAY by Lois Frankel I. Biography 41 II. Influence on Leibniz 42 III. Philosophical Writing 43 IV. Summary 54 viii Contents 4. SOR JUANA lNES DE LA CRUZ by Mary Christine Morkovsky, CDP I. Biography 59 II. Prose Philosophical Works 62 1. Carta Atenag6rica 62 2. Respuesta 63 III. Philosophical Poetry 65 1. Suefio 65 2. Sonnets 68 IV. Conclusions 70 5. DAMARIS CUDWORTH MASHAM by Lois Frankel I. Biography 73 II. Works 74 1. Correspondence 74 2. Faith and Reason 75 3. Women, Education and Reason 77 4. Epistemology, Feminism and Moral Philosophy 80 III. Conclusions 83 6. MARY AS TELL by Kathleen M. Squadrito I. Biography 87 II. Works 88 III. Religious Epistemology and Women 90 1. Condition of Women 90 2. Women, Epistemology and Reason 92 3. Marriage and Subjection of Women 93 IV. Epistemology and Religious Knowledge 95 1. Reason and Revelation 95 2. Whether Matter Can Think 95 3. Whether God is the Efficient Cause of Pain and Pleasure 97 V. Conclusions 98 7. CATHARINE TROTTER COCKBURN by Mary Ellen Waithe I. Biography 101 II. Philosophical Writings 103 Contents ix III. Epistemological Foundations of Moral Law 107 1. Knowledge of Virtue and Vice 107 2. Natural Conscience 110 IV. Epistemological Foundation of Religion 112 1. The Role of Rewards and Punishments 112 2. On Revelation 116 V. The Immortality of the Soul 117 1. Whether God May Add Thought to Matter 120 VI. Summary 121 VII. Conclusions 122 8. GABRIELLE EMILIE LE TONNELIER DE BRETEUIL DU CHATELET-LOMONT by Mary Ellen Waithe I. Biography 127 II. Ethics, Religion and Philosophy of Language 129 1. Ethics 129 2. Philosophy of Religion 130 3. Philosophy of Language 131 III. Collaborative Works 132 1. Collaboration on Voltaire's Elements 132 2. Collaboration with Voltaire on Traite de Mhaphysique 133 IV. Metaphysics 134 1. Writings on Metaphysics and Philosophy of Science 134 2. The Development of du Chatelet's Views on Metaphysics 135 3. Free Will: Problems for Newtonian Science 137 4. Solving the Problems of Newtonianism 139 5. Reaction to du Chatelet's Metaphysics 142 V. Philosophy of Science 143 1. Fire, Light and Color 143 2. Scientific Method 144 VI. Conclusions 147 9. MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT by Kate Lindemann I. Biography 153 II. Works 155 x Contents III. Philosophy 156 1. Human Nature 157 2. Ethics 159 3. Social and Political Philosophy 160 4. Philosophy of Education 161 5. Influences on Wollstonecraft's Philosophy 163 6. Critique of Rousseau 165 IV. Conclusions 167 10. CLARISSE COIGNET by Jejfner Allen I. Introduction 171 II. Metaethics and Moral Philosophy 173 1. The New Science of Morality 173 2. Freedom, a Fact of Human Nature 174 3. Man, the Creator of Morality 175 4. Duty, a Law of Conscience 176 III. Political and Social Philosophy 177 1. The State, an Extension of Individual Morality 177 2. The Social Contract 177 3. The Separation of Religion and Morality 178 4. Women's Suffrage and Women's Destiny 179 IV. Conclusions 182 11. ANTOINETTE BROWN BLACKWELL by Julien S. Murphy I. Biography 186 II. Philosophy 189 1. Metaphysics 189 2. Truth 190 3. Perception 190 4. Time 190 5. God 191 6. Immortality 192 7. Mind/Body Problem 192 8. Nature of the Sexes 193 III. Conclusions 195 12. JULIE VELTEN FAVRE by Jejfner Allen I. Biography 197 Contents Xl II. Works 199 III. Philosophy 200 1. The Unity of Moral Law 200 2. Woman's Moral Vocation 202 3. The Great Human Family 204 4. An "Ethics of Abundance" 205 IV. Conclusions 206 13. WOMEN PHILOSOPHERS OF THE SEVENTEENTH, EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES by Mary Ellen Waithe I. The Seventeenth Century 210 1. Anna Maria van Schurman 210 2. Bathsua Pell Makin 211 3. Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine 213 4. Helena Lucretia Cornaro Piscopia 214 II. The Eighteenth Century 215 1. Laura Bassi Verati 215 2. Catharine Saw bridge Macaulay-Graham 217 3. Sophia, a Person of Quality [pseud.] 222 4. (Marie) Olympe de Gouges (Marie de Gouzes) 225 5. Mary Fairfax Somerville 228 6. Anna Doyle Wheeler 230 III. The Nineteenth Century 235 1. Catharine Ward Beecher 235 2. Harriet Martineau 242 3. Harriet Hardy Taylor Mill 246 4. Jenny Poinsard d'Hericourt 251 5. George Eliot (Marian Evans) 255 6. Clemence Royer 255 7. Juliette Lambert La Messine Adam 257 8. Christine Ladd-Franklin 261 9. Hortense AHart de Meritens 262 IV. Conclusions 264 BIBLIOGRAPHY 273 INDEX 293 xii CHRONOLOGY OF MODERN WOMEN PHILOSOPHERS AND THEIR MALE CONTEMPORARIES ANNA MARIA VAN SCHURMAN ANNE FINCH. VISCOUNTESS CONWAY CATHARINE TROTTER 1607-1678 1631-1679 COCKBURN 1679-1749 BATIISUA PELL MAKIN HELENA CORNARO fl. 1612 PISCOPIA 1646-1684 DAMARIS ELISABETIl OF BOHEMIA CUDWORTIl MASHAM 1618-1680 1659-1708 MARGARET CAVENDISH SOR JUANA INEs DE LA CRUZ LAURA BASSI 1623-1673 1648-1695 1711-1778 KRISTINA WASA QUEEN OF SWEDEN MARY ASTELL 1626-1689 1666-1731 EMILIE CA TIlARINE DUCHATELET MACAULAY GRAHAM 1706-1749 1131-1791 Suarez Grotius Comenius Cudworth Locke Leibniz Vieo deMontesquieu Voltaire Hume Rousseau Bacon Hobbes Descartes Pascal Spinoza Malebranche Berkeley xiii "SOPHIA" MARY SOMERVILLE CATHARINE WARD CLEMENCE ROYER fl. 1739 1780-1872 BEECHER 1830·1902 1800-1878 OLYMPE DE GOUGES 1748-1793 GEORGE ELIOT JULIE VELTEN FAVRE CHRISTINE LADD 1819-1880 1834-1896 FRANKLIN MARY WOLLSTONECRAFr 1847-1930 1759-1797 HARRIET MARTINEAU 1802-1876 ANNA DOYLE JULIETTE LAMBERT HORTENSE ALLART WHEELER HARRIET TAYLOR MILL ADAM DEMERITENS 1785-1848 1807-1858 ·1836-1936 fl. 1850 JENNY POINSARD CLARISSE COIGNET D'HERICOURT b.1823 1809-1875 ANTOINETTE BROWN BLACKWELL 1825-1921 Butler Reid Diderot Mendelsohn Kant Schleiermacher Helvetius Bentham Fichte Comte Emerson Mill Kierkegaard Marx Spencer Sidgwick Pierce Nietzsche Poincare Acknowledgements A volume of this scope, spanning three centuries of the history of philosophy, cannot be developed without the capable assistance of many other people. Indeed, work on it could not even have been started without their unsolicited, generously-offered help. Some have shared source materials that came to their attention, others have shared the fruits of their own research, and still others have offered their own special skills and insights. Among those who shared source materials was Professor leffner Allen who kindly supplied me with a copy of Angeline Goreau's modem English translation of Anna Maria van Schurman's The Learned Maid, or, Whether a Maid may be a Scholar? Kathryn M. Kendall, a former graduate student at the University of Texas, dis­ covered Catharine Trotter Cockburn's philosophical works while researching sixteenth-century women playwrights. I wish to express my thanks to Dr. Kendall for providing me with copies of her work in progress on Trotter's dramatic writings, and a draft bibliography of works by and about Trotter Cockburn. Among those who shared the fruits of their labors were Professors Elizabeth Stich and Al Nephew. Her preliminary research on Bathsua Makin, and his on Harriet Martineau was undertaken as part of my workshop, "Reclaiming our Heritage," April 1986, and became the basis for the sections on Makin and Martineau in the final chapter. Project member Nancy Weber provided me with her "Bibliography on Women in Philosophy: 20th Century." Completed more than a decade ago under a National Endowment for the Humanities Youthgrant, this valuably annotated bibliography contains a special section on Harriet Taylor Mill which greatly facilitated my research on that philosopher. Still others requested work assignments suited to their special Mary Ellen Waithe (ed.), A History o/Women Philosophers/Volume 3, xv':'xvii.
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