Page Numbers in Italic Refer to Illustrations. Acraman, 267, 268

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Index

Page numbers in italic refer to Australia, xi, 1–15, 3, 8, 13, 209, C illustrations. 145–8, 147, 212, 213, 305–6 Cairns, xi, 10, 224–5, 228, 241, age, 4 242, 242, 250 area, 212 calcite, 35, 37, 165, 174 A climate, 12, 14, 306 calcrete, 51 Acraman, 267, 268 drainage and relief, 14–15, 13, caldera, 42, 113, 234, 235, 236 aeolian deposits, 52, 56, 98, 227 14, 148–50 Callide, 129 alabaster, 37 azurite, 37 Cambrian, 60, 66, 79, 90–5, 94, Albany, xi, 154, 225 109, 185, 304 Alice Springs, xi, 10, 76, 79, 100, B Canberra, xi, 96, 101, 198 301, 308 banded iron formations Canowindra, xi, 100 alluvial fan, 78, 118–19, 119 (BIFs), 73–5, 74, 75, 86 canyons (offshore), 13, 212 ammonite, 141, 142, 173 and volcanism, 74–5, 75 Cape Byron, xi, 229 amphibians, see fossils Barkly Tableland, xi, 54, 91 Cape Flattery, xi, 229 amphibole, 36, 36 basalt, 30, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 54, Cape Hillsborough, xi, 190, 191, amygdule, 43 74, 75, 91, 114, 134, 137, 151– 195 Anakie, 195, 199 2, 154, 190–205, 205, 263, 306 Cape Keerweer, xi, 2 andesite, 39, 41, 96, 148 Bass Strait, xi, 76, 146 Cape Naturaliste, xi, 226 angiosperm, 139, 153, 177, 188 Batemans Bay, 107, 134, 230 Cape Tribulation, 242 Antarctica, 8,91, 125, 137, 146, batholith, 44 Cape York, xi, 106, 115, 228, 159, 213, 278, 282, 291–2, 302 Bathurst, xi, 114, 134 253 apatite, 28, 35 Beachport, 10 Carboniferous, vii, 60, 105–22, aplite, 44 bedding, 44, 45, 78, 128 177 Arc, Baldwin, viii, 100 cross-, 128, 128 cassiterite, 35 Arc, Calliope, viii, 99 graded, 57–8, 96 caves, 53–5, 165–6, 168, 180, Arc, Connors, viii, 100 Bega, 101, 198, 203 184, 186 Arc, East Australian, viii, 144, 148 Benioff zone, 31 age, 54 Arc, Eungella, viii, 113 BIFs, see banded iron formations deposits, 53–4 Arc, Molong, viii, 96 biotite, 36, 35, 48 formation, 53, 165 Arc, Stavely, viii, 95 bismuthinite, 36 cement, 45 Archaean, 60, 66, 67–72, 68, 73, Blue Mountains, 124, 134, 135 Cenozoic, 60 84–6, 226, 269, 301, 307 Bourke, 125, 125 cerussite, 37 archaeocyathids, 84, 91, 92, 171 Bowen Basin, 116, 120, 126, 134, channel, 55, 55, 119 Arnhem Land, xi, 72, 91, 95, 151, 142, 308 chenier, 228, 228 151 breccia, 33, 34 chert, 46, 65 asteroid, 258, 275 Broken Hill, 32, 68, 73, 76, 95 Chillagoe, xi, 54, 99 asthenosphere, 23, 23, 3 Brunhes–Matuyama reversal, 26, chlorite, 36, Atherton Tableland, xi, 113,114, 26–7 chron, 26, 27 190, 191–3, 192, 242, 292 Bunbury, 137, 161 cinnabar, 36 atmosphere, 22, 24, 40, 64, 75, Bungle Bungle Range, xi, 100 clay, 36, 36, 44, 45 82, 274, 283–5, 283 Burdekin River, xi, 15, 55, 99, cleavage, mineral, 33 219, 203, 221, 222, 252 cleavage, rock, 47, 47

341

Clermont (Qld), xi, 99, 191, 194 growth, 245, 248, 251 Devonian, 60, 98–100, 177, 179, climate, Australian, 12, 12 shelf, 242, 244–6, 244 304 causes, 160–1 , 279–86 Coral Sea, xi, 138, 146, 147, 190, diamond, 35, 137, 199 change, 125, 157–1, 165, 204, 248, 253, 305 diatom and diatomite, 58, 169, 186–7, 213–15, 248, 277–98, core, Earth’s, 21–2, 23, 24, 310 196 280, 306, 309–10, 311, 312 corestone, 50 diatreme, 42, 132, 193 Cloncurry, xi, 12 corundum, 35 dinosaurs, 130, 133, 133, 139–40, coal, 46, 46, 114–21, 118–21, Cowra, xi, 99 139, 140, 157, 181–2, 182, 187 129, 131, 134–6, 139, 143 crater, impact and meteorite, 18, diprotodon, 159, 160, 184 brown coals, 154–6, 155 64, 261, 264, 265 divergent margin, 25, 29–30 coasts craton, 59, 68, 300, 307 dolerite, 43, 91, 131 depositional, 218–19, 221–5, Cretaceous, 60, 136–43, 140, doline, 53, 54 219, 221 141, 151, 151, 285, 305 dolomite, 37, 45, 74, 77 see also sedimentation inland sea, 136–8, 137, 300, drainage basin, 52 erosional, 215–18, 216, 217, 303 dropstone, 107–11, 108, 112, 219 cross-beds, 128, 128 113, 138 Collie, 111 crust, Earth’s, 21, 23 dunes, 56, 98, 162, 222, 227, Collinsville, 107, 113, 120, 143 continental, 22–3, 31, 211 229, 234 collision, 32, 49, 49, 282, 304 oceanic, 22–3, 31, 210, 306 duricrust, 51 columnar structure (in Curie point, 26 dyke, 43, 43, 59, 91 basalts), 70, 114, 205 cyanobacteria, 80–2 Comboyne Plateau, xi, 190, 196 cyclones, 239–41, 240, 241, 245, E concretion, 45 251 Earth 8, 22 conglomerate, 44, 45, 118 age, 4, 7, 64–5, 273–5 continental arc, 31, 31, 49, 49 D formation, 63–4 continental drift, 24–5, 84, 300 Dansgaard-Oeschger events, 291 heat loss, 66–7 continental shelf, 57, 58, 152, Darling Fault and Range, 67, 95, internal structure, 21 208–10, 209, 210, 211, 213, 304 internal temperature, 66 214–15, 239, 247, 249–51, dating of rocks magnetic field, 26–7, 77, 257, 305–6 biostratigraphic, 28 273, 310 continental slope and rise, 57, 58, fission-track, 28–9, 270 orbital variations, 279–81, 208, 210–12 magnetic signature, 26–7, 26 280, 291, 295–6 convergent margin, 30–2, 93, radiometric, 5–6, 5, 60 oxygen content of Cooktown, xi, 192, 237, 242, thermoluminescence (TL), 27, atmosphere, 64, 75, 81–2 253 163 rotation, 65, 65, 310 Cooma, xi, 101–2 debris flow, 52 earthquakes, 7, 9–11, 31 Coorong, The, xi, 222, Deep-Sea Drilling Program, Australian, 10–11; 11 coral, 92, 99, 126, 172, 237–54 see ODP magnitude, 9 fluorescence, 252, 252 deep-sea fan, 57 Ebor, 191, 196–8, 197 rugose, 171–2 deformation, 34, 79, 101–2, 102, Ediacaran, viii, 60, 60, 83, 83, scleractinian, 171–2 306–8 91, 302 tabulate, 171–2 delta, 57, 120, 135, 218, 221 EEZ, see Exclusive Economic Zone coral reef, 98, 227, 238–46, 238, denudation rate, 29, 204–5 Eighty Mile Beach, xi, 221, 227 240, 242 Derwent River, xi, 201, 215 Einasleigh, 95, 193, 205 deposits, 245–6 deserts, 56, 160–3 Eocene, viii, 203, 289 environments, 242, 245–6, sandy, 56 erosion, 52, 142, 148, 198, 197, 246, 247, 251 stony, 56 198, 203 fringing, 241–4, 243 coastal, 222, 223–5, 240, 301

342 INDEX

erratic, 57, 107–8 bryozoans, 113, 171 Sturtian, viii, 76–7, 302 Esperance, xi, 67 corals, 92, 171–2 Tertiary–Recent, viii, 159–60, Eucla, xi, 211 crinoids, 92, 168, 172 214, 281, 309 evaporite, 46, 91, 95 crocodiles, 154, 181 Glasshouse Mountains, xi, 190, evolution of life, 82, 92–3, 97, echinoderms, 113, 154, 172 191, 195 99, 118, 172, 178–82, 184–8, Ediacaran, 83, 83 Glossopteris, 117, 117 311–12 fish, 92, 100, 131, 133, 140–1, gneiss, 47, 102, 102 Exclusive Economic Zone, 212– 178–80 Gondwana, 4, 54, 84, 86, 86, 13, 213 foraminifera, 168–9, 169 89–91, 90, 106, 106, 110, extinction, viii, 91, 93, 100, hominids, 158, 184 126–7, 137 125–6, 126, 159–60, 272, insects, 99, 140, 176 break-up of, 110, 137–8, 312–13 kangaroos, 61, 154, 159, 184 146–8, 147, 151, 153, 165, causes of, 272, 312–13 mammals, 131, 154, 157, 166, 184, 207–8, 211, 300, 302, Eyre Peninsula, xi, 67, 69, 163 181, 183, 187 303, 304–5 platypus, 141, 156–7, 183 Gosse Bluff, 18, 268, 269 F radiolaria, 169, 169; graben, 34, 226, 226 Fantome Island, xi, 243–4, 243 reptiles, 129–30, 133, 141, graphite, 35 faults, 32–33, 34, 68 180–3 granite, 43, 47, 50, 59, 59, 67, 68, normal, 33, 211, 226 sponge, 92, 169 100–1, 100, 114, 300, 307 reverse, 33 stromatoporoids, 171 emplacement, 71, 101–2 strike-slip, 33 Fraser Island, xi, 190, 195, 207 graptolite, 96–7, 97 thrust, 33, 79, 135, 136 gravel, 44 transform, 32, 209 G Great Australian Bight, xi, 207 feldspar, 27, 35, 37, 44 gabbro, 43, 263, 307 Great Barrier Reef, xi, 3, 214, Ferrar dolerites, 131 galena, 35, 35 237–54, 238, 244, 251–2 ferricrete, 50, 152 garnet, 35, 36, 48, 199 age, 243–5, 243, 253 Fingal, xi, 129 Gawler craton, 67, 68, 69, 84, formation, 246–53, 244, 248, Fitzroy Crossing, xi, 98 300 253 Fleurieu Peninsula, xi, 108–9 geochemistry, 16 Great Divide, xi, 13, 14, 38, 128, Flinders Ranges, xi, 76, 76, 77, geological time scale, viii, 59–60, 152, 190, 191–3, 198, 202–4, 83, 91, 95, 185, 302 60 204 flint, 35 geomorphology, 16 Great Escarpment, 197, 202, 203, floodplain, 55, 55, 119 geophysics, 16 204 flowstone, 53, 53 Georgetown, xi, 68, 73 Great Sandy Desert, xi, 95, 98, fluorite, 35, 35, 37 Gippsland, xi, 231–2, 231 107, 111, 161, 162, 221, 227 fold, 32–33, 34, 47, 59 glaciated (and striated) greenhouse, 282, 309, 311 foliation, 47 pavement, 56, 76 greenhouse gas, 280, 281, 285– foraminifera, 58, 142, 212, 286 glaciation and glacier, viii, 51, 56, 90, 289 fossil, 45, 113, 126–127, 167–89, 56–7, 67, 72, 76–8, 105–13, carbon dioxide, 82, 280, 170 106, 138, 159–60, 214, 280–1 285–6, 295–6 preservation, 174–5 Huronian, 76 methane, 82, 280, 296 fossil algae, 92, 176 Marinoan, viii, 76–7, 302 nitrous oxide, 289 amphibians, 129–30, 130, Ordovician, 98 greenstone, 38, 67, 69–70 140–1, 180 Permo–Carboniferous Gulf of Carpentaria, xi, 2, 142, arthropods, 92, 168, 176 (Gondwanan), viii , 105– 152, 208, 228, 306 bats, 183 113, 106, 303, 309, 312 gymnosperm, 152, 177, 177, 188 birds, 140, 154, 157, 183, 187 Proterozoic, 72, 76, 76–8, gypsum, 35, 37, 46, 164 brachiopods, 113, 126, 173–4 282, 309

INDEX 343

H carbon 6, 251 lava tube, 38, 194, 195, Hadean, 60, 65 see also radiocarbon Leigh Creek, 129 half-life, 5, 5 neodymium-samarium, 270 levee, 55, 55 halite, 37, 165 oxygen, 113, 248, 292–3 Lightning Ridge, 156 Hamersley, xi, 13, 73, 86 radioactive, 5–6 limestone, 15, 45, 46, 54, 77, 95, Hamilton, 200 uranium, 5–6, 5 99, 165, 249, 304, 307 hardness, see Moh’s hardness scale Lithgow, 116, 134, 134, 135 Heard and Macdonald J lithosphere, 23, 23, 66 Islands, 189–90 jade, 36 Little Ice Age, 257, 288, 289, helictite, 53 joint, 33, 124, 218, 294–5, 309 hematite, 35, 152, 175 Julia Creek, xi, 141, 142 Lord Howe, 201–2, 208, 209, Herberton, xi, 100, 193 Jurassic, 60, 130–3, 142–3, 151, 210, 213 hornfels, 47, 300, 305 lungﬁsh, 179 hotspots, 29–30, 40 Houtman Abrolhos, xi, 227, 238, K M 239 Kalbarri, xi, 98, 226 maar, 193 Hughenden, xi, 128, 193, 205 Kalgoorlie, xi, 67, 71, 111, 149 MacDonnell Ranges, xi, 18 Hunter River and Valley, xi, 119, Kambalda, xi, 67, 149 Mackay, xi, 100, 114, 229, 120, 196, 230 Kangaroo Island, xi, 54, 90, 109, magma, 37–44 hydrosphere, 24 214 basaltic v silicic, 39–40, 44 kaolinite, 36 magnetic reversal, 24–7, 26, 77, I karst, 53 152 ice Kata-Tjuta, xi, 78–9, 78, 79, 83, magnetite, 26, 44 sheet 282, 291, 296; 91 malachite, 37 shelf, 278, 297 Kiama, xi, 113, 114, mammals, 131, 311 ice core, 285–6, 290, 293–4 Kimberley, xi, 73, 76, 91, 93, mantle, Earth’s, 21–2, 23, 31, 306 EPICA, 294 137, 147, 304, 308 mantle convection, 31–2, 66, GRIP, 294 Kimberley craton, 68, 273–4 Law Dome, 289, 295 King Island, xi, 76 mantle plume, 30, 310–11 Vostok, 280, 293 komatiite, 67, 69–70, 70 marble, 47 icehouse, 106, 282, 285, 309–11 Marble Bar, 12 icthyosaurs, 181 L Mars, 64 igneous rocks, 37–44 labyrinthodont, 127, 129–30, Maryborough, xi, 139 intrusive, 43 130, 180 matrix, 45 ilmenite, 35 Lake Alexandrina, xi, 14 Maunder Minimum, 257, 257, impact craters, 29, 265–7, 266, Lake Eyre, xi, 13, 14–15, 152, 290, 295 274–5 154, 163–4, 186, 306 Meckering, 10 buried, 269, 267, 273 laminae, 44, 45 Medieval Warm Period, 294–5 Chicxulub, 272–3 landscape Meekatharra, xi, 10 Eltanin, 271–2, 271 age of, 148–52, 193 megafauna, 54, 159–60, 184 Indo-Australian plate, 7, 191 erosion of, 150–1, 151, 193–4, extinction of, 159–60, 184 Inman Valley, 108, 109 197 mesa, 51, 150, 193, 193 inverted topography, 148–9, 150 Larapinta Seaway, viii, 94, 95 Mesozoic, 60, 123–44, 145–8 isoclinal folds, 32, 34 large igneous province (LIP), 30, metamorphic grade, 48, 101–2, isostasy, 32 38 102 isotopes laterite, 50, 151–2, 205 metamorphic rocks, 46–9, 102 boron, 285–6 Latrobe Valley, 136, 154 metamorphism, 47–9, 59, 70, 72, beryllium, 279 lava, 30, 37–42 101–2

344 INDEX

burial, 47 mud, 44 Orogeny, Early Cretaceous, 144, contact, 47, 49, 49 mud ﬂow, 52 308 regional, 47 mudstone, 44 Orogeny, Hunter-Bowen, meteorite, 165, 264–266, 264, Murchison River, xi, 98, 226 128–9, 308 312 Murgon, xi, 157, 194, 180 Orogeny, Kanimblan, 93, 308 Australian, 267–70, 268 Murray Basin, 100, 151, 152, 306 Orogenies, Precambrian, 72, 307 impact events, 126, 267 Murray River, xi, 14, 214 Orogeny, Tabberabberan, 99, methane (in coal), 116 muscovite, 28, 36 307 mica, 35, 36, 44, 47 Musgrave Ranges, xi, 13, 68, 72 Orogeny, Top End, 307 micro-atoll, 246, 247 orthoclase, 35, 37 mid-oceanic ridges, 25, 29 N Otway, xi, 204, 217, 217 Milankovitch cycles, 279, 280, Nandewar Range, xi, 190, 196 291 Naracoorte, xi, 184, 235 P minerals, 33, 35–7, 35–36 New England (NSW), 129, 199, palaeoclimate, 67, 76–8, 92–3, Miocene, 60 152 113, 117, 123–7, 129–31, 154, Mirackina Palaeochannel, 149– Newcastle, xi, 10, 111, 119, 230 277–87, 291–5, 309–10 51, 150 Ningaloo Reef, 238, 239, 241 palaeogeography, 89–90, 90, 94, Moho, 22, 67, 272 Normanby River, xi, 95 120, 121, 125, 125, 135–6, 135, Moh’s hardness scale, 33, 35 Norseman, xi, 67, 149 137, 149 molluscs (incl. bivalves, North Pole (WA), 80 palaeomagnetism, 26–7, 27, 77 cephalopods and nuees ardentes, palaeontology, 16 gastropods), 126, 141, 142, Nullarbor, xi, 13, 54, 158, 165–6, Palaeozoic, xi, 90, 93, 89–122 172–3, 173 165, 222, 225, 267, 306 Palm Valley, xi, 98, 186 molybdenite, 36 Pangea, 84, 302, 304 Monaro Plateau, 198 O Parkes, xi, 99, 100 monazite, 37, obsidian, 43 partial melting, 47 monolith, 78 Ocean Drilling Program, 16, 16, peat and peatland, 114–20, 115, montmorillonite, 36 293 118, 119, 129 Moon, 64–5, 260–4, 261, 291 ODP, see Ocean Drilling Program pelagic sediment, 44, 58, 212 age, 262–4 oil shale, 116, 142, 156 peridot, 36 composition, 262–3, 269–70 Oligocene, 6, 155 Permian, 60, 105–22, 177, 300, moonquakes, 263 olivine, 36, 36, 38, 70, 70, 199, 304, 308 moraine, 56, 199 Perth, xi, 10, 67, 95, 115, 137, Moruya, xi, 101, 203 opal, 35, 140, 156, 175 220, 226, 267 Mount Bellenden Ker, xi, 12 optically-stimulated luminescence Petermann Ranges, xi, 13, 86, 90 Mount Canobolas, 190, 191, 198 (OSL), 27 petriﬁed wood, 174, 174–5 Mount Dromedary, 138, 308 orbital variations, see Earth petroleum, 46 Mount Gambier, xi, 54, 201 Ordovician, 60, 94, 95–8, 304 Pilbara, xi, 65, 69, 80, 81, 111, Mount Hypipamee, 193 orebodies, 73 113, 227, 301, 302 Mount Isa, xi, 68, 72–3, 93, 95, origin of life, 80–2 Pilbara craton, 67, 68, 72, 84, 300 307 orogenesis, 58 pillow basalt, 70, 75 Mount Kosciusko, xi, 14, 202, orogenic cycle, 58–9 Pittwater, 233 208, 210 orogens (fold belts), 68 plagioclase, 37, 44 Mount Lofty, 204 orogeny, 58, 93, 304, 306–9 planets, 257–260, 258 Mount Macedon, 190, Orogeny, Alice Springs, 79, 282, plants, 99, 113, 117–18, 117, Mount Mulligan, 50, 308 118, 126–7, 127, 130–2, 132, Mount Warning, xi, 196, 198 Orogeny, Benambran, 98, 307 133, 138–9, 152–6, 155, 174, Mount Wingen, 121–2 Orogeny, Delamerian, 95, 307 176–8, 186

INDEX 345

grasses, 178, 187, 188 rift, 29, 148, 208, 211 silcrete, 51, 148, plate, margins, 25, 29–32 Riversleigh, xi, 156, 186 silica, 35, 270 movement, 8, 17–18 rock platform (coastal), 218, 219 silicate structures, 36–7, 36 spreading, 25, 31, 208, 210 Rockhampton, xi, 54, 99, 133, sill, 43, tectonics, 8, 24–5, 32, 66, 274, 186 silt, 44 282, 286, 306, 308–9 Rodinia, 4, 85–86, 85 , 300–3, Silurian, 60, 94, 98–100, 177 plateau, 50, 51, 203 302, 303, Simpson Desert, 95, 152, 161–2, offshore, 13, 208, 209, 213, rutile, 35 162 246 sinkhole, 55 Pleistocene, 51, 54, 60, 77, 158, S slab-pull, 25 162, 163, 180, 184, 226–7, 229, salt lakes, 46, 111, 148, 149, 160, slate, 47 232, 234, 235, 239, 279 163–4, 164 Snowy Mountains, 190, 198 plesiosaur, 181 sand, 44 soil Pliocene, 54, 60, 186, 267, 272, age of, 225 creep, 52 279, 289 sandstone, 44, 45, 50, 59, 78, 98– palaeosoils, 113 pliosaur, 140, 181 9, 114, 118, 124, 128, 168, 187 profile, 50 plug, volcanic, 42, 195, 196, 191 sapphire, 35, 199 soils, Australian, 51–2, 191, 192 pluton, 43 satin spar, 37 solar Point Lookout, 197 schist, 47 cycles, 256–7, 257 pollen, 132, 156, 156 Scone, 190 heating, 287–90, 280 Port Jackson, 215 scoria, 42, 192, 200 insolation and Port Philip Bay, 216, 233, 234 sea-level change, 115, 137–8, irradiation, 280–1, 281, Precambrian, 60, 66, 63–88, 153, 159, 162, 213–16, 215, 287–90 Princess Charlotte Bay, xi, 90 216, 230, 232, 243, 243, 248– magnetic field, 256 Proserpine, xi, 156 50, 252, 289, 297, 312 wind, 310 Proterozoic, 60, 66, 68, 72–8, seamount, 30, 190, 200–2, 201, Solar System, 18, 64, 256–60, 151, 236, 268, 269, 307, 309 209 273–5, 279, 311 pumice, 215 sedimentary basin, 44, 59, 211, speleothems, 53 pyrite, 35, 35, 96, 120, 175 300, 308 sphalerite, 35, 35 pyrolusite, 35 sedimentary rocks, 44–6, 45, spinel, 35 pyroxene, 36, 36, 38, 44, 70 71–2, 108, 113, 141 spinifex texture, 70, 70, sedimentation, stalactites, 53, 53,166 Q coastal and offshore, 57–8, stalagmites, 53, 53, 166 quartz, 35, 35, 38, 45, 175, 120, 119, 127, 161–2, 223–4, stibnite, 35 Quaternary, 60, 210, 214 228, 242–3, 242, 250–2 striated pavement, 56, 107–11, deep-sea, 58, 58 109 R fluvial, 55, 55, 119, 120, 128 stromatolites, 80–1, 81, 185 radioactive decay, 5–6, 5, 64, sediments subduction, 31, 31, 49, 209, 220, radiocarbon, 6, 54, 243, 243 calcareous 44 300 radiolaria, 58 siliceous, 44 subsidence, 32, 143, 208, 210, realgar, 35 seismic waves, 22 211, 305 reef (see also coral reefs), 226 serpentine, 36 Sun, 256–7, 273–4, 279, 291 regolith, 51 Shark Bay, xi, 80, 227 -spot cycles, 256–7, 257, rhyolite, 39, 41, 44, 74, 99, 111, Shoalhaven, 221, 230 278–9 113, 138, 191, SHRIMP, 6–7, 7, 64, 95, 106, Superchron, 27 Richter Scale, see earthquakes, 163, 225 supercontinent, 84–6, 146, 302, magnitude siderite, 37, 175 306

346 INDEX

Sydney, xi, 220, 232–4 trench, 31, 31, 209 on Moon, 262, 305–8, 310– Basin, 100, 120, 126, 134–6, Triassic, 60, 126–30, 142–3, 300, 11, 312 134, 142, 230, 307–8 308 volcano, 38–40, 39, 235 trilobites, 92, 126, 173, 176, 311 active, 41 T tsunami, 217, 220–1, 275 central, 191–2 talc, 35, 36 tuff, 42, 74, 99, 107, 112, 131, dormant, 41 Tasman Line, 90, 95, 303, 304 199, 234 extinct, 41 Tasman Sea, xi, 138, 143, 146, turbidite, 58, 96, 96 shield, 191, 200, 259 147, 190, 201, 204, 208, 209, turbidity current, 57 210, 305 Tweed River, 222, 223, 223 W Tasmania, xi, 3, 12, 13, 27, 51–2, Warrumbungle Ranges, xi, 190, 95, 98, 100, 106, 110–11, 113, U 196, 196 113, 126, 129, 131, 138–9, 143, UNCLOS, 18, 212, 213 watershed, 52 146, 153, 155–6, 158, 176, 184, Uluru, xi, 78–9, 78,79, 83, 91 weathering, 49–51, 70, 75, 151, 190, 191, 201–2, 204–5, 208, unconformity, 59, 72, 92, 134, 249 209, 216, 268, 270, 297, 307 135, 135, 137, 151 well sorted, 52 tectonics, 24–5, 91, 93–5, 99– Undara, 193–4, 195 Wellington, 53, 101, 168 100, 142–3, 300, 304, 306–9, uplift, 32, 134, 136, 158, 204–5, Whitsunday Group, 229, 241 310–11 210, 235, 236, 301, 305 Wilpena, xi, 83, 83, 91 tektite, 29, 165, 270, 264 Wilsons Promontory, xi, 232 Tennant Creek, xi, 10, 68, 73 V Winton, 182 terrane, 59 varve, 111–12, 112 Wolfe Creek crater, xi, 266, 268, Tertiary, viii, 60, 145–166, 155, vesicle, 43 269 156, 165, 189–205, 227, 232, Victor Harbour, xi, 108 Wollemi Pine, 132, 132 282, 285, 293 volcanic arc, viii, 94, 95, 96, 98, Wollongong, xi, 135, 202, 217, thylacine, 166 99, 106, 113–14, 136, 138, 148, 218 Tibooburra, xi, 99 305, 309 Wynyard (Tas), xi, 110, 201 till, 56, 56, 77, 77, 107–11, 138, volcanic ash, 39, 40, 42, 42, 44, 158–60, 46, 131, 176, 201, 283–5, 283 Y tillite, see till volcanic bomb, 198 Yallalie, 267, 268, 269 time scale, see geological time scale Volcanic Explosivity Index Yilgarn craton, 67, 68, 72, 84, Torres Strait, xi, 2, 190, 191, 238 (VEI), 40–1 111, 113, 137, 300–1, 302, 307 Tower Hill, 200, 234 volcanic glass, 30, 43 Yorke Peninsula, xi, 109, 163 Townsville, 98, 113, 114, 120, volcanism, viii, 7, 29–30, 38–42, 202, 243–4, 247, 250, 253 39, 58–9, 69–72, 74–5, 90–1, Z trace fossil (incl. tracks and 96, 98–9,106–7, 113, 135–8, zircon, 7, 28, 36, 131, 199, 225 trails), 139–40, 139, 167–8, 140, 142, 148, 154, 189–205, 168, 180, 185 190, 192, 195, 196, 197, 198, trachyte, 41, 191, 195, 196 199, 201, 283–5 transform margin, 32 on Mars, 259

INDEX 347