Angels in South Africa: Exploring Modern Progressive and Queer Realities in South Africa Through Theatre
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ANGELS IN SOUTH AFRICA: EXPLORING MODERN PROGRESSIVE AND QUEER REALITIES IN SOUTH AFRICA THROUGH THEATRE by Vasti Vermeulen Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MA (Drama and Film Studies) in the Department of Drama Faculty of Humanities UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA Greg Homann (main supervisor) Marie-Heleen Coetzee (co-supervisor) September 2018 Summary Angels in South Africa: Exploring Modern Progressive and Queer Realities in South Africa through Theatre by Vasti Vermeulen Angels in South Africa: Exploring Modern Progressive and Queer Realities in South Africa through Theatre is a thesis based on the development of the South African experimental play, Angels in South Africa. The play is a reimagination of Tony Kushner’s Angels in America: Millennium Approaches and Angels in America: Perestroika in a South African setting. The play explores the marginalised narratives of a postcolonial South African landscape and focusses on issues of sexuality, race, gender, physical illness (with specific reference to HIV and AIDS), and mental illness. The objective of the play is to redeem narratives that adhere to these themes – and by redemption, it is meant that one voices these narratives in order to understand their value in present realities. The landscape is described as postcolonial – a state in which colonial histories still affect present realities on the landscape – post-apartheid and post-reconciliation dystopia. In Angels in South Africa (Vermeulen, 2016), I created a fictional, futuristic post-apocalyptic South African landscape that can best be described as a landfill. The play adheres to Landscape Theatre and Magic Realism. Landscape Theatre is a paradigm in which a play is mapped out as a landscape or, in the case of the research, as a landscape consisting of multiple landscapes. I used Magic Realism in order to create a space in which the boundaries between fiction and non-fiction can be blurred. The play is described as a constellation of images – ideas, thoughts, visual images, writings and events – making meaning in relation to one another. Even the actors are described as thought images – I refer to them as “Performing Denkbilder” and I refer to the constellation through which the play is created as the “Progress-Queer Constellation”. The theory used consists mainly of notions around Historical Materialism as described in Benjamin’s (1926) Theses on History, and Queer Theory as described in Halberstam’s (2011) The Queer Art of Failure. To be a Historical Materialist is to view present events as being connected to past events. The past is defined as an image to be retrieved from the ruins of time, in order to create a better lens of the present. To retrieve this image is to go against notions of linear progression, which is described in the research as Capitalistic Progression. Halberstam (2011:89) defines the notion of being queer as to have, either through circumstance or by design, failed normative capitalistic notions on creating one’s lifestyle. The research marries the notion of being queer with that of being a Historical Materialist. The research also argues that it is necessary to deviate from capitalistic, linear progressive means of structuring one’s lifestyle in order to voice the landscape’s marginalised histories. The notion is to create an environment in which newer realities can be created, instead of repeating past oppression. DECLARATION Student number: 11014459 I declare that Angels In South Africa: Exploring Modern Progressive and Queer Realities in South Africa through Theatre is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. Vasti Vermeulen 30 September 2018 Acknowledgement I would like to include a few individuals in my thanks, for their support and guidance in the completion of this research. Greg Homann, for giving shape and understanding to my work. Prof. Marie-Heleen Coetzee, for your brilliance. Dr M Taub, for patience, understanding, and the extra effort. Wilf Carter Mahne and Tebogo Charles Mafubelu, for taking on extra duties in the making of the performances. Karin Stals and PC Vermeulen, for financial and moral support. Mareo Roelofse, for insight and creative input. The cast of Angels in South Africa (Vermeulen, 2016). The Drama Department at the University of Pretoria, for opportunities to expand on my research. Thank you Table of Contents List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... 8 List of Diagrams ................................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 9 1.1. Introducing Mental Illness as a Marginalised Narrative ......................................... 14 1.2. Dissertation Statement .......................................................................................... 16 1.3. Kushner’s Texts (1991, 1993)................................................................................ 17 1.3.1. Summary of Kushner’s Texts (1991, 1993) ..................................................... 17 1.3.2. The Angel........................................................................................................ 19 1.4. The Research Question ......................................................................................... 21 1.5. A Landscape of Fragments.................................................................................... 23 Chapter 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................... 24 2.1. Postcolonialism ........................................................................................................ 24 2.2. Henriette Gunkel: A Study of Different Bodies ......................................................... 28 2.3. Walter Benjamin: Progress and Historical Materialism ............................................. 30 2.4. Sigfrid Weigel: Denkbilder ........................................................................................ 31 2.5. Queerness ............................................................................................................... 32 2.6. David Savran and Ranen Omer-Sherman: Ambivalence, Identity and Marginalisation in Kushner’s (1991, 1993) Texts ..................................................................................... 34 2.7. Rhizomatic Identity ................................................................................................... 36 2.8. Magic Realism.......................................................................................................... 37 2.9. Landscape Theatre .................................................................................................. 39 2.10. The Actor’s Body as Denkbild ................................................................................ 41 2.11. Understanding Kushner’s (1991, 1993) Texts: James Fisher ................................ 42 2.12. Diagram of Theory Involved ................................................................................... 44 2.13. Moving Forward ..................................................................................................... 45 Chapter 3: The New Work ................................................................................................ 46 3.1. History of the Work ................................................................................................... 46 3.1.1. The Two Narrators ............................................................................................. 47 3.1.2. Magic Realism ................................................................................................... 50 3.1.3. The Three Methodologies .................................................................................. 51 3.1.4. “Performed Denkbilder” ..................................................................................... 53 3.1.5. The “Reproductive-Reflexive-Redemptive” Triad ............................................... 54 3.2. Concluding Phase 1 ................................................................................................. 58 Chapter 4: The Pretext ..................................................................................................... 60 4.1. Guiding Process ....................................................................................................... 60 4.1.1. Monuments as Memorials: An Archive of Memories, Remembered .................. 61 4.1.2. A New Work....................................................................................................... 62 4.2. Character and Narrative Construction ...................................................................... 63 4.2.1. Dynamic Remaking of a Landscape .................................................................. 63 4.2.2. Reimagining Identity .......................................................................................... 64 4.2.3. Harper and Patience .......................................................................................... 65 4.2.4. The Angels ........................................................................................................ 75 4.2.5. Writers ..............................................................................................................