April 21, 1980 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 8473

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

U.S. CONSTITUTION STUDY this has been the most successful constitu­ that it is a study prepared tor this project as UNDERWAY tion in the history of the world and it is in­ a preliminary to the final comprehensive cumbent upon the scholarly community to study. present explanations and ultimate progress Publication of studies as oompleted will at­ OF .lllASSACBUS£T.r8 Most of the projected studies-and prop­ tract world-wide attention in the scholarly IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES erly so-will be directed toward the impact and book-buying communities. Such publi­ of the constitution upon the American cation will also provide an early opportunity Monday, April 21, 1980 people and the American way of life. These for critique and criticism, and will furnish • Mr. DRINAN. Mr. Speaker, as we will be national studies. But there is an in­ guidellnes· for. subsequent studies. Editing ternational role which likewise demands will precede the enter the decade of the 1980's, it is ap. study and report: "The Influence of the eventual publication of the nation-by-nation proprlate that we remind ourselves Constitution Abroad." collection. that this Nation will soon celebrate The 200th anniversary of the United The prellminary articles and monographs the 200th anniversary ot the ratifica­ States Constitution Is recognized as an with their own citations to documentary au­ tion of the Constitution of the United event of world-wide significance. The forma­ thority will provide the scholarly underpin­ States of America. In celebration and tion of the United States Constitution was nings for the major one-volume comprehen- commemoration of that 200th anniver­ the most important landmark in the history sive study. · sary, I am pleased to call attention to of constitutions. This was the first single III-THJ: PRO.JECT Is the Important scholarly work now document constitution, and by far the Is longe~t-lived. The whole world has looked to Objective scholarship the one indispens­ being undertaken on the "Influence of the United States experience as an impera­ able guidepost for this project. The careful the U.S. Constitution Abroad." Our tive to consider in each country's own con­ assessment of the reception of the United Constitution is not only the first and stitution-making. And nearly every nation States Constitution by other nations must. longest lived constitution. but by far has demanded an examination of the be free from bias, from chauvinism and the most influential. "Philadelphia formula" as a prelude to lt.s from self-effacement. This will not be a own constitution drafting. publlc relations exercise in American ag­ The authors and editors of this fun­ grandizement. The whole story must be damental study are Albert P. Blaus­ What must be examined are the ways · in which told, "warts and all." tein, professor of law, and Jay A. United States constitutional guidelines were The project must be interdisciplinary. For Sigler, professor of political science, accepted, adopted, adapted, avoided and ab­ it requires· ihe cross-tertlllzation of law, his­ both at Rutgers-the State University jured during the two centuries past. tory and political science to provide the of New Jersey. Both are well qualified What will result, however, will be more comprehensive background and the compre­ to undertake this vital task. Professor than a scholarly evaluation of the influence hensive analyses that scholarship demands. of the United States Constitution abroad. Yet scholarship inust never neglect the Blaustein is coeditor of the 15-volume fact that the making of a constitution is one work. "Constitutions of the Countries For by studying and analyzing the United States paradigm in a multiplicity of foreign of the most critical event.a in nationhood. of· the World" and tt.s companion 6- And the drama must not be lost in the foot­ volume work, "Constitutions of Depen­ contexts we will inevitably gain greater in­ sight.a into the meaning of our constitution noting. dencies and Special Sovereignties." He and it.s continuing viabillty. And the expla­ Nor can the students of the influence of is also author of such works as "The nation of how the United States Constitu­ the United States Constitution limit their American Lawyer," "Desegregation tion influenced the other constitutions of thinking to the spread of democratic ideals and the Law," "Civil Rights and the the world should contribute to it.s continu­ which had their first successful flowering in ing influence. this country. The very concept of a single Black American." and "The Military documentary constitution Is peculiarly and American Society." Professor II-THE PLA1' American. On the eve of the 2ooth anniver­ Sigler's works include "The Legal End" Product A: A one-volume (500-600 sary of the United States Constitution only Sources of Public Polley," "American pages) trade booL This Is to be a compre­ five of the world's 165 nations Is without · Rights Policies,.. and "Contemporary hensive study. tracing the history and eval­ such a charter: the United Kingdom. American Government." Professors uating the significance of the influence of Canada, New Zealand, Israel and Saudi Blaustein and Sigler have worked to­ the United States Constitution upon the Arabia. And the adoption of a . Canadian gether before, coediting the com­ constitutional systems of the other nations Constitution Is expected well before 198'1. memorative volume, "Independence of the world Publication date: Fall. 1986. . · Even in the totalitarian states-even in End Product B: A two-volume <15~2000 the nations which deny their clti7.enry a bill Documents of the Nations. of the pages) library reference documentary. col­ of right.a-there is often a United States· in­ World." lecting the nation-by-nation analyses which fluence. This influence is manifested in in­ Professor Blaustein was a consultant will form the research background for the stitutional and structural contributions: the in the preparation of the Bangladesh trade book. Publication date: Fall, 1987. concept of ·federalism, a presidential system, Constitution of 1972 and the Cambo­ Telling the story of the influence of the an electoral college, or a separate national dian Draft Constitution of 197 4. In United States Constitution is not only a Judiciary appointed by the president with 1979, he was special counsel to Prime task of years but a task which demands a the approval of a parliamentary upper Minister Bishop Abel T. Muzorewa on team effort. "What Must Be Done" at the chamber. outset Is to assemble the team-a team of There will be no equality in the sire and the preparation of the new Zimbabwe constitutionalist.a which includes American scope of these studies. "Great love letters Constitution, and he has now been as well as foreign scholars and which is in· are only written to great women." The chief named adviser on the revision of the terdisciplinary in scope. draftsman of the new Zimbabwe Constitu­ Constitution of Korea. duct.s the prospectus outline which has been professor o~ politics and a Czech historian. of capitalism. These wW be among the prepared be reprinted. And some of the major studies-such as lesser reports. those prepared for India and Qermany­ The major studies-those which will be Tm: IBPLtJDe& 01' m U.S. COBSTITUTI01' demand their own sub-teams. fortbcomlpg about the national constitu­ ABROAD The country-by-country analyses will not tions most influenced by the United States 1-TBB PllOLOGUS await 1987 publication. They will be pub­ pattern-will be • • • by continent: The end of the 1980'& will commemorate lished seriatim as completed in scholarly re­ South America: Argentina. Brazil, Venezu- the 2ooth anniversary of the United States views devoted to law, history and political ela. . Constitution-drafted in l '18'1 and ratified in science. And some of the analyses may be Europe: P'rande, Germany. 1'189. And scboiarly studies. as well as public published as monographs. Each will be ac­ Asta: IJ;ldia. Japan, the . celebrations, must mark these event.a. For companied by an editor's note indicating Africa: Liberia, Nigeria. e This .. bullet" symbol identifies statements or insertiom which are not spoken by the Member on the floor.

CXXVI---534-Part 7 8474 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 21, 1980 From their very beginnings all of the an important part of constitutionalism in Chris Bading, Phillip L. Bean, Francis P. Latin American states borrowed heavily India and the Indian Supreme .Court uses Bielski, Michael S. Brewer, Minos Darga.kis, from the United States model and large sec­ United States Supreme Court opinions as Christopher W. Fahenstock, Frank Ham­ tions of so many of their constitutions are precedent. mond, Glenn M. Hasenei, Anthony Luns­ nothing more than verbatim Spanish trans­ These are only a few of the major coun­ ford, Brian K. Mollohan, Joseph P~ Morgan. lation of the language adopted in Philadel­ tries whose constitutions have been so Michael G. Nazelrod, Stephen E. Sprouse, phia. One story which must be told is how strongly influenced by the United States Kevin J. Taylor. the United States concepts fared in transla­ model. What is also significant is the fact Dennis J. Caudill, Mark D. Elliott, Vincent tion. Another story is reflected sometimes in that the influence has been continuous­ J. Halaj, Steven G. Kline, Michael H. Kolb, continuity and sometimes in change. The Argentina, borrowed from United States ideas. L. Hill, Diana M. Kenyon, Celeste A. Kil­ Brazil and Venezuela studies are the most And there are many other examples gore, Mary Ann Kingsley, Kimberly A. interesting, as they trace the viability of which could be cited and will be document­ Otter, Dawn M. Pecorino, Lisa M. Tamber­ Uuited States precepts during various his­ ed as research continues. ino, Nancy L. Wilson, Brenda L. Worth, torical periods under various types of gov­ For the historical approaches, original Cindy M. Zeitschel, Deana Lynn Olinger, ernments. texts, memoirs, letters, individual inter- · Robin Olsen. While there is le3s word-for·· Word United views, oral history and other documentary Ktmberly D. Aquino, Tina M. Geamon, States influence in the constitutions oi s:rurces will be employed. The studies will Noel L. Hively, Eun Joo Lee, Lisa M. Mul­ France and \Vest Germany th'l.n in the con­ not be speculative. but rather grounded laney, Lisa M. Novak, Teresa A. Simmons, stitutions of Latin America, the actual influ­ upon hard data. Since the past two decades Cheryl L. Thompson, Cecilia A. Wagner, ence may be far greater. Individual rights have constituted an unparalleled era of con­ Tina M. Williams, Florence Lane.e are secured in these European democracies stitution-rr.aking, many of the draftsmen to a far greater extent than in the so many are still alive, and their experiences should nations in the ~\Vestern Hemisp!lere. provide a priceless souFce of information in READ BEFORE YOU VOTE TUES· Yet that is only a part of the story. The the preparation of the monographs. DAY ON THE NICARAGUAN AID United States constitutional influence was The monographs must also include consid· BILL; THE U.S. CONGRESS of major significance i.'1 Baden, Bavaria and eration of: SHOULD NOT JOIN THE SANDI· Wuerttemberg even before it played so sig­ M5si:1,pplicatioris and misunderstand­ nificant a role in the dra:ting of the jngs about the United States model! NISTAS ANJ;> RUSSIA. Weimar Constit11tion. And tile United C0mpetition between the United States Constitution-plus United States law­ States model and other models; HON. ROBERT E. BAUMAN yers, historians and political scientists-pro­ Successes and failures in the applica­ vided the foundation for the present West tion of the United States model Application of the United States sachusetts and Virginia Constitutions, pre­ model in actual practice as well as theory. • Mr. BAUMAN. Mr. Speaker, earlier cursors of the United States Constitution, Specifically, thought must be given to the today I commented before the House played an influential role in the French fol1owing: regarding the leadership intention of Revolution. The United States constitution as a ratified until 1789 and the final document calling up the special rule which will symbol; · . send the $75 million Nicaraguan aid was thus of lesser import.) (2) The entire <2> The borrowed concept of "consitution­ history of French constitution-making has worship"; bill to conference. I am including with been influenced by United States constitu­ these remarks an article from Human tional philosophy even where the model has <3> The idea of a single-document consti- Events and one from the Washington not been followed. And the model was f al­ tution; <4> The separation of powers; Post which details. the signing of an lowed in the drafting of the current Fifth agreement between the Sandinista Republic Constitution. (3) The very many (5) Checks and balances; fra ·1co?hone natic;ns which achieved inde­ <6> American-style federalism; government of Nicaragua and the pendence since the end of World War II <7> Bicameralism; Soviet Union a few weeks ago. Even adopted constitutions heavily influenced by <8> Enumerated legislative powers; more interesting are the joint state­ United States constitutional thinking, fil. <9> The electoral college; ments in which the Sandinista leader­ tered through the French experience. <10) The presidential system; ship joins the Russians in seeking to Africa will provide very different studies. <11 l The amending process; justify the invasion of Afghanistan as From its very inception, Liberia adopted the <12> Judicial review; well as the Iranian holding of U;S. United States model. Nigeria, on the other (13) The idea of a bill of rights; and hostages. Honestly. my colleagues, hand, was given the more or less standard (14) Specific bill of rights safeguards and Westminster model when it achieved inde­ prohibitions.e how can anyone possibly justify voting pendence and has now settled upon a errunent such as this? United States type constitution. One of the COLGATE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL · The articles fallow: original states making up the Union of VISITS CAPITOL [Human Events, Apr. 26, 19801 South Africa-the Orange Free State-had a United States style constitution, but the NICARAGUA MOVES CLOSER TO Moscow: $75 R.t>public finally opted for the Westminst.er HON. CLARENCE D. LONG MILLION AID PROGRAM JEOPARDIZED pattern. OF MARYLAND The Carter Administration's efforts. to Japan's post World War II constitution is IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTAl'IVES shovel $75 million of foreign aid into Nicara­ called the MacArthur Constitution-for ob­ gua on the grounds that we can still ween vious reasons. The Philippines Constitution Monday, April 21, 1980 the Sandinista-contrQlled government away is as much like the United. States Constitu­ of from communism faced tough sledding oa­ tion as one would expect of a former colony. • Mr. LONG Maryland. Mr. Speak­ Capitol Hill last week. The House leader-. The ways in which the Philippines Consti­ er, I welcome 55 students from the ship, in fact, cancelled a scheduled vote to tution-and its interpretation-differ is the Colgate Elementary School in Balti­ ease the measure through Congress when more interesting story. more who, with their teachers, Mrs. they feared the move would fail. The role of United States constitutional­ Rena Kelly and Mrs. Bernice Langley. Skepticism toward a Nicaraguan aid pro- ism in the Indian experience is particularly are today visiting the Capitol. . gram increased dramatically when a high­ interesting and p9.l'ticularly complicated. Of My constituents are studying Ameri­ level delegation, ostensibly led by junta course India looked to the United States can Government, and it's a pleasure member Moises Hassan but actually under Constitution for guidance in developing its the thtimb of Tomas Borge, a member of own federal system; of course India looked for me to meet with them to discuss the ruling Sandinista National Liberation to the United States Constitution for guid- _ the legislative process. This day prom­ Front, returned to Managua on April 12 ance in drafting its bill of rights, etc. But ises to be interesting and educational after having spent nearly a month in the India also looked to the entire United States for all of us. Soviet Union and its Eastern European sat- constitutional uperi.ence. Judicial review is The students are: ellites. · April 21, 1980 EXT,ENSIONS OF REMARKS 8475 What fueled the suspicions of many law­ three issues ill 1980 all had articles on the fies closely with these Third World ap­ makers was not the tour per se, but the fact subject, including a conspicuous report of a proaches. that the delegation, in the words of the roundtable discussion by Moscow's Latin ex­ Interior Minister Tomas Borge made a Washington Post's reporter in Managua, perts on Nicaragua. speech in Moscow stressing Nicaragua's "ir· "signed Joint communiques with the Soviet A critical outcome of the roundtable was revocable decision to be free." He told Union and East Germany that followed the the indication that Soviet theoreticians are Soviet Jeaders at a luncheon th.at ·Nicara­ Soviet line on- almost all international beginning to embrace the Ideas of Che ·Gue­ guans intend to "continue being the masters issues, including Afghanistan." vara on the importance of revolutionary of our own destiny." In the joint communiciue, Nicaragua, far armed struggle in Latin America. In the While that delegation was in Eastern from showing signs that it is one of the past, Guevara, while hailed as a hero in the Europe, another headed by Junta member "non-aligned" nations, as it insists, dis­ Cuban revolution, has been condemned for· Sergio Ramirez and Sandinista leader played a slavish devotion to Moscow's every his view that guerrilla operations can pro­ Bayardo Arce was touring Western Europe. foreign policy whim. Along with the Soviets, vide the key to revolutionary victories in At the same time, Daniel Ortega, a member the Nicaraguans condemned Red China, em­ Latin America even when taking place in a of both the Junta and the nine-man national braced Cuba and assailed NATO. The com­ hostile environment. But one of the partlci· directorate, visited several Latin American munique specifically attacked any Western pants in the symposium, B. I. Koval, de- countries and the Vatican. European effort to deploy "new U.S. clared: · The Nicaraguan leaders' travels came at . medium-range nuclear missile weapons," in­ "The experience of Nicaragua refuted pre­ the same time that a $75 million U.S. loan sisting this "contradicts the objectives" of viously existing distorted treatment of par­ to Nicaragua was stalled in Congress. Seek· detente. tisan actions, confirmed the correctness of ing new sources of aid was an important The communique welcomed the Patriotic the strategic directives of Che Guevara, em­ . goal of the trips. Front victory in · Rhodesia, backed "the bodied his Idea of the creation of a powerful Ramirez and Arce announced that they struggle of the Iranian people" and called people's partisan movement." Koval also de­ had received pledge8 of about $55 million in for the creation of an independent.Palestin­ clared that the Cuban and Nicaraguan expe­ loans, grants and emergency aid from the ian state. The statement on Afghanistan, rience showed that an· "insurrectionary European Community as well as Belgium, Orwellian in its formulation, lent aid and center" is capable of playing a key role in the Netherlands, West Germany, Sweden, comfort to the Soviet Union's invasion last bringing down various Latin governments. Austria and the special fund of the Organi­ December by suggesting that it was the Sergo Mikoyan, editor of Latinskaia zation of Petroleum Exporting Countries West that was interfering in Afghanistan's Amerika, made similar comments. "The im­ based in Vienna. internal affairs. portance of such pronouncements," said The total amount of aid obtained on the "The Soviet Union and Nicaragua," the Rothenberg, "is that they suggest rising trip to Eastern Europe has not been an­ communique read, "resolutely condemn the Soviet confidence in the efficacy of armed nounced. Press reports from Prague said campaign of mounting international tension insurrections in Latin America, and especial· Czechoslovakia had provided a $20 million in connection with the events in Afghani· ly Central America, a Judgment which ap. loan and a Foreign Ministry spokesman said stan, which has been launched by the impe­ pears reflected already in ·Soviet coverage of new East German aid would total $30 mil· rialist and reactionary forces Ci.e., not the events in El Salvador and Guatemala." lion. · Soviets but the West] ·and is aimed at sub­ In spite of Nicaragua's vigorous embrace­ The delegation to the Soviet Bloc was verting the inalienable rights of the people of Mosc<'w-and vice versa-the Administra­ nominally headed by Hassan, a hard-line of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan tion seems determined to toss good money leftist. The three members of the Sandi­ and of other peoples of the world to follow a after bad, and-the odds are that it will put nista national directorate who went on the path of progressive transformation." · some heat on Congress in the coming weeks trip are considered to be among the· most Nor is this all that revealed Nicaragua's to get the aid bill through. powerful men in Nicaragua: Borge, who as close allegiance to the Soviets. The new af. Meanwhile, the Administration, through a interior minister controls the police. Army finity between Moscow and Managua was device called "reprogramming," has already commander Humberto Ortega and the pop• also underscored by an agreement between diverted $15 inilllon of foreign aid funds to ular former guerrila· commander Henry the Soviet Communist party and the San­ the Sandinistas-it managed this while Con­ Ruiz who has taken over the important Eco­ dinista National Liberation Front, even gress was in recess-and is right now trying nomic Planning Ministry. though the FSLN ls not organized as a to channel another $380,000 to "them in mill· In Moscow, the Sandinista front signed a party. Past Soviet party agreements, more­ tary items. ."cooperation program'' with· the Soviet over, have been signed with ruling parties in Communist Party. regimes tagged by Moscow as countries of . (Washington Post, Apr. .13, 19801 The communist governments rolled out "Socialist orientation," a phrase Moscow TOUR BY NICABAGUANS STRENGTHENS TIEs t.he red carpet for the Nicarag1lans. Accord- has not yet formally pinned on Nicaragua. . ing to reports by a correspondent for the But the Soviet . party-Sandinista agree­ WITH-SOVIET BLOC Sandinista newspaper Barricada who went ment, says Soviet analyst Morris Rothen­ (By Terri Shawl along, the Nicaraguans were cheered by berg in Soviet World Outlook, a publication MANAGUA, NICARAGUA, April 12.-A high- thousands of flag-waving Soviet citizens in of Foy Kohler's respected Advanced Inter­ level Nicaraglian delegation has returned Leningrad. They attended the Bolshoi national Studies Institute, "suggests Soviet from a lengthy tour of Eastern Europe with Ballet in Moscow and watched a demonstra- - confidence" that the FSLN will become a a substantial aid package and a.greements tO tion by East German tanks. -ney also vis· party and, "under Soviet guidance, will take strengthen ties with the Soviet Bloc. ited Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia. Army on the characteristics of a Soviet-style orga- The tour by Moises Hassan of the ruling chief Ortega went on to Algeria and Libya. nization." · · five-member Junta and three key leaders of In each country, the Nicaraguans signed The Nicaraguan Moscow tour also the controlling Sandinista National Liber- agreements on trade, economic and techni­ brought a number of economic benefits, in· ation Front. illustrates the government's de- cal aid and cultural exchange. The Soviet eluding Soviet technical cooperation, aid in cision to "diversify" its international rel&· Union has promised to aid the Nicaraguan developing Nicaraguan mining, light and tions after decades of close U.S. ties fostered fishing industry and ezechoslovi.k.ia is com­ food industries, power engineering and· by dictator Anastasio ·Somoza, who was mitted to help build a textile factory. transport and communications. The Soviets ousted last July. It should result in a sub- Nicaraguan lenders, angered by delays also plan to send experts to Nicaragua, stantial increase in the Soviet presence in and debate in Washington over U.S. ala, which, in turn, will send personnel to the volatile Central America. stress that aid from both Eastern and West- USSR to be trained. on the tour of almost a month, the Nica- em Europe is "absolutely without condi­ Rothenberg also makes this ominous ob~ raguan delegation signed Joint communi- tions." A Soviet ambassador is to arrive here servation: "The presence of Nicaraguan De­ ques with the Soviet Union and East . next week and the Soviet airline Aeroflot fense Minister Umberto Ortega on the dele­ Germany that followed the Soviet line on Will begin flights to Managua next month. gation and a prominent place by Soviet De­ almost all international issues, including At· The only other Soviet embassy on the fense Minister and Politburo member Us­ ghanistan. Central American Isthmus is in Costa Rica. tinov at ceremonies incident to the visit sug­ The communique with Moscow con- The Soviets also have an embassy in Mexico gest that the question of mllita.ry aid was demned "the campaign by imperialist and and are a major presence in Cuba, a close explored.... In East Germany, Ortega was reactionary forces to increase international ally of Nicaragua's new government. received separately by his East German tension around the events in Afgha..""listan." Since the takeover last year, members of counterpart." The campaign, it said, aims to "stifle the in· the Junta and the Sandinista. national direc· The Nicaraguan visit to Moscow follows alienable right of the people of ••. Al· torate have visited the United States on what Rothenberg describes as a "decided ghanistan . • . to follow the ro8.d of progres- four occasions. Twelve months after taking upsurge" in Soviet attention to the signifi­ sive change." office, three Junta members met with Presi· cance of revolutionary activities in Latin While the Soviets and Nicaraguans agreed dent Carter at the White House. Interior America. The Soviet Journal dealing with on a whole litany of issues, most of the posi- Minister Borge has l)een invited to visit the Latin American affairs, Latinskaia Amerika, tions-such as on Middle East issues-coin- United States later this month. devoted little attention to the Nicaraguan cide with thO.se of the nonaligned move- Even as Nicaragua moves close to the revolution before this year, but the first ment. Nicaragua's new government identi· Communist Bloc on the world stage, one of· 8476 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 21, 1980 the country's three small communist parties CommfssiQn of the European Commu- enough to admit the racial and ethnic dlf. has run Into serious trouble. Fifty-five lead­ nities, and who has served so ably in ferences of Its constituent parts. ers of the Communist Party of Nicaragua Washington over the last several It may not yet be admlaslble to Joke about were arrested when their union federation an ethnic group, but It ls more than permls- staged a .series of strikes last month. Many years. slble for an lndlvldual to readopt some of a are still In Jail The union f ederatlo~·s office This speech is concise· and clear in culture that was supposed to have been left was attacked by members of the Sandlnlsta ·tts · explana~ion of what - Western behind In the Old World. The lmmlgrant labor federation and the government has ac­ Europe shares with the United States father strlklng his bhlldren because they cused the party of collaborating with the and what it does not share and how lapse Jnto the language of his native coun­ CIA to undermine the economy. that shapes reactions to international try has been replaced three generations The party ·has been ·expelled from the events and sometimes creates very dif. later by Americans who see no conflict or SandlniSta-sponsored political alliance and a ferent positions. His comments regard-. danger In having two Identities and who will coalition of labor f ederatlons.e Europe's new institutional diversi· proudly proclaim· themselves as Polish­ Ing American, Japanese-American or Mexican­ ty and his recommendation of a American. INTERNATIONAL CROSS comnion foreign policy are most inter- The European begins to appreciate that COUNTRY CHAMPIONSHIP estlng. there are rich and different seams running Ambassador Spaak emphasizes that, through what he had supposed to be a HON. ROBERT E. BADHAM while the Western European response single culture carved' from one common or CALIFORNIA to various international crises such as ~~ethe same time, the European becomes IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Iran and Afghanistan may differ from ever more aware of the regional diversities the U.S. response because the West within the U.S. These are not merely differ- Monday, Ap~ 21, 1980 Europeans have their own geopolitical ences In topography and climate. the obvl- • Mr. BADHAM. Mr. Speaker, I would and economic realities, West Europe- ous contrast between the wintry.. forests of like to bring to my colleagues, atten- ans always feel a basic solidarity with the Northeast and the sunburnt deserts of tion the third place finisli of the U.s. the United States. I feel that if w~ can the Southwest. High School Girls Cross Country view this diversity as a strength and They are very real differences that stem Team in the International Cross Coun- act accordingly we defeat efforts to ex- from deeply lngralned Interests: the most lott these differences as a sign of _ obvious example being the tensions that try Championship. P · in th alli d exist between the energy haves and the The event was held in La Grande . we akness e ance an we pro- energy have-nots. Motte, France, (>n March 9, 1980. tect our traditional affinities to West- It ls at this point that Europeans should There were 24 countries represented em Europe. begin to become aware of the difficulties with 140 athletes taking part in the Ambassador Spaak's speech follows: .the United States has In reaching decisions. 2,800 meter race across soft sand, dirt, SPDCB BY AllBAssADOR SPA.AK Not only ls there a diversity of regional ln- and paved surface. terests. but there ls the proliferation of spe- The U.S. team was oomprised of four The relationship between the United clal Interests, that play an ever-Increasing States and Europe ls iiever easy and can role In the decision making process. young ladies who attend Edison High never be taken for granted. It does not re-· All of these Interests, be they farmers, School in Huntington Beach, Calif. quire great powers of perception to realize consumel'B, oil companies, steel· companies. The American participants· were Kiki that at the moment It ls not proceeding par- doctors. pro-nuclear. anti-nuclear, envlron­ Lantry, who placed 9th; Leslie Pratt tlcularly smoothly. mentalists or whatever. are well organized placed 14th; Andrea Kirkom placed The sounds of creaking If not splintering and above all politically organized. 19th and Tracy Melvin placed 36th. can distinctly be heard. They have taken up well-entrenched posl- 1 commend these young ladies for . My personal conviction ls that the rela- tions on the chessboard of national and their sportsmanship and .success and tionshlp will survive Intact but we have to local politics, In many ways appearing to ask ourselves why we are hearing those have taken over from the established politl- wish them the very best in future en- sounds at all. cal parties. They are very often also a factor deavors.e The symptoms of a deterioration In our In International relations. relationship are well known; our respective. So too are the numerous Independent and responses, apparently so different, to the executive agencies whose nameplates seem UNITED STATES-WESTERN crises In Iran and Afghanistan. The causes, to adorn every comer of the maze that ls EUROPEAN RELATIONS political Washington. h owever, run deeper. They stem first f rom It ls both right and understandable that misconceptions that each has about the domestic Interests and agencies should be HON. LEE H. HAMILTON other, second, from the way In which the fn11WT Involved In evel"V decision of the U.S. United States reaches Its decliJions and, ~ • J OPINDIA1'A third, from the way In which EUrope often government. But In their multiplicity and IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES falls to ·reach coherent and comprehensive diversity there lie Inevitable sources of In· Monday, April 21, 1980 decisions. compounded with all of those tac- ternal conflict, and added degree of pain in tors ls the fault on both sldp- of the Atlan- the declslon-maklng · process and endless e Mr. HAMILTON. Mr. Speaker, as tic of deflnlng the word "security" too nar- posslbWtles for lack of communication. All the United States pursues sanctions rowiy. of which ' makes true consultation with aPin.St Iran for its detention of First, the misconceptions that Europeans America's allies more difficult. American hostages and against the persist In having about the United States. None of this makes life particularly e&Sy Soviet Union for its military interven­ Europeans arriving In the U.S. come with for those Europeans In Washington whose tion in Afghanistan, questions abound one common prejudice: that what they will tasks It ls to explaln·.to their capitals that a · concerning the adequacy of support find here will be bland, unlform and with- decision of the President ls not necessarily a out variety; and therefore easy to compre- declslon of the United States. It can be hard from our Western European allies. bend and deal with. for our politicians and civil servants to un- I know my colleagues in Congress .... ovies and te. levislon have accustomed derstand how It ls that the gap.between ex­ are searching for answers which will a1. ecutlve and legislature yawn& ever wider explain why we are not getting more them to expect a homogeneous culture when In our own countriea the two are often based on hamburgers, Coca-Cola, oversized Inseparable. It ls harder still for them to un­ support from our allies. The relation­ automobiles and, more recently, jogging. derstand that the Cl\lef Executive does not ship of our country to our allies in On the surface. that prejudice may be have a political party whose support he can Western Europe is now under close confirm~ by lnltlal experience, but what count on In CJLJTYing out a decision. scrutiny, but few ob;servers penetrate dispels lt ls the realization that at a deeper This ls not a comment on the personalities the debate to analyY.e the reasons for level this ls, In fact, a country of enormous Involved. It ls an observation on a system, or European positions and assess the real diversity. Once Europeans have .made that...- at least on how It has evolved. strength of our alliance with the coun­ discovery, it ls something they never quite The checks and balances of a system de- tries of Western Europe. recover from. . vised in the 18th century were built-In to I would like to recommend to the at­ There ls the diversity In the origins of deal with the problem of the supposedly every American. One quickly learns that divine power of monarchs. With the demise tention of my colleagues a speech ethnic origin can be nearly as Important to of national political parties, the upsurge of given here in. Washington, D.C., on Individuals. and particularly groups of lndl- special Interest groups, the role of speclal­ April 16, 1980, . to the Mid-Atlantic vlduals. as being American Itself. E pluribus ·lzed agencies and the total decoupling of ex­ Club by Ambassador Fernand Spaak, unum has been realized. The nation-build- ecutlve and legislature, we are left asking who is head of the delegation of the Ing ls over and the nation f~ls confident whether these checks and balances have not April 21, 1980 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 8477 in fact led to a partial paralysis of the tem- . in the alliance have the monopoly · of of Henry Kissinger's cri du coeur: "To poral power of the presidency. wisdom in answering that question? whom do you pick up the phonehwhen you The consequences for Europeans that In our relations with one another we want to speak.to Europe?" flow from this way of dotrig things are two- should be able to tolerate differences of That we have so far failed to fully bite the fold. Contrary to the myths of recent years, opinion Just as we tolerate them within the foreign policy bullet will come as no sur­ Washington does not happen behind closed democratic system of any one of our coun- prise to those who are famfilar with the de­ doors; Europe, on the other hand, does. In tries. That is the essence of a real partner- velopment of the European Community. the U.S. system the deals and compromises ship. Anything else is bound to be one-sided Our political institutions are dramatically, are struck in the open. The whole process is and eventually rendered meaningless. chaotically young. They do not necessarily conducted in public. While this may appear On each side, we may have to agree to dis- produce decisions 88 they are needed and to be healthy and indeed democratic, it can agree at times. either on our analysis of an the decisions they do produce tend to be result in leadership that is s<>metjmes ham- . event or our reSl)Onses to it; so long as in so more rigid than necessary. · strung and whose. positions are inflexible. doing we are all still faithful to our common we are talking about nine countries, a Once the domestic deal has been put togeth- interests and values. Commission, a Council of MtnJsters, In er there may be little room left for manoeu- What each does may differ but its symbol- recent years a European Council and now vre in any negotiation that follows with for- le significance must remain the same. too, a legitimate and directly-elected Parlla­ eigners. That is the first consequence. There is a clear message in the Communi- ment. Each is trying to define its role, with The second flows from the fact that there ty•s recent decision to further strengthen its each anxious not to lose any degree of its in­ is nothing final about many decisions taken contractual economic links with Turkey, fluence. in the United States. Even when the public Yugoslavia and Ruman.la. There Is also a There can be a temptation for our foreign bargaining between Congress. White House, cost to us In economic and financial terms. partners to exploit this Institutional -diversl­ and special interests is apparently over. the This Is not the kind of action that Is ac- ty. It increases, if that ls possible, the com­ declsion ls still .contested. There are always companied by war-whoops and the roll of plexity of our -relationships 88 the commu­ the courts, the press and public opinion to drums but it is also not without its political nity slowly comes of age. whom further appeal can be made. .. and strategic significance. w h h eed that It Is at this point that the executive often There ~- not.... i,.. .. n ...... ~ 1 - wrong wi·th e ave, owever, agr some ex- ., u.u&e ~U.J temal economic relations should become an turns to the friends and allies overseas and the fact that Europe and the United States · 0 f c unit nsibfilt b t expects to find from them the support it differ In their perception of an internation- areahave onlyomm done soY because respo we maintainy, u we a cannot muster at home. · al event or their responses to it. It would be fiction that there ls a neat line that divides When that support is not automatically neither a healthy nor even a credible part-· the economic aspects of fotelgn policy from f orthcomtng, there is a sense of betrayal, of nership if we always marched in lock-step. the political. a lack of solidarity. This is made all the The important thing is that we both under- more acute by the_use that is then made do- stand the differences of one another's ap. Different people fn different groups mestically and politically of the fact · that proaches and accept that they may be but handle our international relations either fn the President has not been able to win minor differences. political cooperation or through the Com- munity. according to whether the subjects round America's friends and allies to his po- U on either side, we choose to systemati- in question are covered by the ·Treaties or sition. cally treat any variation in our views or atti- As we find ourselves ineluctably drawn tudes as major differences, we shall be not. This distinction Is weakening the de­ into the American. political process, what giving others the opportunity to drive a f ense of our interests and the strength of are in fact minor differences of opinion wedge between us. o~li~~ in Washington have enabled begin to take on the proportions of. major At the same time, it is also important that me to see how artificial a distinction it Is· disagreements. we do not allow the issue of East-West tela- · Suddenly, it appears that Europe can no tions to dominate our thinking to the exclu- and how much more difficult it makes our · longer be counted on in a crisis. But the sion of a number of other issues; issues that relationship with our partners. belief that Europe will ·always react exactly may not appear to be as immediate or even In a Sense, we are at a very similar stage as America does, is a . misplaced one and a.s politically exciting, but which may both to that we were in the late 1940's. At that stems from a lack of understanding in this · be harder to resolve and which present no time, we made the dlScovery, and acted country of what we do share and what we less of a threat to our overall security and upon it, that each or us separately in do not share with America. well-being. Europe would count for nothing eco.nomi- We do not share the same geography. There ls the delicate matter of maintain· cal1y if we remained separate and did not Our neighbours are not Canada and Ing an open competitive trading system in a pool our resources. ' Mexico, they are the Soviet block. the period of high inflation, rising unemploy- We do now have a certain economic Middle East, and Africa. ment and low growth. There is the question strength as a Community. We can no longer We do not share the same history. Our co- of the proper relationship between the in· shun the political responsibfilties that lonial past is more recent as are our civil dustrialized world and the developing world. spring from it. Nor, in our own interest. wars. There is our continued collective depen- should we fail to use the opportunities it We do not share th.e same international dence on imported oil. giv~ us. - economic relations. Our economy is far , These are as much security issues in Political cooperation between our coun- more dependent on external trade than is today's world as those we traditionally class tries has been a great step forward. But it is that of the United States, both in terms of as political mWtary Issues. One wonders in dated. Since 1973, the Community and its our needs for supplies and for markets. these areas who makes the greater contribu- member states have been thrown onto the · What we do share with the United States tion to overall security. Is it Europe, ls it the world stage. Our institutions were not ready is the same basic set of beliefs and values; United States? · and our policies had hardly been defined. · more so than with any other country. We Po!iUcal mfiltary and politiCal economic For Europe to carry political weight in the also depend on one another for our future issues both touch on our seclirity; they not world, to be able to be master of its own des­ prosperity and survival. Those are the only overlap but they are also intertwined. tiny, intergovernmental cooperation Is now things that bind us together and make us Once that fact is realized, there is a logi- not enough. It was not enough to create eco- · partners, whether we like it or not-and I do cal conclusion that we in Europe cannot nomic unity. It will not be enough if we are. like it. - escape. That is, that we have to develop a to assume our responsibillties and play the But being partners does not only mean common foreign p(>licy. role in world affairs that should be ours. shouldering common burdens and responsi- I believe that the license of expressing The problem was clearly identified by Leo billtles. For the partnership to work we also one-self personally is something permitted Tindemans in his 1976 report on European have to make an effort to understand the departing diplomats and I should perhaps Union, when he suggested a new step to­ ways in which we each differ and the con- emphasize that my observations on this wards a common foreign policy. To make straints under which each operates. question constitute a personal view rather European identity credible 'to the outside Too often we are made to feel in Europe than official commlsslon policy. world, he proposed in his own words, that Americans do not always understand It is therefore my own view that if we "changing the political commitment of the that pur interests are not always identical, were to develop a common foreign policy, member states which ls the basis of political that we cannot always respond to the same many of the frictions in our relationship cooperation into a legal obligation". · challenge in the same manner. with the United States would be consider- My own feeling is that the time has come This does not mean that we do not feel ably reduced. How often have I heard or to recognize that a valid and lasting foreign solidarity with the United States, it simply read in this country how much more policy for Europe requires us to use to the means that we may have our own way. of smoothly the relationship between us oper- full the economic importance that we have doing things. ates when, as in the field of trade, the· as a Community. We can no longer afford to We may also have our own way of looking United States is dealing with a Community pretent that our political strength Is unaf• at things. There is always more than one in- that is speaking with one voice on the basis fected by our economic strength. Our meth­ terpretation of an international event. We of a conµnitment that has.-been arrived at ods and goals in each area are part and all know that the RU$81ans are in Kabul. through the institutional process of the parcel of one foreign policy for the Commu­ but do we know why? Does any one partner Community. And how often is one reminded nity. . 8478 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 21, 1980 This would not Involve a loss of lndepend· Chairman Randolph Harding; Vice need for change. Old ways die hard, it ence; In fact, globally, it would mean quite Chairman Richard Hirsch; Secretary is true, but the consumer is tired of the reverse. It would meet rather than con­ Courtney , Alvey; Treasurer Clyde waiting. firm the fear of those who point to an au­ tarchic economic community. We would In Humbert. The speech follows: fact no longer be open to the charge that we Now nearlY 100,000 members strong, LooKING BACKWARD AT THE 1980's were exercising economic power without po. ASME is dedicated to the advance- litical responsibillty. ment of the art and science of me- · in B vidin Prophecy has been defined as "credibility It would also do much to improve the cli· c hanical engmeer g. Y pro g packaged for future delivery." Obviously, mate of relations between the United States continuous training to professional · one is better off postponing the due date as and Europe as a source of confusion was re­ mechanical engineers, by disseminat- long as possible, and it is usually safer to moved There would, however, still remain the lng fnformation about new technol- predict the next hundred years than the fundaniental problem of understanding one ogles and processes, ASME's efforts next ten. But if Bill Miller, John Heimann better the lives of all citizens, as and Paul Volcker are brave enough to come another, of appreciating and ~pttng one another's differences. breakthroughs in engineering are in- here and predict what the government and Although we may each have differences of corporated into the · workings of the Federal Reserve are going to be doing perception, it is fair to say that our respec­ American industry. during the 1980s, I guess I can summon the ASME also serves as a fulcrum of ex- courage to do a little prognosticating on tive governments do understand one an· behalf of holding companies. other pretty well change between scholars, students, Prophesying is a growth Industry tn Amer­ But we have to go further and deepen that understanding beyond the official and professional engineers, government, tea. Futuroltlgy has become a profession, diplomatic level Our peoples themselves and industry. Its 31 technical divisions and committees and institutes devoted to have to know one another better and to include air pollution control; bioengl- studying the future are springing up all accept the differences between us as they neering; computer technology; ocean over. Even Congress has-one. At the same exist. This can only happen with a constant engineering; raj} transport; and solar time, the stur Y of history is rapidly disap­ Interchange of people and ideas. · energy. The Society's 12 quarterly peartng fro the school curriculum, and One of the successes of the European idea Journals report on a broad spectrum of history teachers are out looking for a new has been the personal contacts that have llne of work. developed across our frontiers between stu­ engineering experience and research. Maybe I can combine my old-fashioned dents, professionals, businessmen, civil serv­ ASME is concerned with the devel- views about history wtth the current fad of ants and politicians who have all learned, opment of the engineering student of futurology by emulating the example of the to live together and to work together. Th&t today itlto the practicing engineer of writer Edward Bellamy ninety-some years is the real fabric of the solidarity that exists tomorrow. Nearly a fifth of ASME's ago, In his best-seller,. "Looking Backward". between our nine countries; not the bureau­ members are students. He· approached • problem llke. this by pro- cratic institutions that manage the techni· Mr. Speaker, I invite you and my dis- Jecttng his imagination forward in time to cal details of the Community. tlnguishe~ colleagues to Join me In the year 2000 and writing a "history" of ev- The most strf.king example of this context erything that had happened since 1887. at the personal level is the enormous paying tribute to the tradition-and Let me read one possible entry from The number of exchanges that now take place future-of the American Society of New Twenty-first Century Encyclopedia- between our young people, In particular Mechanical Englneers.e the one on commercial : tho8e of France and Germany. This is an · Banking In the United States functioned area where In relations between the United as a separate Industry from 1781, when the States and Europe there cannot be too THE F'O'l'ORE OF BANKING first commercial bank was founded In Phila­ many programs, too many institutions or delphia, until the late 1980s, when its func­ too many dollars spent. HON. JOHN J. LaF ALCE tions were absorbed by various other forms Europeans now come to the United States of financial Intermediaries. Its final demise, more easily and cheaply than they ever OP llke that of certain fossil species of animals, used to. The great worry is that fewer and IN TllE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES may be attributed to a contlnous process of fewer·Americans will be able to visit Europe. Monday, Aprtl 2!, 1980 specialization, until finally it was no longer This is one of the worst consequences of the able· to adapt to rapid changes In its envi· depreciation of the value of the dollar. • Mr. LAFALCE. Mr. Speaker, if one ronment. ·· We had grown used to those young Ameri­ were to predict what the business of The specialization of depository institu­ cans apparently loafing about and wasting banking or other financial institutions tions, although ultimately mandated by law, .their time In Paris, Madrid or London. In would be in 10, or even 20 years from originated In the financial marketplace. The fact, they were leari>.ing to understand the now, one would also have to predict first mutual savings banks came Into exist· re8.llty of Europe today. · ence because commercial banks chose to It Js the friendships and understanding the needs·and desires of the consumer deal only with commercial and· government that are built between ordinary men and which will dictate the development of clients. The first savings and loan &Moci­ women that will ultimately decide the banking. ations came Into existence because both the nature of relations between nations and The depositozy institutions deregu­ comniercial banks and the savings banks re­ continents. That has been so for the con­ lation bill recently signed into tlaw by fused to make mortgage loans. The first struction of Europe where we have taken 88 the President, heralds a. new, deregu­ credit unions appeared because both the our watchword the thought expressed by lated age in banking. How will the ff. savings banks and the S&Ls were prohibfted Jean Monnet: "We are not forming an alll· nancial institutions adapt to this new from making consumer lo~. and the com­ ance of states, we are uniting peoples". age? Will they become increasingly mercial banks of the time were not Interest­ It is Just as· true for the partnership be­ ed. The first credit card was issued by tween the peoples ·of Europe and those of specialized or will they meld into one others because banks refused to enter the the United States.e homogenous unlt-a family financial market early. With the p&Mage of time, center to meet every need? these self-limiting responses to the market­ It is difficult to predict the future place became frozen Into law, so that the ASME TO CELEBRATE ITS FIRST with great accuracy for our outlook is commercial banks entered the 198Qs com­ CENTENARY so often limited by our present experi­ peting with 28,000 other specialized deposi­ ence-we cannot predict that of which tory institutions. we have no knowledge. Who could Curiously, the commercial banks expend­ HON. CLARENCE D. LONG ed all their efforts on preventing other com­ OPKARYLAND have predicted, for example, the age mercial banks from having an opportunity. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of electronic banking, which is now to compete, and their customers simply upon us, back in the early 1900's? gravitated to other Intermediaries who were Monday, April 21, 1980 Today I would like to insert into the more Interested In obtaining their business. e Mr. LONG of Maryland. Mr. Speak­ RECORD one set of predictions for the Very few bank holding companies proved er, the American Society of Mechani­ future of banking made in a speech by flexible enough to adapt to the unprec­ cal Engineers CASME> is this year cele­ Walter Wriston, chairman of Citicorp, edented social change that followed the brating its first centenary. I would like before the Reserve city bankers, titled combining of the electronic computer with telecommunications on a worldwide scale. to offer special congratulations to the "Looking Backward at the 1980's". Mr. The advent of electronic funds transfer and membership of the Baltimore section Wriston very aptly describes what the storage bad 88 profound an effect on banks . and the officers: past Chairmen Wil­ future of banking could be like if the as did the substitution of paper money for liam Arnold, Jr., and Harold Brooks; financial institutions do not accept the bulllon, but this phenomenon was not gen- April 21, 1980 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 8479 erally understood at the time. By the mid· one of ·us should someday have to write in paigners ritually looked forward to the time 1990s, commercial banking functions had all our memoirs, as Churchill did about his fail· when the ·western farmer, and the small­ been replicated by such institutions as de­ ure to appreciate that Singapore was vul· town businessman and the small investor, partment-store chains, satellite communica­ nerable because its guns all pointed the might have the same access to money and tions companies, and cable TV stations. wrong way: "I do not write this in any way credit as did a Hamilton or a Biddle, or a That's the end of the article. It's not a to excuse myself. I ought to have known, Morgan. That time is now here. The techno· very happy entry, but it's easy to guess how my advisers ought to have known and I logical conditions for fulfilling those prom­ it might have happened. All we have to do is ought to have been told, and I ought to ises now exist. If bankers do not do it, look at what banks are supposed to be doing have asked." others will. If history proves anything, it's righ$ now-in 1980-and then review what As bankers, we will not have even that that the market will not take "no" for an everybody else is doing. excuse, because we have been told. Fifty answer. Banks take demand deposits, and pay cus­ years ago, in February 1930, the first issue Let me describe the bank of the future: tomers' checks drawn against them. So do of Fortune magazine carried an article on It will take your funds for deposit and pay credit unions, ·savings , banks, savings and banking containing these words, .. which you close to money market interest on loans, the American Telephone and Tele· might almost have been written yesterday: them, up to the minute you take them out, •graph Company, stockbroker cash manage­ • • • banking has become extremely com~ by check or otherwise. ment accounts, and money market mutual plex and has long since exceeded the old It will give you medium- or short-term funds. boundaries of regular banking. The General loans, or a mortgage on your home. Banks take time deposits and savings de­ Motors Acceptance Corp., which finances It will invest your surplus funds in any­ posits, and pay interest on. them. So do your purchase of Ca